Renée Hawkins. Texas Department of Public Safety

Transcription

1 Renée Hawkins Texas Department of Public Safety

2 Three years of completed drug content blood analyses conducted at the TX DPS. Limitation on data - cases that are not yet complete. Department received approximately 8,000 drug content toxicology analysis requests per year (blood and urine). TXDPS has a stop testing policy of g% after BAC or BrAC testing is conducted (unless fatality incident). Between , >17,000 positive blood drug content reports released. (remaining cases are negative, urine cases, or the current backlog.) >98% of all blood drug cases are Intoxication Offenses (DWI).

3 "Intoxicated" means: (A) not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol, a controlled substance, a drug, a dangerous drug, a combination of two or more of those substances, or any other substance into the body; or (B) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more.

4 Lubbock Abilene Dallas/ Ft. Worth Tyler Waco El Paso and Midland/Odessa South Texas Central Texas (Austin/San Antonio) Houston

5 Audience participation question: Which region has the greatest percentage of positive reports?

6 Region 8 4% Region 9 20% Region 1 4% Region 2 5% Region 3 8% Region 4 5% Region 7 22% Region 5 19% Region 6 13%

7 Audience Participation Questions: Which analyte is reported most often by the Texas DPS? 9-Carboxy-THC Which drug is a very close second? Alprazolam

8 45.00% 42.05% 40.00% 38.87% 35.00% 30.00% 30.10% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 13.63% 11.80% 9.33% 9.57% 3.10% 18.34% 15.29% 10.08% 6.30% 5.01% 4.43% 4.89% 2.95% 0.00%

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10 Reported Alprazolam by Region Region 8 3% Region 9 19% Region 1 2% Region 2 4% Region 3 10% Region 4 5% Region 7 23% Region 5 22% Region 6 12%

11 < Detected Highest reported concentration: >1.2 mg/l

12 50+ 11% <20 10% % % %

13 Reported Clonazepam by Region Region 9 24% Region 1 2% Region 2 4% Region 3 7% Region 4 6% Region 8 4% Region 5 18% Region 7 19% Region 6 16%

14 < >0.30 Detected Highest reported concentration: 0.45 mg/l

15 50+ 23% <20 3% % % %

16 Reported Diazepam by Region Region 9 27% Region 1 2% Region 2 2% Region 3 5% Region 4 8% Region 8 3% Region 5 19% Region 7 17% Region 6 17%

17 < and greater DETECTED Highest reported concentration: 2.4 mg/l

18 50+ 33% <20 2% % % %

19 Reported Hydrocodone by Region Region 9 37% Region 2 2% Region 1 2% Region 3 6% Region 4 6% Region 5 16% Region 8 3% Region 7 13% Region 6 15%

20 < and greater DETECTED Highest reported concentration: 2.0 mg/l (deceased subject) Highest reported living subject: 0.64 mg/l

21 50+ 29% <20 1% % % %

22 Reported Carisoprodol by Region Region 1 2% Region 2 2% Region 3 3% Region 4 5% Region 5 11% Region 9 55% Region 6 12% Region 7 8% Region 8 2%

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25 Detected Highest reported concentration: 24 mg/l (deceased subject) Highest reported living subject: 20 mg/l

26 50+ 25% <20 1% % % %

27 Reported Benzoylecgonine by Region Region 9 17% Region 1 3% Region 2 9% Region 8 3% Region 3 17% Region 4 2% Region 7 25% Region 6 7% Region 5 17%

28 < DETECTED Do not dilute cases over 2.5 mg/l (high cal); thus, highest reported: >2.5 mg/l Highest reported Cocaine: 0.91 mg/l

29 50+ 15% <20 6% % % %

30 Reported Methamphetamine by Region Region 8 5% Region 9 16% Region 1 6% Region 2 5% Region 3 5% Region 4 7% Region 7 20% Region 5 19% Region 6 17%

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32 < Highest Reported Concentration: 7.8 mg/l (deceased subject) Highest Reported Living Subject: 5.8 mg/l

33 50+ 13% <20 3% % % %

34 Reported THC by Region Region 8 4% Region 9 14% Region 1 4% Region 2 6% Region 3 9% Region 4 4% Region 7 28% Region 5 21% Region 6 10%

35 < Highest reported concentration: 258 ng/ml

36 % 50+ 6% <20 17% % %

37 Reported PCP by Region Region 6 19% Region 7 28% Region 8 4% Region 5 14% Region 3 3% Region 9 32% No reported PCP in Regions 1,2 or 4

