Gray-level Texture Characterization Based on a New Adaptive Nonlinear Auto-Regressive Filter

Transcription

1 Electoc Lettes o Comute Vso ad Image Aalss 7: Ga-level Textue Chaactezato Based o a Ne Adatve Nolea Auto-Regessve Flte Mou Saad * Sam Saa * Fahat Faech * ad Mohamed Cheet * SICISI Ut ESSTT 5 Av. Taha Husse 008 Tus Tusa École de techologe suéeue Note-Dame Moteal Quebec H3C K3 Caada Receved 8 th Ma 008; evsed 0 th Novembe 008; acceted 6 th Novembe 008 Abstact I ths ae e oose a e olea exoetal adatve to-dmesoal -D flte fo textue chaactezato. The flte coeffcets ae udated th the Least Mea Squae LMS algothm. The oosed olea model s used fo textue chaactezato th a -D Auto-Regessve AR adatve model. The ma advatage of the e olea exoetal adatve -D flte s the educed umbe of coeffcets used to chaacteze the olea aametc models of mages egadg the -D secod-ode Voltea model. hateve the degee of the o-leat the oblem esults the same umbe of coeffcets as the lea case. The chaactezato effcec of the oosed exoetal model s comaed to the oe ovded b both -D lea ad Voltea fltes ad the cooccuece matx method. The comaso s based o to ctea usuall used to evaluate the featues dscmatg ablt ad the class quatfcato. Extesve exemets oved that the exoetal model coeffcets gve bette esults textue dscmato tha seveal othe aametc featues eve a os cotext. Ke ods: Image Aalss -D olea flte -D adatve flte textue chaactezato. Itoducto The textue aalss las a sgfcat ole ma mage ocessg ad atte ecogto alcatos such as emote sesg catogah obot vso mlta suvellace ad medcal magg. Ove the eas ma aoaches fo textue chaactezato have bee develoed fo aalss [][35][43] ad sthess [4][5]. The tadtoal textue chaactezato s based o extactg some statstc featues fom the xel doma data usg hstogams autocoelato ad momets. I addto the co-occuece matx s a oula statstcal techque fo extactg textual featues. It has bee fst oosed b [8] fo textue chaactezato ad used the aalss ad classfcato of ma tes of textue mages [6][0]. Futhemoe the textue mage as modeled seveal techques as a Maov adom feld of xels ga level hee the elatoshs betee the ga level of eghbog xels ae statstcall chaactezed [35][45]. I [35] a obablstc textue model usg a Gauss-Maov adom feld has bee oosed fo hesectal textues chaactezato. Also mult-esoluto models fo Gauss-Maov adom felds th alcatos to textue chaactezato ee oosed [] ad aled fo textue segmetato. I ste of ths featue-based aoaches have bee oosed dug the last to decades hch s sometmes less comutatoall demadg ad moe effectve tha Maov adom feld based aoaches. Textual featues ae tcall extacted b usg sectal fomato [35] avelet bass fuctos [4] ad Gabo fltes [][7]. The -D Gabo fltes have bee oved to be a motat tool textue aalss. The cosst of a susodal lae ave of some fequec ad oetato modulated b Gaussa eveloe. A Gabo flte s a bad-ass flte hch ca be used to extact a secfc bad of fequec comoets fom a mage [7]. Gabo fuctos aea to shae ma oetes th the huma vsual sstem [5]. The ae used as o-othogoal bass fuctos fo sgal eesetato the magtude esoses the fequec doma s ell-behaved havg o sde lobes [6].

