The Design and Implementation of Multimedia Software
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1 Chapter 12 Described Auditory Content Music The Design and Implementation of Multimedia Software David Bernstein Jones and Bartlett Publishers David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 1 / 76
2 Introduction About this Chapter Described Auditory Content: Described speech, described sounds, and described music This Chapter Described Music: Name frequencies. Describe the duration of individual sounds. Describe the voice or instrument. Describe the loudness of those sounds. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 2 / 76
3 A Quick Start What s Next We need some instant gratification. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 3 / 76
4 A Quick Start Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) Original Purpose: A protocol for passing musical events between electronic instruments and sequencers. Our Interest: Sending messages to a sound card. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 4 / 76
5 A Quick Start The Sequence, Track and MidiEvent Classes David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 5 / 76
6 A Quick Start Reading MIDI Events from a File 1. Create a Sequence from a File or an InputStream. 2. Create a Sequencer. 3. Open the Sequencer. 4. Associate the Sequence with the Sequencer. 5. Start the Sequencer. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 6 / 76
7 A Quick Start MidiPlayer import java.io.*; import javax.sound.midi.*; public class MidiPlayer public static void main(string[] args) throws Exception Sequencer sequencer; Sequence seq; seq = MidiSystem.getSequence(new File(args[0])); sequencer = MidiSystem.getSequencer(); sequencer.open(); sequencer.setsequence(seq); sequencer.start(); David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 7 / 76
8 A Quick Start Requirements F12.1 Encapsulate a description of music. F12.2 Present/render this description. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 8 / 76
9 Presenting/Rendering Described Auditory Content What s Next We need to consider the presentation of described auditory content. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 9 / 76
10 Presenting/Rendering Described Auditory Content Ways Synthesizers Can Generate Signals Using a Soundbank: The synthesizer has a database of sounds (e.g., samplings of different instruments producing different tones) that it uses to produce the electrical signal. Using Waves: The synthesizer constructs the electrical signals from continuous waves. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 10 / 76
11 Presenting/Rendering Described Auditory Content Rendering in Java Synthesizer: Controls a set (typically with 16 members) of MidiChannel objects that encapsulate voices. Setup: 1. Obtain a Synthesizer object by calling the MidiSystem.getSynthesizer() method. 2. Get a Soundbank object (e.g., by calling the Synthesizer object s getdefaultsoundbank() method). 3. Call the Synthesizer object s loadallinstruments() method (passing it the Soundbank object. 4. Get the MidiChannel objects by calling the Synthesizer object s getchannels() method. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 11 / 76
12 Presenting/Rendering Described Auditory Content Rendering Notes Alternative 1 1. Obtain a Receiver object by calling the Synthesizer object s getreceiver() method. 2. Construct a ShortMessage object that turns the note on. 3. Call the Receiver object s send() method (passing it the ShortMessage object). 4. Wait the appropriate amount of time. 5. Construct a ShortMessage object that turns the note off. 6. Call the Receiver object s send() method (passing it the ShortMessage object). David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 12 / 76
13 Presenting/Rendering Described Auditory Content Rendering Notes Alternative 2 1. Call the MidiChannel object s noteon() method. 2. Wait the appropriate amount of time. 3. Call the MidiChannel object s noteoff() method. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 13 / 76
14 Presenting/Rendering Described Auditory Content Evaluating the Alternatives Which is better? David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 14 / 76
15 Presenting/Rendering Described Auditory Content Evaluating the Alternatives The second method is used here because it is simpler and provides all of the necessary functionality. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 14 / 76
16 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content What s Next We need to consider the encapsulation of described auditory content. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 15 / 76
17 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content Naming Frequencies Modern Music Notation: The frequencies in a single octave are denoted by the letters A-G. Letters can be followed by either a sharp indicator (i.e., a character) which denotes a half-step or half-tone up, or flat indicator (i.e., a character) which denotes a half-step or half-tone down. A complete octave contains A, A, B, C, C, D, D, E, F, F, G, and G. A Common Tuning: A is the name commonly given to the frequencies 55Hz, 110Hz, 220Hz, 440Hz, 880Hz, 1760Hz, etc. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 16 / 76
18 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content Describing Durations Durations are commonly given as multiples/fractions of a base duration, or beat. Common durations are whole notes, half notes, quarter notes, eighth notes and sixteenth notes. A standard duration can be dotted to indicate that it should be increased by 50%. Triplets are notes that are grouped in sets of three (i.e., the three notes evenly divide an integral number of beats). David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 17 / 76
