Layer 4 - Transport Layer
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1 Layer 4 - Transport Layer Core of the protocol hierarchy: Network-independent, reliable and economical data transfer Tasks of the transport layer: Connection-oriented or connectionless data transfer Addressing of a certain communication process on a computer Error handling, error detection, error correction Flow control Multiplexing 1. Upward - several transport connections to one network connection 2. Downward - one transport connection to several network connections (e.g. if not sufficient capacity of a network connection is given) Quality guarantees Page 1
2 For what do we need a Transport Layer for? Similarity to layer 3: Connection-oriented and connectionless data transmission Addressing Flow control Is layer 4 redundant? No, because: The network layer belongs to the network carrier: A user does not have any control over network details and problems Hiding of technical details from higher layers Addressing of a destination process End-to-end view of a data flow Generally: Improvement of the quality of the data communication on layer 3 Page 2
3 Simple Transport Protocol Nesting of the PDUs: TPDU: Transport Protocol Data Unit Frame header Packet header TPDU TPDU payload header Packet payload Frame payload FCS Operation LISTEN CONNECT SEND RECEIVE DISCONNECT Sent TPDU -- CONNECTION REQ. (CR) DATA -- DISCONNECTION REQ. () Meaning Block until a process tries to establish a connection Attempt of a connection establishment Data transmission Block until a Data TPDU arrives Attempt of a connection termination Page 3
4 Simple transport protocol LISTEN CONNECT CONNECT RECEIVE SEND DISCONNECT DISCONNECT Receiver (Server) Sender (Client) Page 4
5 Sounds easy Lehrstuhl für Informatik 4 Connection Establishment is however nevertheless quite complicated: the network can lose packets, store packets, duplicate packets. Solution: Sequence numbers Duplicate Three-Way Handshake A connection establishment consists of three parts: The Connection Request, The confirmation of the receiver that the connection establishment is accepted, Host 1 Host 2 The confirmation of the sender that the confirmation of the receiver was received and the sending request is still given. A compromise between reliability and complexity is to be obtained by this principle. CR (seq=x) ACK (seq=y, ACK=x) ACK (seq=x+1, ACK=y) CR (seq=x) ACK (seq=y, ACK=x) REJECT (ACK=y) Host 1 Host 2 Page 5
6 Flow Control and Buffer Assignment The flow control is similar to the one on layer 2, only considering the whole network: Larger number of connections Buffering of TPDUs Apart from losses, also permutations of packets are possible Dynamic buffer management (request for buffer at the communication partner) Principle: Sliding Window with variable window size: Adaptation of buffer size considering receiver and network Page 6
7 Dynamic Buffer Assignment ack/seq {0,, 15} 1 2 A Message <request 8 buffers> <ack = 15, buf = 4> B A asks for 8 places in B s buffer B grants 4 buffer places for A and waits for TPDU 0 3 <seq = 0, data = m0> A sends TPDU 0 4 <seq = 1, data = m1> A sends TPDU 1 5 <seq = 2, data = m2> A sends TPDU 2, TPDU is lost 6 <ack = 1, buf = 3> B acknowledges TPDU 0 and 1, buffer places are reduced to 3 7 <seq = 3, data = m3> A sends TPDU 3 Timeout for TPDU 2 } 8 9 <seq = 4, data = m4> <seq = 2, data = m2> A sends TPDU 4 A repeats to send TPDU 2 10 <ack = 4, buf = 0> B acknowledges TPDU 2, 3, 4 - sender is stopped (no buffer) 11 <ack = 4, buf = 1> B informs A about 1 buffer place 12 <ack = 4, buf = 2> B informs A about 2 buffer places 13 <seq = 5, data = m5> A sends TPDU 5 14 <seq = 6, data = m6> A sends TPDU 6; A is blocked (no more buffer) 15 <ack = 6, buf = 0> B acknowledges TPDU 5 and 6, but sender remains blocked 16 <ack = 6, buf = 4> B informs A about 4 buffer places A waits for buffer space Chapter B waits 3.6: that A Layer sends 4 data Danger of deadlock; send Control TPDUs in regular time intervals Page 7
8 Connection Termination 2 variants: asymmetrically, as with the telephone: abrupt break symmetrically, i.e. each participant terminates his direction The symmetrical variant is more complex, again TPDUs can be lost send terminate connection send confirmation ACK send terminate connection Host 1 Host 2 send Timeout send terminate connection send confirmation ACK send send terminate connection send terminate connection send confirmation ACK send Timeout terminate connection Host 1 Host 2 send Timeout send : : N Timeouts terminate connection send Timeout terminate connection Page 8
9 Implementation Example Simple transport protocol, which covers the following TPDU types: TPDU CALL REQUEST CALL ACCEPTED CLEAR REQUEST CLEAR CONFIRMATION DATA CREDIT Meaning Attempt of a connection establishment Answer to CALL REQUEST Attempt of a connection termination Answer to CLEAR REQUEST Data transmission Control data for the management of the window size Page 9
10 Implementation Example A connection can have one of the following states: Idle no connection is established. Waiting a CONNECT took place, CALL REQUEST is sent. Queued the CALL REQUEST was received but not yet processed. Established connection establishment finished. Sending wait for transmission permission. Receiving the receiver executed a RECEIVE. Disconnecting local call of DISCONNECT. Page 10
11 Implementation Example Page 11
12 Implementation Example Page 12
13 Implementation example Page 13
14 Implementation Example Page 14
15 Implementation Example Page 15
16 Implementation Example Page 16
17 Implementation Example Page 17
18 Implementation Example Page 18
19 Representation of the protocol as finite state machine Page 19
20 Implementation Example Representation of protocol as finite State Machine (graphical form) Page 20
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