2 Saad et al. / Electoc Lettes o Comute Vso ad Image Aalss 7: I [3] the authos comae seveal textue featues based o the local oe sectum obtaed b a ba of Gabo fltes. These featues ae: Gabo eeg comlex momets ad gatg cell oeato featues. It has bee sho that the gatg cell oeato gves the best dscmato ad segmetato esults. Moe ecetl Gabo fltes ad ga level co-occuece obablt featues have bee fused [7] to move the textue ecogto ad segmetato. It has bee also sho [] that fo os textue ecogto the featues based o Gabo fltes outefom the Dscete Foue Tasfom featues. I addto steeable amd model has bee oosed b [] as a otato vaat textue model. It ca be ovded b the dscete Foue tasfom of a featue cuve defed acoss the oetato sace of the textue. Also a otato-vaat mage eteval scheme based o a tasfomato of the textue fomato va a steeable amd has bee also eseted [4] hee the dstbutos of the subbad coeffcets ae exloted to catue the o-gaussa behavo. The a omalzato ocess ode to Gaussaze the coeffcets s aled [4]. Moe ecetl a e otato ad scale vaat eesetatos fo textue mage eteval based o steeable amd decomosto have bee oosed [8]. I ths aoach the textue featue vectos ae extacted b calculatg the mea ad stadad devato of decomosed mage subbads [8]. Moeove the Local Ba Patte LBP method has bee oosed fo textue chaactezato [9] ad [30]. I ths method a local do atte fom the textue s coded ad ts hstogam s ofte cosdeed as textual featue. I [3] a effcet multesoluto aoach to ga-scale ad otato vaat textue classfcato based o LBP ad o-aametc dscmato of samle ad otote dstbutos. I [44] a omsg method of textue segmetato based o the LBP hstogam eeg fucto has bee oosed. Moe ecetl a algothm based o the LBP as oosed [43] hee the cetal xel the local ego as added to the ocedue to calculate the local theshold usg a modfed veso of the Nblac algothm. I addto a multsectal textue segmetato method based o a causal adatve egesso model edcto as oosed [5]. Also the authos [34] eveed seveal flteg aoaches of textue featue extacto such as Las mass g-edge fltes avelet tasfoms quadatue mo fltes dscete cose tasfom ege-fltes Gabo fltes ad lea edcto fltes. These methods have bee comaed to the co-occuece ad AR model based methods. Futhemoe t s obseved that some secodode o-aametc methods such as sectum estmato [34][36] ae ot caable of sgfcatl chaactezg textues that have qute dffeet vsual chaactestcs secall he ol small samle textue mages ae accessble hle hghe ode methods [37][38] have a hgh comutatoal cost. Moe ecetl a ovel aoach fo textue chaactezato ad sthess based o Textos textue elemets as ecetl oosed [4] hee textues ae assumed to be comosed of thee comoets amel llumato stuctue ad stochastc. Also the authos [0][] have oosed a ufed textue model based o -D old-le decomosto. Ths model s aoate fo modelg eal-old textues ad descbg ts adomess. The textue s decomosed to thee mutuall othogoal comoets: stochastc hamoc ad geealzed-evaescet comoet []. Dffeet methods of estmato of these thee comoets ee oosed [0]. I the eset ae e addess the estmato of ol oe at of the -D old model of ga-scale textues amel the -D stochastc comoet. Ths comoet ca be eeseted b a -D Auto-Regessve -D AR aametc model [5][4][36]. Ths model commol used sgal ocessg offes a exesso of the satal teacto amog the eghbos xel the mage [5][6]. I [6] a omsg textue segmetato algothm based o a -D AR lea model th a adated eghbohood ad a mult-scale aoach as eseted. I [5] the authos oosed a -D AR model to chaacteze the ga level at a xel as a lea combato of ga levels of ts eghbo's xels. Geeall the aametc model ca be estmated b usg exstg estmato methods of uel stochastc adom felds. A alteatve method fo the aametc model comutg s to emlo adatve algothms to obta the estmate of the obseved feld model [4][37][38]. I ste of ths the lea adatve aametc fltes fal ma -D alcatos such as mage ehacemet mage modelg ad comesso because of the olea ad o statoa usual chaacte of mages to be ocessed. Futhemoe exemetal esults dcate that some ocessg levels of the vsual sstem have olea chaactestcs [3]. Loog fo bette esults ma eseaches focus the atteto o olea adatve flteg [3][6][33]. I [3] adatve -D Voltea fltes have bee aled to olea chael dstoted mage estoato. Sce the olea adatve aametc fltes use a hgh umbe of coeffcets to eeset the mage olea chaacte eseach of models ovdg lo comutato cost s a aealg subect. 4