19 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content Alternative 1 What are the shortcomings? David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 18 / 76
20 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content Alternative 1 It will probably result in code duplication. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 18 / 76
21 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content Alternative 2 What are the shortcomings? David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 19 / 76
22 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content Alternative 2 Makes it difficult to add content that is not a specialization of the AbstractContent class. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 19 / 76
23 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content Alternative 3 What are the advantages? David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 20 / 76
24 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content Alternative 3 One can create other classes that implement the Content interface without having to specialize the AbstractContent class (e.g., a BrokenChord class). David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 20 / 76
25 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content Alternative 4 Composite Pattern What are the shortcomings? David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 21 / 76
26 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content Alternative 4 Composite Pattern It is not consistent with the way the term chord is normally used in music theory. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 21 / 76
27 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content Content package auditory.described; import javax.sound.midi.*; public interface Content public abstract int gettype(); public abstract boolean isdotted(); public abstract void render(midichannel channel); public abstract void setaudible(boolean audible); David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 22 / 76
28 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content AbstractContent Structure package auditory.described; import javax.sound.midi.*; public abstract class AbstractContent implements Content protected boolean audible, dotted, playing; protected int type; public AbstractContent() this(1, false); public AbstractContent(int type, boolean dotted) this.type = type; this.dotted = dotted; this.audible = false; this.playing = false; David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 23 / 76
29 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content AbstractContent Getters public int gettype() return type; public boolean isdotted() return dotted; David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 24 / 76
30 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content AbstractContent Setters public void setaudible(boolean audible) this.audible = audible; protected void setdotted(boolean dotted) this.dotted = dotted; protected void settype(int type) this.type = type; David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 25 / 76
31 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content AbstractContent Rendering public void render(midichannel channel) if ( audible &&!playing) playing = true; startplaying(channel); else if (!audible && playing) playing = false; stopplaying(channel); protected abstract void startplaying(midichannel channel); protected abstract void stopplaying(midichannel channel); David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 26 / 76
32 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content Note Structure package auditory.described; import javax.sound.midi.*; public class Note extends AbstractContent private boolean private char private int sharp; pitch; midinumber; public Note() this( C, false, 0, 1, false); public Note(char pitch, boolean sharp, int octave, int type, boolean dotted) super(type, dotted); this.pitch = Character.toUpperCase(pitch); this.sharp = sharp; midinumber = MidiCalculator.numberFor(pitch, sharp, octave); David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 27 / 76
33 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content Note Rendering protected void startplaying(midichannel channel) if (midinumber >= 0) channel.noteon(midinumber, 127); protected void stopplaying(midichannel channel) if (midinumber >= 0) channel.noteoff(midinumber, 127); David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 28 / 76
34 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content MidiCalculator package auditory.described; public class MidiCalculator public static int numberfor(char pitch, boolean sharp, int octave) int midibase, midinumber; // Handle special cases (B sharp and E sharp) if ((pitch == B ) && sharp) pitch = C ; sharp = false; else if ((pitch == E ) && sharp) pitch = F ; sharp = false; // Calculate the MIDI value midibase = 60; if (pitch == A ) midinumber = midibase + 9; else if (pitch == B ) midinumber = midibase + 11; David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 29 / 76
35 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content MidiCalculator (cont.) else if (pitch == C ) midinumber = midibase + 0; else if (pitch == D ) midinumber = midibase + 2; else if (pitch == E ) midinumber = midibase + 4; else if (pitch == F ) midinumber = midibase + 5; else if (pitch == G ) midinumber = midibase + 7; else midinumber = -1; // Rest if (sharp) midinumber = midinumber + 1; midinumber = midinumber + (octave * 12); return midinumber; David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 30 / 76
