TCP/IP protokolski stek. OSI model i TCP/IP stek ICMP, ARP, RARP
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1 TCP/IP protokolski stek dr Nenad Krajnović 1 OSI model i TCP/IP stek Sloj aplikacije Sloj prezentacije Sloj sesije Transportni sloj Mrežni sloj Sloj veze Fizički sloj Aplikacija TCP / UDP IP MAC Fizički sloj ICMP, ARP, RARP MAC Media Access Control 2 Fizički sloj Medijum koji povezuje dva uređaja. Nije dovoljno da bi se uspostavila komunikacija između dva računara. 3 1
2 Fizički sloj UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) kategorije 3, 4, 5, 5e, 6, 6A, 7 (predlozi za CAT 8); STP (Shielded TP), FTP (Foiled TP), S-FTP (Shielded Foiled TP) Optički kabl: monomodni i multimodni 4 Fizički sloj Twisted Pair Postoji više kategorija (3, 4, 5, 6, 6A, 7) u zavisnosti od propusnog opsega Cat3 protok 10 Mb/s Cat5 protok 100 Mb/s, 1 Gb/s Cat6A protok 10 Gb/s Domet 100m ( ) Topologija zvezde Half i full duplex režim rada Oznaka 10BaseT, 100BaseT, 1000BaseT, 10GBase-xx RJ-45 konektori 5 Fizički sloj optički kabl Protoci od 10Mb/s do 100Gb/s (kada govorimo o LAN mrežama) SM kablovi 9/125µm, MM kablovi 50/125µm i 62.5/125µm Dometi od 250m (za 1Gb/s MM 62.5/125µm) do 550m (za 1Gb/s MM 50/125µm), 2km (za 100Mb/s MM) i preko toga sa posebnim laserima Konektori: ST (10Mb/s), SC (100Mb/s, 1Gb/s), LC (1Gb/s, 10Gb/s) 6 2
3 Sloj veze A Obezbeđuje uspostavu veze u situaciji kada imamo više od dva uređaja. B C 7 Sloj veze Uvode se adrese na sloju veze da bi bilo moguće adresirati uređaje Ethernet (10Mb/s),, fast ethernet (100Mb/s),, gigabit ethernet (1Gb/s), 10G ethernet (10Gb/s) b/s), 100G ethernet (100Gb/s) 8 Mrežni sloj Obezbeđuje uspostavu veze u situaciji kada imamo više različitih mreža. LAN 1 LAN 2 9 3
4 Mrežni sloj Uvode se adrese na mrežnom sloju da bi bilo moguće jednoznačno označiti svaki računar u mreži To su IP adrese IP (Internet Protocol) v4 je protokol mrežnog sloja na Internetu (RFC 791) Obezbeđuje vezu između svaka dva računara na Internetu 10 IPv4 format datagrama Version IHL Type of Service Total Length Identification Flags Fragment Offset Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum Source Address Destination Address Options Padding 11 IP polja u datagramu Version (4 bita) verzija IP protokola; trenutno se koristi V4 a postepeno se prelazi na V6 IHL Internet Header Length (4 bita) dužina zaglavlja IP datagrama; minimalna validna vrednost je 5; ovime se označava gde počinju podaci 12 4
5 IP polja u datagramu Type of service (ToS) (8 bita) inicijalno zamišljeno da se ovim bitima definiše koji servis je u pitanju; na ovaj način je trebalo da se ostvari mehanizam za kontrolu kvaliteta servisa PRECEDENCE D T R IPv4 datagram ToS polje Precedence Network Control Internetwork Control CRITIC/ECP Flash Override 011 Flash 010 Immediate 001 Priority Routine 14 IPv4 polja u datagramu Țotal Length (16 bita) dužina datagrama izražena u broju okteta Maksimalna dužina je okteta Svaki host mora da prihvati datagram minimalne dužine 576 okteta 15 5
6 IP Fragmentation & Reassembly Svaki link ima definisan MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) Ako je paket veći od MTU vrednosti tada se on segmentira na više manjih paketa Ponovno sastavljanje paketa je tek na krajnjem odredištu Za ponovno sastavljanje paketa koriste se biti u IP zaglavlju reassembly 16 IPv4 polja u datagramu Identification (16 bita) omogućava ponovno sastavljanje IP datagrama ako je tokom transporta došlo do fragmentacije Flags (3 bita) bit 0 mora biti 0 Bit 1: (DF) 0 = May Fragment, 1 = Don't Fragment. Bit 2: (MF) 0 = Last Fragment, 1 = More Fragments. Fragment Offset (13 bita) označava gde unutar fragmentiranog datagrama pripada ovaj deo 17 IPv4 polja u datagramu Time to Live TTL (8 bita) polje koje se umanjuje za jedan prilikom svakog prolaska kroz ruter; kada dostigne vrednost 0 datagram se odbacuje; ovim mehanizmom se sprečava večno postojanje lutajućih paketa Protocol (8 bita) označava koji je protokol koji se nalazi u IP datagramu 18 6