3 Saad et al. / Electoc Lettes o Comute Vso ad Image Aalss 7: I the eset ae e oose a e olea model fo -D sgal modelg hch taes to cosdeato a hgh ode o-leat thout ceasg the umbe of flte coeffcets. e oose to use the exoetal of the -D suot matx stead of usg the suot matx tself. Cosequetl hateve the degee of the o-leat s the oblem esults the same umbe of coeffcets as the lea case. Futhemoe the oosed -D AR exoetal flte s aled fo ga-level textue chaactezato. e llustate ho much ths model moves the ga-level textue classfcato comaso to the lea model [4] the -D Voltea model [3] ad the co-occuece matx method [8]. Fo such a uose e evaluate to chaactezato ctea covetoall used the atte ecogto feld. The fst s a classfcato accuac based o a eghted Eucldea dstace classfe. It as used b ma authos to test the classfcato obustess of seveal featues. The secod s a chaactezato degee based o the ato betee the "te-vaace" ad the "ta-vaace" of the coeffcets. The geate the chaactezato degee s the moe obust the classfcato ocess s. The tal dea of the exoetal model has bee eseted [39]. Meahle e oose the eset ae a -deth veso cotag the follog addtoal tems: a comaso of the oosed method to the secod-ode -D Voltea flte a stud of the coeffcet umbe ad a addtoal classfcato cteo based o a eghted Eucldea dstace classfe. Futhemoe moe textues ae studed.. Recall of the -D lea model ad the LMS algothm A mage of sze L L ca be eeseted b a -D tasvesal AR aametc lea model th a ocausal squae suot of ode as schematzed Fgue. The value of a mage xel at the th colum ad the th le s eeseted b the follog lea elatosh: 00 Fgue : To-dmesoal flte suot Ou am fo choosg a squae ode s to smlf the exteso of the lea model to the -D olea exoetal model. The flte ode s suosed of odd values. ad ae the teval [..L] ad ae the -D AR lea flte coeffcets. I the statoa case these coeffcets do ot deed o the osto of the xel. The fom of the flte outut ca be ette b: Y. * hee deotes a matx fomed b the flte coeffcets as: 4

4 Saad et al. / Electoc Lettes o Comute Vso ad Image Aalss 7: ad Y deotes the matx do cotag the ga level of xels eclosed b the b-dmesoal flte suot as follos: Y 4 ad '.*' deotes the dot oduct of Y ad. I ode to udate the flte coeffcets the adatve LMS algothm [4][40] s the most del used algothm due to ts smle mlemetato. It s based o mmzg the stataeous squae eo betee the flte outut ad the desed outut d. Ths squae eo s defed b: d. 5 The ga level value of the textue xel s oted d. The flte eo d - s oted. The adatato of the coeffcets matx of equatos ad 3 th the -D LMS algothm [0][3] ca be gve b: µ. I ths exesso µ s the ste sze of the algothm. The satal scag ode of the mage of sze L L s efomed as sho Fgue fom left to ght ad to to bottom b meas of a lea scag dex L. 6 The matx deotes the matx of the flte coeffcets of equato 3 at tme. The gadet of th esect to the coeffcets matx s: Y. 7 The last aoxmato 7 have bee oved [9] fo auto-egessve models ad do ot cause a sgfcat maladustmet. Hece the adatato equato ca be tte as: Y µ 8 hch ca be also tte a exlct fom th: Fo fom to Fo fom to d µ. 9 The tal values of the coeffcets matx 0 ca be set to zeo matx. The equato s teeted gahcall Fgues ad 3. To oduce a aoxmate value of all the values of the xel mage hch ae coveed b the mas.e. the flte suot excet the oe at eghted b the coeffcets ad summed. Afte the adatato of the matx coeffcets the mas s the moved to the follog locato.