36 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content Chord Structure package auditory.described; import java.util.*; import javax.sound.midi.*; public class Chord extends AbstractContent private ArrayList<Note> notes; public Chord() this(1, false); public Chord(int type, boolean dotted) super(type, dotted); notes = new ArrayList<Note>(); public void addnote(note note) notes.add(note); David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 31 / 76
37 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content Chord startplaying() protected void startplaying(midichannel channel) Iterator<Note> i; Note note; i = notes.iterator(); while (i.hasnext()) note = i.next(); if (note!= null) note.settype(type); note.setdotted(dotted); note.startplaying(channel); David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 32 / 76
38 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content Chord stopplaying() protected void stopplaying(midichannel channel) Iterator<Note> i; Note note; i = notes.iterator(); while (i.hasnext()) note = i.next(); if (note!= null) note.stopplaying(channel); David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 33 / 76
39 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content Music Notation Music notation consists of one or more staffs (a set of five horizontal lines) that contain multiple measures (delimited by bar lines), each of which contains multiple notes (that indicate both the pitch and the duration). The end of a song is usually indicated with a double bar line. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 34 / 76
40 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content Eight Measures of Beethoven s Ode to Joy Violin '& 4U=U=V=W-!=W=V=U=T!=S=S=T=U!=Uµ+==D=d!=U=U=V=W-!=W=V=U=T!=S=S=T=U!=T +==C=S=:! '& 4c==V=W!=f====U=T!=c===T=U!=T +==C=S!=c===V=W!=f==U=T!=c===T=U!=T = === =C=c! '& 4c===R=S!=c===S=Q!===` ===!`====S=R!c====R=S!=c===S=Q!===P=S!=S=R=======`! ^ Piano n David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 35 / 76
41 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content A More Convenient Notation A comma delimited String with a field for the name including an optional # character, the octave (with 0 being the octave that contains middle C), the type of the note (i.e., 1 for whole, 2 for half, 4 for quarter, etc) which includes an optional. character. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 36 / 76
42 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content Eight Measures of Beethoven s Ode to Joy F#,-1,4 D,-1,4 F#,-1,4 D,-1,4 F#,-1,4 D,-1,4 F#,-1,4 D,-1,4 G,-1,4 E,-1,4 G,-1,4 E,-1,4 A,-1,4 F#,-1,4 A,-1,4 F#,-1,4 A,-1,4 F#,-1,4. A,-1,4 E,-1,4. G,-1,4 E,-1,8 G,-1,4 D,-1,8 F#,-1,4 E,-1,2 F#,-1,4 D,-1,4 E,-1,4 E,-1,4 R, 0, David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 37 / 76
43 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content NoteFactory package auditory.described; import java.util.*; null public class NoteFactory public static Note parsenote(string s) boolean dotted, sharp; char pitch, sharpchar; int duration, octave, octaveend; Note thenote; String durationstring, octavestring, token; StringTokenizer st; st = new StringTokenizer(s, ", "); try token = st.nexttoken(); // Determine the pitch pitch = token.charat(0); // Determine if this is a sharp or a natural sharp = false; David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 38 / 76
44 Encapsulating Described Auditory Content NoteFactory (cont.) if (token.length() == 2) sharpchar = token.charat(1); if (sharpchar == # ) sharp = true; // ASCII 35 // Detemine the octave (relative to middle C) octavestring = st.nexttoken(); octave = Integer.parseInt(octaveString); // Determine the duration (which has an arbitrary length) dotted = false; durationstring = st.nexttoken(); if (durationstring.endswith(".")) dotted = true; duration = (int)double.parsedouble(durationstring); // Construct a new Note thenote = new Note(pitch, sharp, octave, duration, dotted); catch (NoSuchElementException nsee) thenote = null; return thenote; David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 39 / 76
45 Operations on Described Audio What s Next We need to consider operating on described auditory content. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 40 / 76
46 Operations on Described Audio Scales An (ascending) scale is a sequence of notes that starts and ends on the same note, moving up in a consistent way. A major scale is a scale that uses the T-T-S-T-T-T-S pattern when ascending (where T denotes a tone or whole step and S denotes a semi-tone or half step). A minor scale is a scale that uses the T-S-T-T-S-T-T pattern when ascending. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 41 / 76
47 Operations on Described Audio Scales The C-Major Scale C D E F G A B C T T S T T T S David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 42 / 76
48 Operations on Described Audio Transposition A song that uses the notes from a particular scale is said to be in the key of that scale. Transposition is an operation that changes a song from one key to another. Since the representation used here does not include a key signature, that is, all notes include explicit sharps/flats, transposition can be performed directly on the MIDI numbers. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 43 / 76
49 Design of a Described Auditory Content System What s Next We need to design a described auditory content system. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 44 / 76
50 Design of a Described Auditory Content System What s Left? The Audition components of the conceptual model. The AuditionView component of the conceptual model David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 45 / 76
