Ghislain Fourny. Information Systems for Engineers 7. The ecosystem around SQL
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1 Ghislain Fourny Information Systems for Engineers 7. The ecosystem around SQL
2 How do we use databases?
3 How do we use databases? Simple database installed on a machine (MySQL, PostgreSQL...). User inserts and queries data on this machine.
4 User: Data analyst Queries Updates DBMS Database
5 User: Parametric users Masks Menus (parameters) DBMS Database
6 How do we use databases? Simple database installed on a machine (MySQL, PostgreSQL...). User inserts and queries data on this machine.
7 How do we use databases? Databases are installed on some servers, and interact with many more servers or clients in a broader and more complex architecture.
8 User: Database administrator DBMS Coordination Monitoring Access control Database
9 User: Database designer DBMS structure of content Database
10 User: Power user Programming (3-tier stack) DBMS Database
11 Three-tier stack Database
12 Three-tier stack Database servers Database
13 Three-tier stack Application servers Database servers Database
14 Three-tier stack Web servers Application servers Database servers Database
15 Three-tier stack Internet Web servers Application servers Database servers Database
16 Three-tier stack Clients Web servers Application servers Database servers Database
17 Three-tier stack Web servers
18 Web-Server Tier
19 Web-Server Tier
20 Web-Server Tier
21 Web-Server Tier HTTP request
22 Web-Server Tier HTTP request
23 Web-Server Tier HTTP request HTML page
24 Web-Server Tier HTTP request HTML page Images
25 Web-Server Tier HTTP request HTML page Images Additional data
26 Web-Server Tier HTTP request HTML page Images Additional data
27 Web-Server Tier HTTP request HTML page Images Additional data HTML CSS JavaScript
28 Web-Server Tier Information comes from Application Tier HTTP request HTML page Images Additional data HTML CSS JavaScript
29 Web-Server Tier Information comes from Application Tier HTTP request HTML page Images Additional data Apache Tomcat
30 Three-tier stack Web servers
31 Three-tier stack Clients Web servers Application servers Database servers Database
32 Three-tier stack Application servers
33 Application Tier Web-Server Tier
34 Application Tier Request needed information Web-Server Tier
35 Application Tier Request needed information Web-Server Tier Application Tier
36 Application Tier Request needed information Request needed data Web-Server Tier Application Tier
37 Application Tier Request needed information Request needed data SQL Web-Server Tier Application Tier
38 Application Tier Request needed information Request needed data SQL Web-Server Tier Application Tier Database Tier
39 Application Tier Request needed information Request needed data SQL Web-Server Tier Application Tier Database Tier
40 Application Tier Request needed information Request needed data SQL Web-Server Tier Application Tier Database Tier
41 Application Tier Request needed information Request needed data SQL Web-Server Tier Application Tier Database Tier
42 Application Tier Request needed information Request needed data SQL Web-Server Tier Application Tier Database Tier Complex processing (Business logic)
43 Application Tier Request needed information Request needed data SQL Web-Server Tier Application Tier Database Tier Complex processing (Business logic)
44 Three-tier stack Application servers
45 Three-tier stack Clients Web servers Application servers Database servers Database
46 Three-tier stack Database servers Database
47 SQL environment
48 SQL environment Schema
49 SQL environment Schema Catalog
50 SQL environment Schema Catalog Cluster
51 SQL environment Schema Catalog Cluster Environment
52 Unique names MyCatalog.MySchema.MyTable
53 Unique names MyCatalog.MySchema.MyTable (default catalog)
54 Unique names MyCatalog.MySchema.MyTable (default catalog) (default schema)
55 SQL module SQL connection
56 SQL connection SQL module SQL Client
57 SQL connection SELECT a, b FROM table WHERE c = 'foo' SQL module Session SQL Client
58 SQL connection SELECT a, b FROM table WHERE c = 'foo' SQL module Session SQL Client SQL Server
59 SQL connection SELECT a, b FROM table WHERE c = 'foo' SQL module Session a b A 1 B 2 C 3 SQL Client SQL Server
60 SQL modules 1. Generic SQL interface (SQL shell) One query -> One answer. SQL module
61 SQL modules 1. Generic SQL interface (SQL shell) One query -> One answer. SQL module 2. Embedded SQL SQL invoked from a host language (C++, Java, PHP...)