5 Saad et al. / Electoc Lettes o Comute Vso ad Image Aalss 7: Fgue : The adatve scag mas fom left to ght ad to to bottom Fgue 3: Bloc dagam of the cle of the -D AR adatve flteg of a textue 3. The -D secod-ode Voltea model The -D olea modelg s moe accuate tha the lea modelg mage flteg to tae to accout the olea chaacte of some mages. The secod-ode Voltea model s the most oula olea flte used -D cotext [40]. Hece t has bee exteded to -D sgals [3] ad t as used fo -D olea chael equalzato ad mage estoato th good esults. Cosdeg the flte suot of Fgue the value of a xel at osto ca be o exessed b a secod-ode Voltea model as: 00 L 00 Q 00 0 L ad Q ae esectvel the lea ad the quadatc flte coeffcets. The devato of the -D LMS algothm fo ths model s efomed b mmzg the cost fucto 5. As has bee demostated [40] the eo gve 5 fo ol the lea flte s o the sum of to eos coesodg esectvel to the lea ad quadatc flte ats. The gadet of to be mmzed s the the sum of L ad Q hee the matx L ad esectvel deote the matx cotag the lea ad the quadatc Voltea coeffcets at tme. The fst gadet at s calculated fo each lea coeffcet as: Q 44

6 Saad et al. / Electoc Lettes o Comute Vso ad Image Aalss 7: L L L Ths exesso ll be used to adat the lea flte coeffcets. Fo the olea flte coeffcets the gadet at s calculated fo each coeffcet as: Q Q Q. Thus the Voltea coeffcets udated th the-d LMS algothm ca be summazed b: µ L L 3 µ Q Q 4 I these exessos µ ad µ ae the ste szes of the algothm. Although the Voltea olea flte ma be moe accuate tha the lea flte fo mage modelg t has a sgfcat dabac.e. the gat cease the umbe of coeffcets he lage suot sze s to be cosdeed as see Table. To ovecome ths coveet e oose the follog a exoetal model as a e olea model fo textue chaactezato. 4. The Poosed exoetal model ad ts adatato th the LMS algothm I the oosed olea flte the flte outut s calculated b usg the exoetal matx of the -D suot. Fo ths e defe the matx E as the exoetal of the matx Y gve b : - I Y Ex E 5 Y Ex s the exoetal of the matx Y. I s the dett matx. The outut of the oosed exoetal flte s the gve b: E *. 00. e 6 hee e s the elemet of the matx E. The -D LMS algothm ca be used fo adatg the exoetal flte b mmzg the squae eo betee the flte outut exessed b 6 ad the desed outut d. d 7 The gadet of th esect to the matx coeffcets s sml calculated the same a tha the lea case: E. 8 Hece the adatato equato s: E µ µ. 9 The the -D LMS algothm fo the oosed exoetal flte ca be summazed as follos: Fo ad fom to L: Calculato of the adatve flte outut b usg 6. Adatato of the coeffcets: Fo ad fom to

7 Saad et al. / Electoc Lettes o Comute Vso ad Image Aalss 7: µ d e 0 Note that the matx cotas both lea ad olea coeffcets of the exoetal flte. Cleal the exoetal flte model s smle tha the secod-ode Voltea model. I addto the umbe of coeffcets emas oughl the same as -D lea flte heeas the umbes of coeffcets of the Voltea flte ceases a exoetal mae th esect to the flte ode. Table gves the umbe of coeffcets fo lea exoetal ad secod-ode Voltea flte models hee s the dmeso of the squae sldg do s. Exemles Flte model of ode Numbe of coeffcets P Lea model Exoetal model Secod-ode Voltea model Table : Numbe of coeffcets fo the thee used models. 5. Exemetal esults o textue chaactezato based o the Euclda dstace Cosde a set of 5 dffeet ga-scale textues of xels Table extacted fom the Bodatz album []. I ode to chec hethe the use of the -D olea exoetal flte moves the textue classfcato comaso to the -D lea flte ad the secod-ode Voltea flte e oose to evaluate the chaactezato effcec of the coeffcets estmated b each flte. Fo each textue mage a set of 00 adoml chose mages of xels s dvded to to o-ovelag sets of 50 samle mages. The fst set s used to buld the efeece set fo the textue classfcato exemet. The secod set s the testg set. So the efeece ad the testg sets ae seaable sce the cota o-ovelag blocs. Fo each of the 500 esultg mages the -D exoetal adatve flte s aled to ovde a matx of estmated coeffcets. The flte desed outut d s the mage textue tself. Fo comaso easo the - D lea coeffcets ad -D Voltea coeffcets esectvel detaled secto ad 3 ae also evaluated fo all textue mages. These thee famles of estmated coeffcets ae used as featues fo the textue classfcato ocedue detaled the follog. Exemet : Effect of the flte ode o the textue classfcato The am of the fst exemet s to comae the caablt of the thee studed aametc adatve fltes.e. the lea exoetal ad Voltea -D fltes textue classfcato fo vaous -D flte ode. I ths exemet a mmum dstace classfe usg the class mea ad vaace s used as a comaso cteo. Fo each textue coeffcet vecto of dex chose fom the testg set the eghted Euclda dstaces ae measued betee the vecto ad the mea of the coeffcet vecto of each of the 5 textues classes belogg to the efeece set. Note x the th estmated coeffcet vecto fo the th textue class chose fom the efeece set The meas of the th textue class coeffcet vectos ae oted [9]: 50 m x The vaaces of the vectos ae oted x m v