7 IPv4 polja u datagramu Header Checksum (16 bita) polje kojim se verifikuje ispravan prenos zaglavlja IP datagrama Source, Destionation Address (po 32 bita) ovo su IP adrese koje jednoznačno određuju svaki računar na Internetu 19 IPv4 polja u datagramu Options (proizvoljna dužina) polje koje može a ne mora da postoji u datagramu; koristi se za razne stvari Padding (različita dužina) polje koje se dodaje da bi zaglavlje imalo dužinu celobrojnog umnoška od 32 bita 20 ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol Koriste ga ruteri, serveri i radne stanice da međusobno razmenjuju poruke kada postoje problemi u komunikaciji Vidi se kao da je protokol iznad IP-a ali je u suštini sastavni deo IP protokola Obavezan je svaku implementaciju TCP/IP protokolskog steka Definisan u RFC-u
8 Format ICMP paketa Type Code Checksum U zavisnosti od vrednosti u poljima Type i Code,, ova polja dobijaju različitu namenu i funkciju. 22 Kodovi u ICMP paketu Type Code description 0 0 echo reply (ping) 3 0 destination network unreachable 3 1 destination host unreachable 3 2 destination protocol unreachable 3 3 destination port unreachable 3 4 fragmentation needed and DF set 3 5 source route failed 3 6 destination network unknown 3 7 destination host unknown 4 0 source quench (congestion control - not used) 8 0 echo request (ping) 9 0 route advertisement 10 0 router discovery 11 0 TTL expired 12 0 bad IP header 23 ARP Address Resolution Protocol Svaki računar koji je na mreži mora da ima odgovarajuću IP adresu IP adresa obezbeđuje globalno rutiranje paketa do odredišta Da bi stigao do samog odredišta na lokalnoj mreži, IP datagram mora da se enkapsulira u ethernet paket sa odgovarajućom MAC adresom ARP uspostavlja vezu između MAC i IP adrese 24 8
9 Kako se koristi ARP? Dst.IP: /24 MAC: 00:11:21:F9:2E:BC Dst. MAC: FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF ARP request: Dst. MAC: Who has e8:9d:87:ff:12: ? Dst.IP: Dst. MAC: 00:11:21:F9:2E:BC ARP response: I have. My MAC: e8:9d:87:ff:12: /24 mac: e8:9d:87:ff:12:21 25 Transportni sloj WAN 1 LAN 1 Obezbeđuje pouzdan transport u složenoj mreži WAN 2 LAN 2 26 Transportni sloj Na Internetu je to TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) ) definisan u RFC 793 Ima zadatak da obezbedi pouzdan transport podataka kroz mrežu Rešava problem paketa koji su stigli u promenjenom redosledu, sa greškom, koji su se izgubili i slično Obezbeđuje multipleksiranje podataka koji pripadaju različitim aplikacijama 27 9
10 TCP multipleksiranje Aplikacija 1 Aplikacija 2 Aplikacija 3 TCP IP Communication network 28 TCP zaglavlje Source Port Destination Port Sequence Number Acknowledgment Number Data U A P R S F Offset Reserved R C S S Y I Window G K H T N N Checksum Urgent Pointer Options Padding data 29 TCP zaglavlje Source, Destination Port (po 16 bita) adrese na 4. sloju kojim se definiše kojoj aplikaciji pripada koji paket Sequence Number (32 bita) broj kojim se identifikuje redni broj prvog okteta unutar toka podataka; ako je SYN bit jednak 1 tada je ovo inicijalni broj 30 10
11 TCP zaglavlje Acknowledgment Number (32 bita) kada je ACK bit postavljen na 1 tada je ovo SN sledećeg paketa koji se očekuje da bude primljen; time se potvrđuje da su svi ostali paketi regularno stigli Data offset (4 bita) označava gde počinju podaci u okviru paketa 31 TCP zaglavlje Reserved (6 bita) Control bits (6 bita) URG: Urgent Pointer field significant ACK: Acknowledgment field significant PSH: Push Function RST: Reset the connection SYN: Synchronize sequence numbers FIN: No more data from sender Window (16 bita) broj okteta koje je primalac spreman da prihvati počev od okteta koji je potvrđen u acknowledge polju 32 TCP zaglavlje Checksum (16 bita) polje za verifikaciju ispravnog prenosa podataka i zaglavlja 33 11