62 SQL modules 1. Generic SQL interface (SQL shell) One query -> One answer. SQL module 2. Embedded SQL SQL invoked from a host language (C++, Java, PHP...) 3. True Modules Some more complex machinery, not covered here (stored functions and procedures)
63 Interfacing SQL with a Host Language ResultSet myresults = statement.executequery( "SELECT name FROM persons WHERE birthyear > 1950" ); Solution 1: Call-Level Interface (CLI)
64 Interfacing SQL with a Host Language: C void printnetworth() { } EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION; char studioname[50]; int presnetworth; char SQLSTATE[6]; EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION; EXEC SQL SELECT networth INTO :presnetworth FROM Studio, MovieExec WHERE presc = cert AND Studio.name = :studioname; Solution 2: Directly Embedded SQL
65 Interfacing SQL with a Host Language: C void printnetworth() { } EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION; char studioname[50]; int presnetworth; char SQLSTATE[6]; EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION; EXEC SQL SELECT networth INTO :presnetworth FROM Studio, MovieExec WHERE presc = cert AND Studio.name = :studioname; Solution 2: Directly Embedded SQL
66 Interfacing SQL with a Host Language: SQLJ #sql [ctx] { SELECT MAX(SALARY), AVG(SALARY) INTO :maxsalary, :avgsalary FROM employees }; Solution 2: Directly Embedded SQL
67 Interfacing SQL with a Host Language: SQLJ #sql private static iterator CaptainIterator(String, String, BigDecimal);... CaptainIterator iter; #sql [ctx] iter = { SELECT NAME, SHIP, MAXWARP FROM captains WHERE WARP BETWEEN :min AND :max }; do { #sql { FETCH :iter INTO :name, :ship, :warp}; // Print row... } while (!iter.endfetch()); iter.close(); Solution 2: Directly Embedded SQL
68 Impedance Mismatch Values Tables Rows Columns Attributes Projection Selection Join Sort Grouping
69 Impedance Mismatch Values Tables Rows Columns Attributes Projection Selection Join Sort Grouping vs. Strings Integers Pointers Objects Arrays Assignments Loops Branches
70 SQL/CLI Prepare a Statement
71 SQL/CLI Prepare a Statement Bind some parameters
72 SQL/CLI Prepare a Statement Bind some parameters Execute the statement
73 SQL/CLI Prepare a Statement Bind some parameters Execute the statement Process results
74 Java Database Connectivity
75 The paperwork import java.sql.*; class SomeClass { public static void main (String args[]) { Class.forName("org.postgresql.Driver"); } }
76 The paperwork import java.sql.*; class SomeClass { public static void main (String args[]) { Class.forName("org.postgresql.Driver"); String url = "jdbc:postgresql://server.example.com/test"; Properties properties = new Properties(); properties.setproperty("user","ise"); properties.setproperty("password","secret"); Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(url, props); } }
77 The paperwork import java.sql.*; class SomeClass { public static void main (String args[]) { Class.forName("org.postgresql.Driver"); String url = "jdbc:postgresql://server.example.com/test" + "?user=ise&password=secret"; Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url); } }
78 Statements Connection createstatement() Statement SELECT * FROM table executequery(...) ResultSet
79 Statements Connection Connection createstatement() SELECT * FROM table preparestatement(...) Statement PreparedStatement SELECT * FROM table executequery(...) executequery() ResultSet ResultSet
80 preparestatement solution PreparedStatement statement = connection.preparestatement();
81 preparestatement solution Statement statement = connection.preparestatement(); ResultSet results = statement.executequery( "SELECT persons FROM table WHERE age > 65" );
82 createstatement solution PreparedStatement statement = connection.createstatement( "SELECT persons FROM table WHERE age > 65" );
83 createstatement solution PreparedStatement statement = connection.createstatement( "SELECT persons FROM table WHERE age > 65" ); ResultSet results = statement.executequery();
84 createstatement solution PreparedStatement statement = connection.createstatement( "SELECT persons FROM table WHERE age > 65" ); ResultSet results = statement.executequery();... ResultSet results = statement.executequery();
85 Processing the results ResultSet name year ID Einstein Gödel Turing
86 Processing the results ResultSet name year ID Einstein Gödel Turing results.next()
87 Processing the results ResultSet name year ID Einstein Gödel Turing
88 Processing the results ResultSet name year ID Einstein Gödel Turing String name = result.getstring(1)
89 Processing the results ResultSet name year ID Einstein Gödel Turing String name = result.getstring(1) Einstein