8 Saad et al. / Electoc Lettes o Comute Vso ad Image Aalss 7: Smlal the testg set s comosed b 50 othe mages fo each textue class. Note the th estmated coeffcet vecto fo the th textue class The eghted Euclda dstace measued betee the coeffcets vecto chose fom the testg set ad the mea of the coeffcet vecto m of the efeece set s gve b the dstace: dst m c t m t t v t 3 hee c s the total umbe of coeffcets the vecto ad t a dex t c. Note that the geate the th-class vaace of coeffcets v s the smallest the dstace dst m s. So each textue mage of the testg set ll be assged th the dex of the textue fo hch ths dstace s mmal. Fo each textue class e defe the classfcato accuac as the ato of the umbe of ostve tests N to t N t the total umbe of tests.e. CA. A total classfcato accuac TC s calculated fo each 50 5 coeffcets faml b the mea TC CA. 4 5 Hece as stated above e use the total classfcato accuac TC gve b 4 as a comaso cteo. Ths accuac s calculated fo vaous flte odes agg fom 3 3 to 3 3 thout a addtve ose. Fgue 4 dects the classfcato accuac th esect to the -D flte odes. The ste sze s equal to 0. fo all fltes. Ths value s chose exemetall as the bggest value hch guaates the stablt of the LMS algothm. The sze of the samle mages s xels. The featues extacted fom the co-occuece featues [4] ae also tested. The elemets of the co-occuece matx C eesets ho ofte as of xels th values ad seaated b a dstace d occus e have used d. Fou dectos ee used to obta the co-occuece matces hozotal fst dagoal vetcal ad secod dagoal.e ad 35. I ou exemetal esults e have chose the decto hch gves the best classfcato accuac. A set of seve stadad featues ae extacted fom these co-occuece matces fo each studed mage. These featues ae: the cotast the eeg the eto the homogeet the maxmum obablt the cluste shade ad the cluste omece [4]. I cocluso t should be oted that fo a ode the classfcato accuac ovded b the exoetal adatve flte s geate tha the oe ovded b the othe fltes. Futhemoe the coeffcets of the exoetal flte seem to gve the best classfcato accuac fo a flte ode of 9 9. The classfcato accuac s thee aoud 98.4 ecet. Fo geate flte odes e otce that the classfcato accuac deceases. Ths ca be exlaed b the fact that the sze of the flteed textue mages xels s ot eough fo the covegece of the -D LMS fltes. I addto although the secod-ode Voltea ad the exoetal flte theoetcall efom detcall the exoetal model s tucated to the ode 3. th ths ode the exoetal model cotas moe oleat ode tha the secod-ode Voltea model ad uses fee coeffcets. I addto e ote that the classfcato accuac of the co-occuece featues s costat th esect to the flte ode. The co-occuece based method does ot use a aametc flte. Futhemoe the classfcato accuac of the exoetal flte s lage tha those gve b the secodode Voltea flte. e th that the hgh coelato the olea exesso of the Voltea flte ma cause a decease the textue chaactezato obustess b cludg some edudat fomato. Fall to have a dea of the esemblace betee the exoetal flte coeffcets sde the same te of textue e gve Table 3 the values of to coeffcets 00 ad 0 estmated fom 3 adoml chose mages fom Textue ad Textue of Table. e ote that the coeffcets of each textue ae goued togethe ad elatvel sead fa fom the othe textue coeffcets hch s sutable the classfcato ocess. 47

