Introduction to Python Network Programming for Network Architects and Engineers

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2 Introduction to Python Network Programming for Network Architects and Engineers Vince Kelly TSA Session ID: DEVNET-1040

3 Agenda Python Basics The Python Socket Module Security Higher Layer Protocols & APIs: XMLRPC Higher Layer Protocols: REST & HTTP Conclusion

4 Python Basics Working with the Command Line Python Basics: Working With files, Directories and Strings DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 4

5 Sockets: What Can We Get Just From the Python Standard Library Alone? Python Socket Library Starting Out With UDP What Are Sockets? B R I E F Primer on OOP versus POP The Big Five Questions to Answer Socket Objects Socket Names DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 5

6 Sockets: Moving on To TCP Parsing Directories and Files with OS.Walk Simple Message Passing Using TCP Simple File Transfer Using TCP Simple File Transfer With Directory Search Using TCP DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 6

7 SECURITY One-way Hash Creation Display All Available Hash Algorithms Generate a One-way Hash for a File Verifying a File Has Not Been Tampered With Step 1: Client Side, Server Side Verifying a File Has Not Been Tampered With Step 2 Client Side, Server Side Establish Client/Server Connection Over SSL Client Side, Server Side DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 7

8 Higher Layer Protocols & APIs Building A Spreadsheet Primer XMLRPC DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 8

9 Higher Layer Protocols: REST & HTTP REST and HTTP TCP Send a REST Request to Google Screen Scraping using Python URLLIB APIC REST Interface DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 9

10 WHAT S THE POINT of ALL THIS?? Good Programmers write code, GREAT Programmers steal code DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 10

11 Python Basics Follow Along: followcmd_line.py followfiles.py followfile_info.py followfile_encrypt.py followfile_decrypt.py followping.py Parsing command line Working with files, directories and strings Retrieves file size, creation, modified and accessed on a file Encodes content and writes to disk Decodes file and prints to screen Detect what OS we are on, Make system call to execute ping (windows) DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 11

12 Python Basics: Working with the Command Line Start python Interpreter (python.exe) Find & execute this program (Program_xyz.py) Save whatever comes after the program name as command line arguments ( ) argv = [ Program_xyz.py, ] print argv[0] print argv[1] print argv[2] Program_xyz.py DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 12

13 Python Basics: Working with the Command Line followcmd_line.py - Uses built-in SYS module: sys.argv() and len() built-in methods - Displays: - The programs (empty) command line, number of arguments, etc - Appends Hello World to the command line - The programs (non-empty command line, number of arguments, etc - Removes the last entry from the cmd line - Example of Type Casting a string value entered by user into an integer DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 13

14 Python Basics: Working With files, Directories and Strings DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 14

15 Python Basics: Working With files, Directories and Strings followfiles.py - Uses built-in os module: os.getcwd() built-in method and.lower() string method - Concatenates IP address, User Name and Password entered by user - Calls a function with the concatenated message as a parameter - Takes directory and file name from user (or defaults to CWD) - Opens file in append mode - Loops waiting forever on more input from user DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 15

16 DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 16

17 Python Basics: Working With files, Directories and Strings followfile_info.py - Uses built-in getsize(),.stat() built-in methods - Uses time.ctime() to return file creation, modification and last access DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 17

18 Python Basics: Working With files, Directories and Strings followencrypt.py - Uses built-in codecs and os modules: - Encodes user input with ROT-13 - Loops forever on user input DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 18

19 Python Basics: Working With files, Directories and Strings followdecrypt.py - Uses built-in codecs and os modules: - Decodes user input using ROT-13 - Loops forever on user input DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 19

20 Python Basics: Working With files, Directories and Strings followping.py - Uses built-in os module: os.name() returns the operating system ('posix', 'nt', 'mac', 'os2', 'ce', 'java', 'riscos ) - Makes system call to execute ping and display the results - Displays warning if host doesn t respond after timeout - Loops forever on user input DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 20

21 Network Communications

22 SERVER CLIENT Data Warehou se Pytho n Enviro nment Web Service s App Pytho n Enviro nment Operating System Web Browse r Communications Stack(s) Operating System CLIENT App Pytho n Enviro nment Web Browse r Operating System DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 22

23 Python Socket Library TCP/IP PROTOCOL STACK Sockets: What Can We Get Just From the Python Standard Library Alone? ACI APIC XMLRPC Firefox Browser Higher Layer Libraries HTTP, etc. Web 80 FTP 20,21 Telnet 23 SMTP 25 SNMP 161 DNS 53 TCP UDP IP Device Drivers Tx Buffers B U S Rx Buffers Framer/ Protocol decode LAYER 1 NIC DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 23

24 Python Socket Library Follow Along: followsocket_examples.py followsock_scan1.py followdisplay_socketprotocols.py followudp_client.py followudp_server.py followudp_clientencoded.py followudp_countdownserver.py Displays local socket information Scans remote services Displays basic IPv4 and IPv6 stack information Basic UDP Client Basic UDP Server Receives an encoded ROT-13 message and decodes it Broadcasts an encoded message DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 24

25 gethostname() return the current hostname gethostbyname() map a hostname to its IP number 'gethostbyname_ex() IPv4 Only gethostbyaddr() -- map an IP number or hostname to DNS info getservbyname() map a service name and a protocol name to a port number getprotobyname() map a protocol name (e.g. 'tcp') to a number getaddrinfo() getfqdn() getnameinfo() getservbyport() socket.setdefaulttimeout() set the default timeout value socket.getdefaulttimeout() get the default timeout value 'has_ipv6', DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 25