90 Processing the results ResultSet name year ID Einstein Gödel Turing String name = result.getstring(1) Einstein int year = result.getint(2)
91 Processing the results ResultSet name year ID Einstein Gödel Turing String name = result.getstring(1) Einstein int year = result.getint(2) 1909
92 Processing the results ResultSet name year ID Einstein Gödel Turing String name = result.getstring(1) Einstein int year = result.getint(2) 1909 int ID = result.getint(3) 1
93 Processing the results ResultSet name year ID Einstein Gödel Turing results.next()
94 Processing the results ResultSet name year ID Einstein Gödel Turing
95 Processing the results ResultSet name year ID Einstein Gödel Turing String name = result.getstring(1)
96 Processing the results ResultSet name year ID Einstein Gödel Turing String name = result.getstring(1) Gödel
97 Processing the results ResultSet name year ID Einstein Gödel Turing String name = result.getstring(1) Gödel int year = result.getint(2) 1931
98 Processing the results ResultSet name year ID Einstein Gödel Turing String name = result.getstring(1) Gödel int year = result.getint(2) 1931 int ID = result.getint(3) 2
99 Processing the results ResultSet name year ID Einstein Gödel Turing while(results.next()) {... results.getstring(1) results.getint(2) results.getint(3)... }
100 Updating queries Statement statement = connection.preparestatement(); ResultSet results = statement.executeupdate( "INSERT INTO table (a, b) VALUES (1, 'foo')" );
101 Updating queries PreparedStatement statement = connection.createstatement( "DELETE * FROM table" ); ResultSet results = statement.executeupdate();
102 Passing parameters PreparedStatement statement = connection.createstatement( "DELETE * FROM table WHERE age =?" );
103 Passing parameters PreparedStatement statement = connection.createstatement( "DELETE * FROM table WHERE age =?" ); statement.setint(65);
104 Passing parameters PreparedStatement statement = connection.createstatement( "DELETE * FROM table WHERE age =?" ); statement.setint(65);
105 Passing parameters PreparedStatement statement = connection.createstatement( "DELETE * FROM table WHERE age =?" ); statement.setint(65); statement.executeupdate();
106 Passing parameters PreparedStatement statement = connection.createstatement( "DELETE * FROM table WHERE age =?" ); statement.setint(65); statement.executeupdate(); statement.setint(150);
107 Passing parameters PreparedStatement statement = connection.createstatement( "DELETE * FROM table WHERE age =?" ); statement.setint(65); statement.executeupdate(); statement.setint(150); statement.executeupdate();
108 PHP <?php $connection = pg_connect("host=localhost dbname=starfleet user=kirk password=foo") or die('could not connect: '. pg_last_error()); $query = 'SELECT name, ship FROM captains'; $result = pg_query($query) or die('query failed: '. pg_last_error()); echo "<table>"; while ($line = pg_fetch_array($result, null, PGSQL_ASSOC)) { echo "<tr>"; foreach ($line as $col_value) { echo "<td>$col_value</td>"; } echo "</tr>"; } echo "</table>"; pg_free_result($result); pg_close($dbconn);?>
109 PHP <?php $connection = pg_connect("host=localhost dbname=starfleet user=kirk password=foo") or die('could not connect: '. pg_last_error()); $query = 'SELECT name, ship FROM captains'; $result = pg_query($query) or die('query failed: '. pg_last_error()); echo "<table>"; while ($line = pg_fetch_array($result, null, PGSQL_ASSOC)) { echo "<tr>"; foreach ($line as $col_value) { echo "<td>$col_value</td>"; } echo "</tr>"; } echo "</table>"; pg_free_result($result); pg_close($dbconn);?>
110 PHP <?php $connection = pg_connect("host=localhost dbname=starfleet user=kirk password=foo") or die('could not connect: '. pg_last_error()); $query = 'SELECT name, ship FROM captains'; $result = pg_query($query) or die('query failed: '. pg_last_error()); echo "<table>"; while ($line = pg_fetch_array($result, null, PGSQL_ASSOC)) { echo "<tr>"; foreach ($line as $col_value) { echo "<td>$col_value</td>"; } echo "</tr>"; } echo "</table>"; pg_free_result($result); pg_close($dbconn);?>
111 Python (SQLAlchemy) SELECT users.*, adr_count.address_count FROM users LEFT OUTER JOIN (SELECT user_id, count(*) AS address_count FROM addresses GROUP BY user_id) AS adr_count ON users.id=adr_count.user_id stmt = session.query(address.user_id, func.count('*').label('address_count')). group_by(address.user_id).subquery() for u, count in session.query(user, stmt.c.address_count). outerjoin(stmt, User.id==stmt.c.user_id).order_by(User.id): print(u, count)
112 Python (CLI-like with text()) stmt = text("select name, id FROM users where name=:name") stmt = stmt.columns(user.name, User.id) session.query(user.id, User.name). from_statement(stmt).params(name='ed').all()
113 Transactions and concurrency control
