Solving the key exchange problem
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1 Solving the key exchange problem Frank Braun October 3, 2015
2 1 importance of the key exchange problem 2 previous attempts 3 a new approach 4 conclusion
3 Alice and Bob have this thing going on...
4 ...and they don t like Eve!
5 encryption: introduction conventional symmetric encryption uses one key for encryption and decryption (secure channel needed for key exchange) in contrast, public-key encryption is asymmetric and uses key pairs (a public and a private key) something encrypted for a given public key can only be decrypted by the corresponding private key the reverse operation is a digital signature: something encrypted (signed) by a private key can only be decrypted (verified) by the corresponding public key public-key encryption solves the key exchange problem public-key encryption solves the has a key exchange problem! why is that?
6 keyserver: distributing public keys
7 man-in-the middle attack / evil keyserver
8 key exchange: harder than expected during the development of public-key cryptography the key distribution / key exchange problem was considered a minor one but: after the complicated mathematics was solved the key exchange problem remained Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government Saving Privacy in the Digital Age, Steven Levy, 2001 let s look at some previous attempts and their shortcomings...
9 signing keyserver
10 public-key infrastructure (e.g, in SSL)
11 PKI problem (e.g., NSA)
12 manual fingerprint comparison: idea (used for PGP)
13 manual fingerprint comparison: reality (also PGP)
14 web-of-trust / WOT (used for PGP)
15 web-of-trust problem (nobody likes keyparties)
16 Namecoin / Blockchains (Hashchains)
17 Namecoin / Blockchain problems blockchains have interesting properties... but not a cure-all! some problems of Namecoin for key exchange: not possible to revoke keys chain simulation attack has no attribution long confirmation times for key updates enumeration of all user IDs easily possible
18 and that s only half the picture... secure (asynchronous) messaging for the 21th century also needs: identity-key binding with human-readable identities long-term keys perfect forward secrecy (PFS): old messages are unreadable when long-term keys are lost PFS needs distribution of short-term keys ideally: PFS setup with one-way handshake (convenience) secure updates of long-term keys these are all key exchange / key distribution problems!
19 new approach: a trustless keyserver
20 a trustless keyserver in action
21
22 trustless keyserver implementation in Mute properties: exchange of last hashchain entries is explicit consensus fixes WOT: clear semantic and no manual intervention transfers trust in a few contacts to all of them allows to prevent leaking of contacts to keyserver enumeration of all user IDs in hashchain not possible, explicit search necessary never forks in the hashchain availability of the design: client source code is open (BSD-style license) protocols are open / specifications published key server source is closed (but trustless!) message encryption uses modified Axolotl ratchet (TextSecure)
23 mutekeyd: trustless keyserver walk-through 1 Alice and Bob download the hashchain of the keyserver 2 Alice searches hashchain to check if alice@mute.one is free 3 Alice sends UIDMessage with SIGKEY to keyserver 4 Keyserver adds UIDMessage to hashchain and replies signature 5 Alice sends PFS-keys to KeyInit repository 6 Alice updates hashchain to check alice@mute.one was added 7 Alice tells Bob (who registered bob@mute.one) about her ID 8 Bob updates his hashchain and searches for alice@mute.one 9 Bob fetches one of Alice s PFS-keys from the KeyInit repo 10 Bob sends PFS-message to Alice which contains his own keys 11 Alice can reply without keyserver (only hashchain search)
24 conclusion keyserver operations handled transparently by the client users only exchange human-readable, unique identities (e.g., user clients ensure that the trustless keyserver is trustworthy if keyserver cheats once for one user, the client can prove it attribution! updates of long-term signature keys happen transparently message protocol intertwined with keyserver protocol
25 pointers Mute: Mute α release: trustless keyserver specification also on GitHub register for news and β invitation: acknowledgments: Jonathan Logan (Mute s chief architect) contacts: frank@cryptogroup.net (please use PGP, key on key server) 94CC ADA6 E814 FFD5 89D0 48D7 35AF 2AC2 CEC0 0E94 #agora IRC channel / community: thank you very much for your attention!
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