9 Saad et al. / Electoc Lettes o Comute Vso ad Image Aalss 7: Classfcato accuac % D Exoetal D Voltea D Lea Co-occuece 3x3 5x5 7x7 9x9 x 3x3 D flte ode Fgue 4: Plot of the classfcato accuac % of the 5 textues b usg of the -D adatve exoetal Voltea ad lea fltes as ell as the co-occuece method th esect to the flte odes Classfcato accuac % D Exoetal D Voltea D Lea Co-occuece Noseless 0 db 0 db - 5 db SNR Fgue 5: Plot of the classfcato accuac % of the -D adatve exoetal Voltea ad lea fltes as ell as the co-occuece method fo vaous SNR values Flte ode

10 Saad et al. / Electoc Lettes o Comute Vso ad Image Aalss 7: Bulle D66 Nettg D34 Alumum e D Pessed co D4 ood D Fu D93 ool D9 Cloths D56 Fech cavas D0 oolle cloth D Retle s D Bubbles D Raffa D84 Oetal cloth D5 Oetal cloth D Gass D9 Sta mattg D55 Radom fbbe D0 Pessed leathe D4 Cheese cloth D Bc all D95 Oetal fbbe D76 Cotto cavas D77 Gass cloth D79 ate D37 Table : The 5 Bodatz textues used the stud Textue Textue Image Image Image 3 Image Image Image Table 3: Values of coeffcets of the -D exoetal flte estmated fom 3 samle mages fom the Textue ad the Textue. Flte ode

11 Saad et al. / Electoc Lettes o Comute Vso ad Image Aalss 7: Exemet : Effect of the addtve ose o the classfcato accuac I ths exemet e stud the effect of a Gaussa addtve ose o the textue classfcato th a exoetal adatve flte. Accodg to the esults of the exemet a flte ode of 9 9 gves the bette classfcato accuac fo the studed olea fltes so e have chose ths exemet to use a flte ode of 9 9. Fo comaso easo the -D Voltea coeffcets the -D lea flte coeffcets ad the co-occuece featues [4] ae also evaluated fo all textue mages. The obtaed fou famles of estmated coeffcets ae used as featues fo the textue classfcato ocedue. The esults of ths exemet ae gve Fgue 5 hee e lot the classfcato accuac TC 4 ecet fo all the 5 textue classes th esect to the Sgal to Nose Rato SNR value of the addtve ose agg fom 0 db to -5 db. The esults sho that the coeffcets of the -D olea exoetal flte efom bette tha those of the othe featues ad ths fo all SNR values. Futhemoe the cease of the addtve ose vaace causes a lage atteuato the classfcato ate. The addtve ose etubs the classfcato ocess. Exemet 3: Stud of the chaactezato degee esece of addtve ose Fo a -deth stud of the chaactezato caablt of the oosed featues e comute a "chaactezato degee" D based o the ato betee the "te-vaace" ad the "ta-vaace" of each featue faml classes [9]. Ule the classfcato exemet all the 00 adoml chose mages ae used fo each textue mage. Note x the th estmated vecto of coeffcets fo the th textue class The mea of the th textue class vectos of coeffcet s oted m x ad the mea 00 of all the coeffcet vectos s m 5 c m S ta x m x 500 s gve b the matx m t 00. The mea of the th-class ta-class dseso matces hch s the maxmum lelhood estmato of the covaace matx of the class. Comlemeta to ths s the mea of the betee-class te-class dseso matces hch descbes the scatteg of the class samle meas. It s calculated b 5 t the matx S te m mc m mc. So the "chaactezato degee" CD s gve b [9]: 5 CD tace ta.ste S. 5 The geate ths chaactezato degee s the moe obust the classfcato ocess s. The comaso of the ablt of the studed featues esece of addtve ose ll be eseted though Fgue 6 hee e lot the Chaactezato Degee CD 5 calculated th the featues ssued fom the exoetal flte the - D Voltea flte the -D lea flte ad the co-occuece method. Fo the last method e have chose the decto hch gves the best chaactezato degee. Fou cases ae cosdeed: the oseless case ad thee os cases of SNR values: 0 db 0 db ad -5 db esectvel. A addtve Gaussa ose ad a -D ode of 9 9 have bee used. e otce that the chaactezato degee ovded b the -D exoetal flte coeffcets s geate tha the chaactezato degees ovded b the othe coeffcet famles. Fo all cases the chaactezato degee deceases th the cease of the ose vaace. I addto e ote that fo ufoml dstbuted addtve ose e obta smla esults of the chaactezato degee. So as ell as the -D exoetal flte ovdes the best esults the textue classfcato exemet ths exemet shos the sueot fo textue chaactezato. 50