26 Sockets: Let s Start with UDP Python Socket Library TCP/IP PROTOCOL STACK ACI APIC XMLRPC Firefox Browser Higher Layer Libraries HTTP, etc. Web 80 FTP 20,21 Telnet 23 SMTP 25 SNMP 161 DNS 53 TCP UDP IP Device Drivers Tx Buffers B U S Rx Buffers Framer/ Protocol decode LAYER 1 NIC DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 26

27 What Are Sockets? Is an abstract concept that represents an end point. Programs use sockets to communicate with other programs which may or may not be on the same computer. A socket is defined by IP address, the port it listens on and the protocol used Client/Server sockets: represent endpoints of a conversation. Server sockets just produce more client sockets e.g., Web Browser uses a client socket, Web server uses a server socket to listen on.. To create a client/server connection you: Create/ spin up a socket object. This contains all the methods needed to communicate Bind to the port you want. If successful, the socket exists for the length of the session.. Client sockets are normally only used for one exchange (or a small set of sequential exchanges). They are created and torn down frequently. DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 27

28 socket.getaddrinfo(" ", 80, 0, 0, socket.sol_tcp) Socket Name: 2 Tuple [ (2, 0, 6, '', (' ', 80)) ] Family Socket Type Protocol Type Canonical Name socket.getaddrinfo('2a04:4e42:5::223',80, 0, 0, socket.sol_tcp) Socket Name: 6 Tuple [(23, 0, 6, '', ('2a04:4e42:5::223', 80, 0, 0))] IPv6 1 STREAM, 2 DATAGRAM, 3 RAW, TCP Canonical Name Flow Label Scope 4 RDM, 5 SEQPACKET DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 28

29 But Before We Jump In, a B R I E F Primer on OOP versus POP. DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 29

30 The Big Five Questions to Answer: 1) What kind of network do we want to talk to? What address family? IPv4 (AF_INET) or IPv6 (AF_INET6), etc. 2) What type of connection do we want? Do we want a datagram service (UDP) or a connection oriented stream service (TCP)? 3) What kind of protocol do we need? Answers 1 and 2 already narrowed this down 4) What IP address to use? 5) What UDP or TCP port number should we use? DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 30

31 Socket Objects Retrieve (and use) the Python socket module import socket Python socket module s METHOD c = socket.socket(socket.af_inet, socket.sock_stream) New socket object What Protocol Stack Version? INET: use IPv4 INET6: use IPv6 What Part of the Protocol Stack Do You Want? SOCK_STREAM: use TCP SOCK_DGRAM: use UDP What do we mean by a socket object? DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 31

32 Sockets client import socket c = socket.socket(socket.af_inet, socket.sock_stream) c.connect(( Socket object c Socket object - Gets instantiated/ spun up (on each side) through the python socket module - Handles setting up the session - Handles sending & receiving data - Handles Error recovery - Handles ending/tearing down the session DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 32

33 Sockets server import socket s = socket.socket(socket.af_inet, socket.sock_stream) serveraddr = S.gethostname() s.bind((serveraddr,12345)) s.listen(5) while 1: client, cleintaddr = s.accept() NIC DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 36

34 Sockets server import socket s = socket.socket(socket.af_inet, socket.sock_stream) import socket client c = socket.socket(socket.af_inet, socket.sock_stream) serveraddr = s.bind((serveraddr,12345)) s.listen(5) client c.connect(( ,80) c.send( Hello Server!!! ) c.shutdown(socket.shut_rdwr)) Socket object Socket object while 1: client, clientaddr = s.accept() c client print I just got a connection request from:, clientaddr client.close() Hello Server!!! TCP IP NIC NIC DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 37

35 Sockets server import socket s = socket.socket(socket.af_inet, socket.sock_stream) import socket client c = socket.socket(socket.af_inet, socket.sock_stream) serveraddr = s.gethostname() s.bind((serveraddr,12345)) s.listen(5) client c.connect(( c.send( Hello Server!!! ) c.shutdown(socket.shut_rdwr) Socket object c Socket object3 Socket object2 Socket object client client client client client while 1: client, clientaddr = s.accept() print I just got a connection request from:, clientaddr client.close() Hello Server!!! TCP IP NIC NIC DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 38

36 Sockets El-cheapo_UDP_server.py: import socket,sys sp = socket.socket(socket.af_inet, socket.sock_dgram) sp.setsockopt(socket.sol_socket, socket.so_broadcast, 1) count = 0 port = 5678 dest = ('<broadcast>', port) print 'Sending message...' while True: msg = 'Hello World' sp.sendto(msg, dest) # send message out on port 5678 to address 'ffffff' DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 39

37 Sockets El-cheapo_UDP_client.py: import socket,time s=socket.socket(socket.af_inet,socket.sock_dgram) s.setsockopt(socket.sol_socket, socket.so_broadcast, 1) # spin up socket object # tell it to use broadcasts s.bind(('',5678)) # 'glue' this program onto any address using port 5678 print "waiting..." data,addr = s.recvfrom(1024) # get a message up to to 1024 bytes - and where it came from print '\r', data, addr # display the message DEVNET Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 40

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39 Q & A

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