Objektinis programavimas II (JAVA) Rimantas Vaicekauskas, 2013 m.

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1 Objektinis programavimas II (JAVA) Rimantas Vaicekauskas, 2013 m.

2 Objektinis programavimas JAVA Svetainė: POBP2214, Programų sistemos, 3 sem., 3 kr., val., egzaminas Egzamino balas formuojamas taip: 6 (egzamino testas raštu) + 4 (lab. darbų įvertis) Atsiskaitymo/lankomumo reikalavimai: suminis semestro lab. darbų įvertinimas ne mažesnis negu 50% (2 balai) Aktyvus dalyvavimas paskaitose premijuojamas

3 Kurso paskirtis Įsisavinti objektiškai orientuoto programavimo principus programavimo kalbos JAVA pagrindu. Susipažinti su objektiškai orientuota analize ir projektavimu, išreiškiant projektinius sprendimus UML žymėjimais. Žinoti ir sugebėti taikyti pagrindinius projektavimo šablonus (design patterns)

4 Literatūros nuorodos Bruce Eckel. Thinking in Java, 3rd/4th Edition, 2003 (t.p. online) H.M.Deitel, P.J.Deitel. Java: how to program 4th edition. Prentice Hall, 2003 (7-th ed. 2007) C.Horstmann. Computing concepts with Java Essentials 3 rd edition, John Willey, L.Lemay, R.Cadenhead. Sams teach yourself Java 1.2 in 21 days, 1998 Sams Publishing P.Naughton. The Java handbook. 1996, McGraw-Hill. D.Flanagan. Java in a Nutshell, Second edition, R.Belevičius. Java technologijos. Mokomoji knyga. Technika. 2005

5 Išplėstiniams skaitymams Grady Booch. Object-Oriented analysis and Design with applications. Second edition. Bruce Eckel. Thinking in Patterns with Java (online) Craig Larman. Applying UML and Patterns: An Introduction to Object-Oriented Analysis and Design and the Unified Process (2nd Edition). Prentice Hall. Bernd Bruegge, Allen H. Dutoit. Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns and Java, Second Edition

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7 Java Online šaltiniai Java language specification: MIF kolegų A. Basčio bei V.Stakėno Java progr. kalbos kursų medžiaga.

8 Kodėl OP Programinė įranga sudėtinga Tam, kad supaprastintį visumą reikalingas skaidymas į dalis Procedūrinio programavimo paradigma skaidyti programą į procedūras. Trūkumas d u o m e n y s?! Objektiškai orientuoto program. idėja apjungti procedūras su duomenimis.

9 Pagrindinės objektinio programavimo (OOP) sąvokos Objektas vienareikšmiškai identifikuojamas, savistovis programinis darinys, turintis būseną ir elgesį. Pranešimas - komunikacijos(bendravimo) tarp objektų būdas (kitaip vad.- metodu). Klasė - prototipas, apibrėžiantis tam tikros rūšies objektų ypatybes. Kiekvienas konkretus objektas yra kurios nors klasės egzempliorius (instance).

10 OOP sąvokos (2) Inkapsuliacija (encapsulation) - objekto elgesio ir būsenos kaip visumos traktavimas. Susijęs su objekto realizacijos paslėpimu, leidžiant manipuliuoti objektu tik naudojant viešąją sąsają (interface). Klasių hierarchija, paveldėjimas- klasių sistemos organizavimo būdas, specializuojant elgesį išvestinėse klasėse. Įgalina programinių sistemų pakartotinį panaudojamumą. Polimorfizmas objektų sugebėjimas reaguoti į metodo iškvietimą priklausomai nuo objekto klasės. Realizuojamas virtualiųjų metodų kvietiniais.

11 OOP sąvokos (3) OOP: tai programavimo metodologija, kai programa sukomponuojama iš objektų, kiekvienas objektas priklauso tam tikrai klasei, klasės sudaro paveldėjimo hierarchiją (Pagal Booch). OOP susijęs taip pat su OO analize ir projektavimu. OO programavimas realizuojamas naudojant OO principus įgyvendinčiąja programavimo kalba. Iš esmės daugelis šiuolaikinių programavimo kalbų leidžia OO išplėtinius.

12 Programavimo kalbos Pirmosios: Fortran, Algol, Cobol,Lisp,PL/1 Pascal Objektinės (duomenu abstrakcija + klasės), objektiškai-orientuotos( paveldėjimas ir polimorfizmas). Simula (1960), Simula 67 - Algol'o idejos + paveldėjimas + inkapsuliacija. Smalltalk (1972) - pilnai OO kalba (netgi skaičiai - objektai) kartu su programavimo aplinka. Ada (1978)

13 Kalbos (2) C++ (1983) Kilo iš "C" [Kernighan, 1978] Bendro pobūdžio progr. kalba. Pasirodė (pavadinta) Bendro pobūdžio progr. kalba. Geresnė negu C. Įgalina duomenų abstrakciją. Įgalina OO programavimą. Įgalina apibendrintą programavimą (templates). Įgalina ypatingų situacijų mechanizmo (exception) panaudojimą. Standartizuota 1998 m., ANSI/ISO

14 Kalbos (3) Object Pascal (1986), Java (1995), C# ("C sharp."), Microsoft, 2000 Skriptinės kalbos: Python, Perl, Ruby,

15 Java programavimo kalba objektiškai orientuota, bet paprastesnė nei C++ interpretuojama, architektektūriškai neutrali, dinaminė, saugi, daugiagijė, turinti turtingą klasių biblioteka turinti išvystytus IDE (Eclipse, NetBeans). java kalba patyrė pokyčių, ypač 1.5 versijoje

16 Paprasčiausia programa /** Hello anonymous */ public class HelloConsole { /** Main args - command line Nothing */ public static void main(string[] args) { // System - class name (java.lang.system) // out statical field being java.io.printstream System.out.println("Hello, world"); } }

17 Programos vykdymo etapai Kompiliavimas komandinės eilutės aplinkoje (sukuriamas HelloWorld.class failas) : javac HelloWorld.java Vykdymas komandinės eilutės aplinkoje: java HelloWorld

18 Java platforma

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23 OOP anomalijos // Normalus kodas print(a + b) // "Išpūstas kodas" am = new math.arithmeticmanager() opa = new math.operand((float) a) opb = new math.operand((float) b) am.addoperand(opa) am.addoperand(opb) am.operator = new math.operators.addition() am.executemathoperation() system.io.output.print(am.mathoperationresult()) Pagal:

24 Progr. kalbų ateitis (1) C# programa: namespace MyNamespace { public class MyClass { public static void Main() { Console.WriteLine("Hello, C#"); } } } Pagal:

25 Progr. kalbų ateitis (2) C# Application Markup Language or CSAML <CsamlFile xmlns=" xmlns:x=" <NamespaceDeclaration Identifier="MyNamespace"> <ClassDeclaration Identifier="MyClass" Access="Public"> <MethodDeclaration Identifier="Main" Access="Public" Modifier="Static" ReturnType="{x:Type void}"> <InvocationExpression MemberAccess="System.Console.WriteLine"> <InvocationExpression.ArgumentList> <Literal Type="{x:Type string}" Value="Hello, CSAML! "> </InvocationExpression.ArgumentList> </InvocationExpression> </MethodDeclaration> </ClassDeclaration> </NamespaceDeclaration> </CsamlFile> Pagal:

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