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1 Upravljanje omrežij Upravljanje IP omrežij z uporabo SNMP doc. dr. Iztok HUMAR prof.dr. Janez BEŠTER Upravljanje omrežij pomeni razvijanje integracijo koordiniranje strojne in programske opreme ter človeških virov s cilji nadzorovanja testiranja konfiguriranja analiziranja vrednotenja krmiljenja omrežja in njegovih elementov, da z zmogljivostmi zagotavljajo delovanje v realnem času in v skladu z zahtevami QoS. Agenda Infrastruktura za upravljanje omrežij Upravljanje omrežij namen glavne komponente SNMP MIB: management information base SMI: data definition language SNMP in komunikacija preko sporočil varnost Definicije pojmov: vsebuje upravljane objekte ki podatke zbirajo v bazi upravljalnih Upravljalna naprava podatkov (MIB) agent podatki Protokol za upravljanje omrežij Upravljanje omrežij Omrežja in podobne avtonomne sisteme sestavlja več sto oziroma več tisoč med seboj sodelujočih enot, ki vsebujejo različno strojno in programsko opremo. Večina ostalih sistemov je večina krmiljena iz centralnega nadzornega in upravljalskega sistema. Primer: jedrska elektrarna letalo Organizacije za standardizacijo IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force Operation and Management Area: Simple network Management protocol ISO: International Standardization Organization ISO-IEC / JCT 1 / WG4: Common Management Information Protocol Common Management Information Service
2 Standardi za upravljanje omrežij Pregled SNMP: 4 ključni elementi OSI CMIP Common Management Information Protocol Izdelan v osemdesetih zamišljen kot poenoten standard za upravljanje omrežij Predolg proces pisanja standardov Zelo kompleksen Redka uporaba IETF SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol Nastal zaradi Internet Prvotna standardizacija zelo enostavna Razvit in sprejet izjemno hitro Rast: velikosti in kompleksnosti protokola, Trenutno: SNMP v3 de facto stanard za uporavljanje omrežij Management information base (MIB): porazdeljeno skladišče za informacije za upravljanje omrežja Structure of Management Information (SMI): jezik za definicijo podatkov za MIB objekte SNMP protokol prenos informacij in instrukcij med upravljalcem in upravljanimi objekti Varnost, zmožnost administracije nove zmožnosti v SNMPv3 SNMP (RFC 1157) in njegova arhitektura SNMP = Simple Network Management Protocol Protokol za upravljanje TCP/IP in drugih omrežij Prednik: SGMP = Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol (RFC 1028, 1987) Razvil IETF Internet Engineering Task force, RFC 1157 Razširil leta 1993 Arhitektura odjemalec/strežnik (C/S) Odjemalec = Upravljalec navadno aplikacija na osebnem računalniku lahko implementiran na komunikacijsko napravo (sodeluje z drugimi) Strežnik (SNMP agent) = Upravljan komunikacijska naprava (Router, Switch) lahko tudi spletni strežnik, osebni računalnik MIB MIB moduli določeni z SMI MODULE-IDENTITY (100 standardiziranih MIBov, veliko specifičnih) MODULE OBJECT TYPE: OBJECT TYPE: OBJECT TYPE: Objekti določeni z SMI OBJECT-TYPE konstrukti Razvoj protokola SMI: Jezik za definicijo podatkov Namen: Nedvoumna in dobro definirana sintaksa in semantika za tvorjenje upravljalskih podatkov Osnovni podatkovni tipi: Text, Integer, OCTET STRING, Opaque Counter, Integer32, OBJECT IDENTIFIED, Time Ticks Unsigned32, IPaddress, OBJECT-TYPE vsebujejo statistične in upravljalske podatke podatkovni tip, status, semantika upravljanega objekta diskretni, tabelirani ASN.1 Notacija (Abstract Syntacx Notation) MODULE-IDENTITY standardni nizi, definirani v RFC 1213 skupina logično povezanih objektov je združena v MIB modul za posamezne naprave definirane vnaprej, lahko pa jih dodajamo sami
