CSE509: (Intro to) Systems Security
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1 CSE509: (Intro to) Systems Security Fall 2012 Invited Lecture by Vyas Sekar IPSec parts by Matt Bishop, used with permission
2 Security in Real Life: Motivation Site SF Company X $$$ Site NY Site NY Systems Security September 25,
3 Security in Real Life: Why don t you run it on IP? Site NY Site SF Internet IP provides no security! Spoofing Replay Modify Systems Security September 25,
4 Networks and Cryptography ISO/OSI model Conceptually, each host has peer at each layer Peers communicate with peers at same layer Application layer Application layer Presentation layer Presentation layer Session layer Session layer T ransport layer Transport layer Netw ork layer Netw ork layer Netw ork layer Data link layer Data link layer Data link layer Physical layer Ph ysical layer Physical layer Systems Security September 25,
5 Link and End-to-End Protocols Link Protocol End-to-End (or E2E) Protocol Systems Security September 25,
6 Encryption Link encryption Each host enciphers message so host at next hop can read it Message can be read at intermediate hosts End-to-end encryption Host enciphers message so host at other end of communication can read it Message cannot be read at intermediate hosts Systems Security September 25,
7 Cryptographic Considerations Link encryption Each host shares key with neighbor End-to-end Each host shares key with destination Message cannot be read at intermediate nodes Systems Security September 25,
8 Eve: Traffic Analysis Link encryption Can protect headers of packets Possible to hide source and destination Note: may be able to deduce this from traffic flows End-to-end encryption Cannot hide packet headers Intermediate nodes need to route packet Attacker can read source, destination Systems Security September 25,
9 Real Life: Secure Communication IP Security (IPSec) Network layer protocol VPNs Secure Socket Layer (SSL) Transport layer protocol Systems Security September 25,
10 IPsec (RFC ) Network layer security Provides confidentiality, integrity, authentication of endpoints, replay detection Protects all messages sent along a path IP IP+IPsec IP dest gw2 gw1 src security gateway Systems Security September 25,
11 IPsec Transport Mode Original IP header encrypted data body Encapsulate IP packet data area Use IP to send IPsec-wrapped data packet Note: IP header not protected Used: when both endpoints support IPSec Systems Security September 25,
12 IPsec Tunnel Mode New IP header encrypted original IP Header encrypted data body Encapsulate IP packet (IP header and IP data) Use IP to send IPsec-wrapped packet Note: IP header protected Used: When only two intermediate nodes support IPSec Systems Security September 25,
13 IPsec Sub-Protocols Authentication Header (AH) Protocol Adds authentication to an IP datagram: crypto-hash/mac (e.g. SHA) of all unchangeable or predictable fields Message integrity Origin authentication Anti-replay (!) sequence numbers, 32 slot packet window at receiver Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Confidentiality encrypts IP payload Supports: tunnel/transport modes IPComp Compress BEFORE encryption (why not after?! ) IKE/IKEv2 Internet Key Exchange Systems Security September 25,
14 Where do Keys come from? IKE (Internet Key Exchange) RFC 2409 Compliant with ISAKMP: Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (RFC 2408) Key Exchange: e.g. Oakley (Diffie-Hellman) Manual keys Systems Security September 25,
15 IPsec Architecture: Associations Security Association (SA) Association between peers for security services Identified uniquely by dest address, security protocol (AH or ESP), unique 32-bit number (security parameter index, or SPI allows receiver to lookup secret key for packet) ISAKMP invention Unidirectional Can apply different services in either direction SA uses either ESP or AH; if both required, 2 SAs needed Systems Security September 25,
16 SA Database (SAD) Entry describes SA. Fields: AH algorithm identifier, keys (e.g. SHA ) When SA uses AH ESP encryption algorithm identifier, keys (e.g., 3DES) When SA uses confidentiality from ESP ESP authentication algorithm identifier, keys When SA uses authentication, integrity from ESP SA lifetime (time for deletion or max byte count) IPsec mode (tunnel, transport, either) Systems Security September 25,
17 IPsec Architecture: Policies Security Policy Database (SPD) how to handle messages: discard add security services forward unchanged SPD associated with network interface SPD determines entry from packet attributes Including source, destination, transport protocol Systems Security September 25,
18 Example Goals Discard SMTP (mail) packets from host Forward packets from without change SPD entries src , dest to , port 25, discard src , dest to , port 25, bypass dest to , port 25, apply IPsec Note: entries scanned/applied in order If no match for packet, it is discarded Systems Security September 25,