114 Transactions name balance Albert 1,000 Alan 2,000 Kurt 3,000
115 Transactions name balance Albert 1,000 Alan 2,000 Kurt 3,000
116 Transactions name balance Albert 1,000 Alan 2,000 Kurt 3,000
117 Transactions name balance Albert 1,000 Alan 2,000 Kurt 3,
118 Transactions name balance Albert 1,000 Alan 2,000 Kurt 3,
119 Transactions name balance Albert 1,000 Alan 2,000 Kurt 3,
120 Transactions name balance Albert 1,000 Alan 2,000 Kurt 3, UPDATE statement SET balance = 2,
121 Transactions name balance Albert 2,000 Alan 2,000 Kurt 3, UPDATE statement SET balance = 2,
122 Transactions name balance Albert 2,000 Alan 2,000 Kurt 3, UPDATE statement SET balance = 2,000 UPDATE statement SET balance = 3,
123 Transactions name balance Albert 3,000 Alan 2,000 Kurt 3, UPDATE statement SET balance = 2,000 UPDATE statement SET balance = 3,
124 Transactions name balance Albert 3,000 Alan 2,000 Kurt 3, UPDATE statement SET balance = 2,000 UPDATE statement SET balance = 3,
125 Transactions name balance Albert 3,000 Alan 2,000 Kurt 3, UPDATE statement SET balance = 2, UPDATE statement SET balance = 3,
126 Transactions name balance Albert 3,000 Alan 2,000 Kurt 3, UPDATE statement SET balance = 2, UPDATE statement SET balance = 3,
127 Transactions name balance Albert 3,000 Alan 2,000 Kurt 3, UPDATE statement SET balance = 2, UPDATE statement SET balance = 3,
128 Transactions name balance Albert 3,000 Alan 2,000 Kurt 3, UPDATE statement SET balance = 2, UPDATE statement SET balance = 3,
129 Transactions: Read-Write conflict name balance Albert 3,000 Alan 2,000 Kurt 3, UPDATE statement SET balance = 2, UPDATE statement SET balance = 3,
130 Transactions: Read-Write conflict name balance Albert 3,000 Alan 2,000 Kurt 3, UPDATE statement SET balance = 2, UPDATE statement SET balance = 3,
131 Transactions: Write-Write conflict name balance Albert 3,000 Alan 2,000 Kurt 3, UPDATE statement SET balance = 2, UPDATE statement SET balance = 3,
132 Transactions: Write-Write conflict name balance Albert 3,000 Alan 2,000 Kurt 3, UPDATE statement SET balance = 2, UPDATE statement SET balance = 3,
133 Transactions: Write-Read conflict name balance Albert 3,000 Alan 2,000 Kurt 3, UPDATE statement SET balance = 2, UPDATE statement SET balance = 3,
134 Transactions: Write-Read conflict name balance Albert 3,000 Alan 2,000 Kurt 3, UPDATE statement SET balance = 2, UPDATE statement SET balance = 3,
135 Transactions: Write-Read conflict name balance Albert 3,000 Alan 2,000 Kurt 3, UPDATE statement SET balance = 2, UPDATE statement SET balance = 3,
136 Transactions: Write-Read conflict UPDATE statement SET balance = 2,000 UPDATE statement SET balance = 3,000
137 Transactions: Write-Read conflict Schedule R Alice (AE), R Bob (AE), W Alice (AE), W Bob (AE), R Alice (AE), R Bob (AE) UPDATE statement SET balance = 2,000 UPDATE statement SET balance = 3,000
138 Transactions: Write-Read conflict Conflict-equivalent Schedule R Bob (AE), R Alice (AE), W Alice (AE), W Bob (AE), R Alice (AE), R Bob (AE) UPDATE statement SET balance = 2,000 UPDATE statement SET balance = 3,000
139 Precedence graph Cycle!
140 Transactions: Write-Read conflict Schedule R Alice (AE), W Alice (AE), R Bob (AE), R Alice (AE), W Bob (AE), R Bob (AE) UPDATE statement SET balance = 2,000 UPDATE statement SET balance = 3,000
141 Precedence graph No Cycle!
142 Transactions: Write-Read conflict Schedule R Alice (AE), W Alice (AE), R Bob (AE), R Alice (AE), W Bob (AE), R Bob (AE) UPDATE statement SET balance = 2,000 UPDATE statement SET balance = 3,000
143 Transactions: Write-Read conflict Conflict-equivalent, serial Schedule R Alice (AE), W Alice (AE), R Alice (AE), R Bob (AE), W Bob (AE), R Bob (AE) UPDATE statement SET balance = 2,000 UPDATE statement SET balance = 3,000
144 Transactions: Write-Read conflict Serializable Schedule R Alice (AE), W Alice (AE), R Bob (AE), R Alice (AE), W Bob (AE), R Bob (AE) UPDATE statement SET balance = 2,000 UPDATE statement SET balance = 3,000
145 ACID properties Property Atomicity Explanation A transaction gets fully executed or not at all
146 ACID properties Property Atomicity Consistency Explanation A transaction gets fully executed or not at all Database is consistent at all times
147 ACID properties Property Atomicity Consistency Isolation Explanation A transaction gets fully executed or not at all Database is consistent at all times "As if" transactions were executed serially
148 ACID properties Property Explanation Atomicity A transaction gets fully executed or not at all Consistency Database is consistent at all times Isolation "As if" transactions were executed serially Durability A change will not be lost (power outage,...)
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