3 SMI primer: definicija objekta, modula MIB primer: UDP modul OBJECT-TYPE: ipindelivers ipindelivers OBJECT TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION The total number of input datagrams successfully delivered to IP userprotocols (including ICMP) ::= { ip 9} MODULE-IDENTITY: ipmib ipmib MODULE-IDENTITY LAST-UPDATED Z ORGANZATION IETF SNPv2 Working Group CONTACT-INFO Keith McCloghrie DESCRIPTION The MIB module for managing IP and ICMP implementations, but excluding their management of IP routes. REVISION Z ::= {mib-2 48} Object ID Name Type Comments UDPInDatagrams Counter32 total # datagrams delivered at this node UDPNoPorts Counter32 # underliverable datagrams no app at portl UDInErrors Counter32 # undeliverable datagrams all other reasons UDPOutDatagrams Counter32 # datagrams sent udptable SEQUENCE one entry for each port in use by app, gives port # and IP address Poimenovanja v SNMP vprašanje: kako poimenovati vsak možen standardni objekt (protokol, podatek,...) v vsakem izmed razvitih omrežnih standardov? odgovor: ISO Object Identifier tree: hierarhično poimenovanje vseh objektov vsaka veja ima svoje ime, številko Delovanje SNMP Strežnik ima podatkovno bazo MIB (Managment Information Base) Upravljalec pošilja ukaze, ki vsebujejo MIB identifikator (ime MIB spremenljvke) navodilo, kaj storiti s spremenljivko dostop s Comunity Name, določi admin ISO ISO-ident. Org. US DoD Internet udpindatagrams UDP MIB2 management Poimenovanja v SNMP Dostop do MIB Dostop do MIB objektov: RO RW WO Struktura (standard): mgmt private experimental & directory Več na:
4 Formati sporočila Sporočila kodirana v PDU (protocol data unit) Standardni formati sporočila SNMP GET prebere vrednost niza; ugotovi stanje naprave GET NEXT preleti vse vrednosti objektov (ugotovi imena) SET izvajamo aktivnosti (onemogočimo vmesnike), konfiguracija TRAP- naprava sporoči upravljalcu problem (izpad linije) SNMP sporočilo (II): managing entity request response managing entity trap msg agent data agent data Managed device Managed device request/response mode trap mode SNMP protocol: message types Prednosti / slabosti Tip sporočila GetRequest GetNextRequest GetBulkRequest InformRequest SetRequest Response Trap Namen Mgr-to-agent: želim podatke (instance, next in list, block) Mgr-to-Mgr: pošiljajo vrednosti MIB Mgr-to-agent: nastavi vrednost MIB Agent-to-mgr: vrednost, odziv na zahtevo. Agent-to-mgr: obvesti mngr o problematičnem dogodku Prednosti: velika popularnost fleksibilnst in razširljivost Slabosti kljub Simple je relativno kompliciran (SNMP v2) ni učinkovit (velika količina redundančnih informacij) SNMP sporočilo (I): SNMP v3: varnost in administracija Šifriranje: DES-šifriranje SNMP sporočilo Avtentikacija: izračunamo in pošljemo MIC(m,k): izračunamo hash funkcijo (MIC) over message (m), skriti ključ (k), ki ga poznata obe strani Zaščita proti ponovni uporabi ključev Kontrola dostopa do objektov: SNMP entiteta vzdržuje podatkovno bazo o pravicah za dostop do objektov, (različne pravice za različne uporabnike) podatkovna baza se uporablja kot ostali objekti
5 Primer uporabe HVALA ZA POZORNOST, VPRAŠANJA!? Primer uporabe: mrtg Aplikacija za zbiranje statističnih podatkov Podatke zajema preko SNMP protokola Podatke zajemamo v zaporednih časovnih intervalih Zajemamo podatke o prometu o času delovanja naprave Statistično obdelani, prikazani s pomočjo grafov Opazujemo lahko: promet v omrežju izpade naprav Možnost prirejanja različnim aplikacijam (customization)
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