12 Stanje konekcije (1) LISTEN čekanje da stigne zahtev za konekcijom SYN-SENT SENT čekanje na odgovor pošto je poslat zahtev za uspostavom konekcije SYN-RECEIVED čekanje na potvrdu da je uspostavljena konekcija pošto je primljen zahtev i poslat zahtev za konekcijom 34 Stanje konekcije (2) ESTABLISHED otvorena konekcija, razmena podataka FIN-WAIT-1 čekanje na potvrdu zahteva za raskidom veze FIN-WAIT-2 čekanje na prijem zahteva za raskid veze od udaljenog korisnika CLOSE-WAIT čekanje na prijem zahteva za raskid veze od lokalnog korisnika 35 Stanje konekcije (3) CLOSING čekanje na potvrdu zahteva za raskid veze od udaljenog korisnika LAST-ACK ACK čekanje na potvrdu zahteva za raskid veze od udaljenog korisnika TIME-WAIT čekanje da udaljenom korisniku stigne poslata potvrda raskida CLOSED nema konekcije 36 12
13 TCP Connection State Diagram receive SYN send SYN,ACK passive OPEN create TCB closed LISTEN close delete TCB close delete TCB SEND send SYN active OPEN create TCB, snd SYN CLOSE snd FIN SYN rcvd FIN WAIT-1 rcv ACK of FIN x FIN WAIT-2 rcv FIN snd ACK rcv ACK of SYN x CLOSE snd FIN rcv FIN snd ACK rcv ACK of FIN x receive SYN send ACK ESTAB closing Time wait rcv FIN snd ACK rcv SYN, ACK snd ACK Timeout = 2MSL delete TCB SYN sent CLOSE wait CLOSE snd FIN LAST-ACK rcv ACK of FIN x CLOSED 37 Transportni sloj - UDP Pored TCP-a na Internetu se koristi i UDP (User Datagram Protocol) UDP je protokol 4. sloja ali ne obezbeđuje pouzdan prenos podataka već samo multipleksiranje podataka koji pripadaju različitim aplikacijama 38 UDP zaglavlje Source Destination Port Port Length Checksum data octets
14 Mrežni ureñaji Aplikacija TCP / UDP IP MAC Fizički sloj Gateway Load balancer Ruter Bridge, layer2 switch Repeater Aplikacija TCP / UDP IP MAC Fizički sloj 40 Repeater Vrši regeneraciju digitalnih signala bez analize sadržaja Ne proverava da li je došlo do greške u prenosu Može biti realizovan kao hub (kada se koriste UTP kablovi) 41 Realizacija repeater-a 42 14
15 Bridge Logički deli LAN mrežu na više celina Transparentan je za krajnjeg korisnika Proverava da li je došlo do greške u prenosu i odbacuje neispravne pakete Prosleđuje pakete na osnovu MAC adresa Povezuje delove LAN mreža realizovane različitim tehnologijama 43 Layer 2 switch Ima identičnu funkciju kao i bridge Omogućava wire-speed prosleđivanje paketa Hardverski realizovana funkcija prosleđivanje korišćenjem ASIC čipova 44 Realizacija switching hub-a 45 15
16 Ruter (Layer 3 switch) Rutira saobraćaj između mreža Radi sa IP datagramima koje prosleđuje korišćenjem LAN, MAN i WAN tehnologija Koristi protokole za dinamičko rutiranje da bi obezbedio razmenu informaciju o dostupnosti pojedinim mrežama Rutiranje saobraćaja je bazirano na destination adresi iz zaglavlja IP datagrama 46 Realizacija rutera LAN 1 IP-DA IP-DA WAN IP-DA LAN 2 47 Realizacija L3 switching hub-a LAN 1 IP-DA IP-DA LAN 3 IP-DA LAN
17 Load balancer Više fizičkih servera predstavlja na mreži jednom IP adresom i raspoređuje dolazni saobraćaj ka njima Gateway Ranije je ovaj termin korišćen za ruter Danas se ovim označava uređaj koji povezuje različite aplikacije tako što između njih razmenjuje samo podatke To znači da gateway mora da ima realizovan kompletan protokolski stek sa obe mrežne arhitekture Primer: Internet SNA gateway 50 Primer gateway-a X X X X TCP/IP X podatak XYZ podatak 51 17
18 TCP/IP protokolski stek dr Nenad Krajnović
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