12 Saad et al. / Electoc Lettes o Comute Vso ad Image Aalss 7: D Exoetal D Voltea D Lea Co-occuece Chaactezato Degee Noseless 0 db 0 db - 5 db SNR db Fgue 6: Plot of the chaactezato degee CD of the -D adatve exoetal Voltea ad lea fltes ad the co-occuece method fo vaous SNR values Flte ode 9 9. Exemet 4: Comaso to the -D lea adatve modelg based o hghe ode statstcs I ths exemet e chec hethe the use of hghe ode statstcs based algothms moves the textue chaactezato comaso to the alead tested methods. Fo ths easo the lattce coeffcets ssued fom -D Ovedetemed Lattce Recusve Istumetal Vaable flte -D OLRIV algothm oosed [3][38] hch s based o hghe ode statstcs ae used as textual featues. The chaactezato effcec of these coeffcets s comaed to the oe obtaed th the exoetal Voltea ad lea -D coeffcets as ell as the co-occuece featues. The studed methods ae aled to the chaactezato of the textue mages fom the database of exemets ad 3 thout a addtve ose. A flte ode of 9 9 s used. The classfcato accuaces ad the chaactezato degees of the obtaed coeffcets of the studed methods ae eseted Table 4. The esults ove the sueot of the oosed -D exoetal flte th esect to the hgh ode statstcs based oe fo textue chaactezato. As e have cocluded [37] e th that although hghe ode statstcs based fltes have some advatages ad although textues have some o Gaussa oetes the use of a adatve flte based o hghe ode statstcs to estmate the -D lattce coeffcets ovdes coeffcets th a lage vaace ad dstub the classfcato ocess. I othe ods thee s o movemet b usg a hghe ode statstcs based adatve algothm to chaacteze the textue model comaso to the othe studed methods. Classfcato Accuac Chaactezato Degee -D Nolea exoetal flte 98.4 % 7 -D Secod ode Voltea Flte 96.8 % 60 -D lea Flte 93.8 % 9 Co-occuece based method 9 % 4 -D OLRIV flte based o hghe ode statstcs [3][37] 88 % 93 Table 4: Classfcato accuaces ad chaactezato degees of all the studed textue chaactezato methods Noseless case Flte ode 9 9 5