19 Packet Processing Packet arrives Look in SPD Find appropriate entry Get dest address, security protocol Get also SPI from packet header Find associated SA in SAD Use dest address, security protocol, SPI Apply security services in SA (if any) Systems Security September 25,
20 SA Bundles and Nesting SA Bundle: sequence of SAs that IPsec applies to packets Nest tunnel mode SAs This is iterated tunneling Systems Security September 25,
21 Example: Nested Tunnels Group in A.org communicates with group in B.org Gateways of A, B use IPsec mechanisms But information must be secret to everyone (even other people in A.org and B.org) except the two groups Inner tunnel: a SA between the two groups Outer tunnel: the SA between the two gateways Systems Security September 25,
22 Example: Systems gwa.a.org hosta.a.org hostb.b.org SA in tunnel mode (outer tunnel) SA in tunnel mode (inner tunnel) gwb.b.org Systems Security September 25,
23 Example: Packets IP header from gwa AH header from gwa ESP header from gwa IP header from hosta AH header from hosta ESP header from hosta IP header from hosta Transport layer headers, data Packet generated on hosta Encapsulated by hosta s IPsec mechanisms Again encapsulated by gwa s IPsec mechanisms Above diagram shows headers, but as you go left, everything to the right would be enciphered and authenticated, etc. Systems Security September 25,
24 AH Protocol Parameters in AH header Length of header SPI of SA applying protocol Sequence number (anti-replay) Integrity value check (IVC) Two steps Check that replay is not occurring Check authentication data Systems Security September 25,
25 Sender Check sequence number will not cycle Increment sequence number Compute IVC of packet Includes IP header, AH header, packet data IP header: include all fields that will not change in transit; assume all others are 0 AH header: authentication data field set to 0 for this Packet data includes encapsulated data, higher level protocol data Systems Security September 25,
26 Recipient Assume AH header found Get SPI, destination address Find associated SA in SAD If no associated SA, discard packet If anti-replay not used Verify IVC is correct If not, discard Systems Security September 25,
27 Recipient, Using Antireplay Check packet beyond low end of sliding window Check IVC of packet Check packet s slot not occupied If any of these is false, discard packet current window Systems Security September 25,
28 ESP Protocol Parameters in ESP header Identification (SPI) of SA applying protocol Sequence number (anti-replay) Generic payload data field Padding and length of padding Contents depends on ESP services enabled; may be an initialization vector for a chaining cipher, for example Used also to pad packet to length required by cipher Optional authentication data field Introduced in later versions for efficiency (instead of using AH) Systems Security September 25,
29 ESP Protocol figure unknown author online Systems Security September 25,
30 Sender Add ESP header Includes whatever padding needed Encipher result Do not encipher SPI, sequence numbers If authentication desired, compute as for AH protocol: include ESP header, payload; not encapsulating IP header Systems Security September 25,
31 Recipient Assume ESP header found Get SPI, destination address Find associated SA in SAD If no associated SA, discard packet If authentication used Do antireplay verification as for AH Only ESP, payload are considered; not IP header Note authentication data inserted after encipherment, so no deciphering need be done Systems Security September 25,
32 Recipient If confidentiality used Decipher enciphered portion of ESP header Process padding Decipher payload If SA is transport mode, IP header and payload combined into original IP packet If SA is tunnel mode, payload is an encapsulated IP packet and so is treated as original IP packet Systems Security September 25,
33 ESP: Transport Mode figure unknown author online Systems Security September 25,
34 ESP: Tunnel Mode figure unknown author online Systems Security September 25,
35 More ESP Miscellany All implementations must support (encipherment algorithms): DES in CBC mode NULL algorithm (identity; no encipherment) All implementations must support (integrity algorithms): HMAC_MD5 HMAC_SHA-1 NULL algorithm (no MAC computed) Both cannot be NULL at the same time Systems Security September 25,
36 Typical VPN Systems Security September 25,
37 Site to Site VPN Systems Security September 25,
38 Protocol types Passenger - original data being carried (IPX, NetBeui, IP) Encapsulator - wrapper for original data (GRE-Cisco, IPSec, L2F, PPTP, L2TP) Carrier - the network that the information is traveling through (IP) Systems Security September 25,
39 Recap: What did we learn in IPSec IP provides little security IPSec: framework to overlay security AH, ESP provide different guarantees Key exchange Can run in E2E or tunnel (nested too) Below App/transport Offers security to all apps Unlike SSL Critical to many enterprise deployments Systems Security September 25,
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