38 <20 11% 1% 1% % %

39 August Corpus Christi, TX Officer responded to incident where an auto crashed into the front of a home. Per witnesses, subject exited the wrecked vehicle, took off his shirt and shorts, exposed and touched himself. Officer arrived, subject sprinted off, and officer began chase. Ultimately took four officers to swarm him and handcuff him. Officer reported the subject was consistently rambling incoherently, speaking at a high speed, and sweating profusely. When the officer could understand him, stated that subject was rambling about the Quran and supernatural abilities. In pockets of shorts at scene was a mouthwash bottle with an unknown yellowish liquid substance with floating tobacco. Subject had an active warrant in Harris county for larceny. At jail, determined subject was a suspect for an aggravated robbery/attempted murder that occurred earlier in the day.

40 DPS controlled substance report Phencyclidine DPS toxicology report Phencyclidine August 2014 tried for possession of controlled substance and DWI. Jury found guilty on both charges. Sept pleaded guilty to aggravated assault/attempted murder and sentenced to 40 years in TDCJ.

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42 HISTORY OF USE Benzodiazepine with 10x potency of Valium developed in mid-1970s Prescribed in Russia and CIS countries as an anti-anxiety or anti-epileptic, for insomnia or alcohol withdrawal and as a sedative hypnotic Was legal in other European countries and now banned In U.S., no prescribed use by FDA, not in CSA PRESENT DAY Purchased online as research chemical or air freshener, as pill (0.5 mg and 1 mg tablets), powder, IV solution and transdermal patches Therapeutic range of ~ mg/l Half life of hrs., with reports of effects felt up to 5 days later TX DPS first began qualitatively reporting in March 2013.

43 Phenazepam is the devil. The problem comes from phenazepam s combination of low dosages, long come-up time, cheap pricing, and extremely long half-life. Average dose is a milligram or less. It can take 1-4 hours before you start to feel phenazepam s action. Each dose can cost only the price of a Genny at a dive ($2) and the half-life of phenazepam is from 1 to 3 days. A profound calmness and easy-going nature will drape over you as you start to feel it. The tenseness that has built up in your muscles fades away. All that anxiety you had about talking to others becomes forgotten. Backdoor Pharmacist Blog titled Backdoor Pharmacist Blacks Out

44 Reported Phenazepam by Region Year 2013 None reported in Regions 1,2,8, or 9

45 Reported Phenazepam by Region Total Region 7 4% Region 8 7% Region 9 9% Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 2% 1% 1% Region 4 11% Region 6 11% Region 5 54%

46 % 50+ 5% <20 13% % %

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48 HISTORY OF USE Benzodiazepine with 10x potency of Valium introduced in 1983 in Japan Prescribed in Japan, India, Italy, and Korea as an antianxiety, muscle relaxer and for insomnia Japan now seeing an increase in abusers, accidents, suicide and murder cases after ingestion of etizolam In U.S., no prescribed use by FDA, not in CSA PRESENT DAY Brand names include Etilaam, Etizest, Etizola, etc Purchased online as research chemical or as pill (1 mg and 2 mg tablets) and powder Half life of hours in plasma, with onset of mins., peak of 3-4 hrs., duration 6-8 hrs TX DPS first began qualitatively reporting in Sep

49 Average recreational dose starts at 2mg; 3mg is a heavy dose. Like phenazepam, each dose is absurdly cheap. Online pharmacies sell boxes of Etilaam or Sedekopan around $5 a dose. Pellets are more inconsistent in quality but just $2-$3 a dose. Pure powder comes even cheaper.. Etizolam comes to attention fast. Within 15 minutes, you start feeling relaxed, cheerful. You can feel yourself getting a bit loose. The anxiety that keeps you from dancing melts away. You re drowsy, but you can take it. If you can stay awake, she ll dance with you for 4-6 hours and melt into the crowd. Etizolam is a less subtle, but gentler partner than phenazepam. Backdoor Pharmacist Blog titled Backdoor Pharmacist Has a One-Night Stand with Etizolam

50 Reported Etizolam by Region Region 1 1% Region 2 6% Region 3 3% Region 4 3% Region 5 8% Region 6 5% Region 9 50% Region 7 23% 2 years ago: None reported in Regions 1, 3, or 4 Region 8 1%

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52 50+ 16% <20 7% % % %

53 Sharon Mason For help with the LIMS crystal reports. Shawn Hawkins For his technical support with Excel graphs. Sarah Martin Co-author two years ago; this is an updated version.

54 RENÉE HAWKINS TEXAS DPS CRIME LABORATORY AUSTIN TOXICOLOGY