13 6. Cocluso Saad et al. / Electoc Lettes o Comute Vso ad Image Aalss 7: Tag to accout the olea chaacte of the textued mages a e olea exoetal adatve -D flte fo textue chaactezato s oosed ths ae. The olea flte coeffcets ae udated th the -D LMS algothm ad ts chaactezato ablt s comaed to the oe ovded b both -D lea secod-ode Voltea fltes ad the co-occuece matx method. The oosed exoetal flte s smle tha the secod-ode Voltea flte ad the umbe of the used coeffcets stlls aoxmatel the same as the lea flte. Extesve exemets sho that the olea exoetal coeffcets gve bette esults textue dscmato tha those of both lea ad Voltea coeffcets eve a os cotext. Futhe os tag to accout the effect of the mohologcal asect of the textue ad ts detals oetato o the olea aametc model stll ema to be doe. Also the geealzato to moe atual colo ad mult-sectal textues classfcato ad segmetato s a motat esectve of the eset o. Refeeces [] U.A. Ahmad K. Kdo R. oseh "Textue featues based o Foue tasfom ad Gabo fltes: a emcal comaso" ICMV 007 Iteatoal Cofeece o Mache Vso Islamabad Pasta :67-7 Dec [] P. Bodatz "Textues: a hotogahc album fo atst ad desges" Doves Ne Yo 966. [3] V. Buzeac R. Sette ad M. Nam "A e cumulat-based lattce algothm fo adatve detfcato of o Gaussa b-dmesoal AR ocesses" Poc. of IEEE ICASSP 96 Atlata USA ages Ma 996. [4] D. Chaalamds "Textue Sthess: Textos Revsted" IEEE Tas. o Image Pocessg 53: Mach 006. [5] R. Chellaa ad R.L. Kasha ''Textue sthess usg -D o causal autoegessve models'' IEEE Tas. O Acoustc Seech ad Sgal Pocessg 33:94-03 Feb [6] I. Claude A. Smolaz "A e textued mage segmetato algothm b auto-egessve modelg ad multscale bloc classfcato" Ite. Cof. o Image Pocessg ad ts Alcatos : ul 997. [7] D.A. Claus D. Huag "Desg-based textue featue fuso usg Gabo fltes ad co-occuece obabltes" IEEE Tas. o Image Pocessg 47: ul 005. [8] M. L. Come E.. Del "Segmetato of textued mages usg a multesoluto Gaussa autoegessve model" IEEE Tas. o Image Pocessg 83: Mach 999. [9] F. Faech M. Saad ad M. Nam "Adatve ecusve hghe ode olomal flte" NSIP'99 IEEE-EURASIP osho o Nolea Sgal ad Image Pocessg Atala Tue 0-3 ue 999. [0]. M. Facos A. Z. Me B. Poat; "A old-le decomosto of -D dscete homogeeous adom felds" A. Al. Pob. 5: []. M. Facos "Camé Rao Boud o the Estmato Accuac of Comlex-Valued Homogeeous Gaussa Radom Felds" IEEE Tas. o Sgal Pocessg 503:70-74 Mach 00. [] H. Geesas S. Belogc R. Goodma "Rotato vaat textue ecogto usg a steeable amd" Poc. Of ICPR'94 Iteatoal Cofeece o Patte Recogto : [3] S.E. Ggoescu N. Petov P. Kuzga "Comaso of textue featues based o Gabo fltes" IEEE Tas. o Image Pocessg 0:60-67 Oct. 00. [4] M. Hadhoud D. Thomas. "The To-dmesoal adatve LMS algothm" IEEE Tas. o Ccuts ad Sstems 355: Ma 988. [5] M. Hadl Usuevsed Textue Segmetato Lectue Notes Comute Scece 45 Sge 998. [6] G. M. Hale ad B. S. Mauath "Rotato-vaat textue classfcato usg a comlete sace-fequec model" IEEE Tas. Image Pocessg 8:55-69 Febua 999. [7] T. E. Hall ad G. B. Gaas "Image modelg usg vese flteg ctea th alcato to textues" IEEE Tas. o Image Pocessg 56: ue 996. [8] R.M. Haalc K. Shamuga ad I. Dste "Textual featues fo mage classfcato" IEEE Tas. o Sstems Ma ad Cbeetcs 36:60-6 Novembe 973. [9] F. V. Hed Image based measuemet sstem oh le ad sos Edto UK 994. [0]. Koo Km ad Hu oo Pa "Statstcal Textual featues fo detecto of Mco calcfcatos Dgtzed Mammogams" IEEE Tas. o Medcal Imagg 83:3-38 Mach 999. [] S. Kshamacha ad R. Chellaa "Multesoluto Gauss Maov Radom Feld Models fo Textue Segmetato" IEEE Tas. o Image Pocessg 6:5-67 ul 997. []. N. L ad R.Ubehaue "-D adatve CPL Flte fo -D olea Chael equalzato ad Image Restoato" Electocs Lettes 8:

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