51 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Organizing Notes and Chords Notes are commonly grouped into durations of equal length, called measures. The time signature indicates how many beats are in each measure (in the numerator ) and which type of note gets a whole beat (in the denominator ). A collection of notes/chords ordered over time that is intended to be played by a single instrument (or sung by a single voice) is often called a part. A collection of parts (for different instruments/voices) is referred to as a score. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 46 / 76
52 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Alternative 1 Aproach: Each Part has it s own Metronome object and renders its content (independently) in its own thread of execution. Shortcomings: What are the shortcomings? David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 47 / 76
53 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Alternative 1 Aproach: Each Part has it s own Metronome object and renders its content (independently) in its own thread of execution. Shortcomings: The different Part objects may not stay synchronized since the timing of handletick() messages is not precise. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 47 / 76
54 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Alternative 2 Approach: Have a single Metronome object that synchronizes the Part objects. handletick() Method: Determines which Note/Chord objects needs to be rendered. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 48 / 76
55 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Alternative 2.1 Approach: Include an attribute for the instrument in Part. Shortcomings: What are the shortcomings? David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 49 / 76
56 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Alternative 2.1 Approach: Include an attribute for the instrument in Part. Shortcomings: One can not have the same Part object rendered using different instruments. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 49 / 76
57 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Alternative 2.2 Approach: A Part object can be told what instrument to use when its render() method is called. Advantage: Adds flexibility at no cost. David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 50 / 76
58 Design of a Described Auditory Content System The Design David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 51 / 76
59 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Part Structure package auditory.described; import java.util.*; import javax.sound.midi.*; import event.*; public class Part implements MetronomeListener private ArrayList<Content> sounds; private double timesignaturedenominator, timesignaturenumerator; private int millispermeasure, stoptime; public Part() sounds = new ArrayList<Content>(); David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 52 / 76
60 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Part add() public void add(content c) if (c!= null) sounds.add(c); David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 53 / 76
61 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Part Setters public void settempo(int millispermeasure) this.millispermeasure = millispermeasure; public void settimesignature(int numerator, int denominator) this.timesignaturenumerator = numerator; this.timesignaturedenominator = denominator; David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 54 / 76
62 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Part Global Variables private Content private Iterator<Content> private Metronome currentcontent, previouscontent; iterator; metronome; // Not Owned David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 55 / 76
63 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Part upbeat() public void upbeat(metronome metronome) this.metronome = metronome; // For later removal iterator = sounds.iterator(); currentcontent = null; previouscontent = null; stoptime = -1; metronome.addlistener(this); David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 56 / 76
64 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Part handletick() public void handletick(int millis) double beats, millisperbeat, type; if (iterator == null) throw(new IllegalStateException("No upbeat()")); if (millis >= stoptime) if (currentcontent!= null) currentcontent.setaudible(false); if (iterator.hasnext()) previouscontent = currentcontent; currentcontent = iterator.next(); // This calculation needn t really be done each iteration millisperbeat = 1.0/(double)timeSignatureNumerator * millispermeasure; beats = (1.0/(double)currentContent.getType()) * (double)timesignaturedenominator; if (currentcontent.isdotted()) beats = beats * 1.5; stoptime = millis + (int)(beats * millisperbeat); David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 57 / 76
65 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Part handletick() (cont.) currentcontent.setaudible(true); else metronome.removelistener(this); David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 58 / 76
66 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Part render() public void render(midichannel channel) if (previouscontent!= null) previouscontent.render(channel); if (currentcontent!= null) currentcontent.render(channel); David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 59 / 76
67 Design of a Described Auditory Content System PartFactory package auditory.described; import java.io.*; public class PartFactory public static Part createpart(bufferedreader in) throws IOException Note note; Part part; String line; part = new Part(); while ((line = in.readline())!= null && (!line.equals("x")) ) if (!line.equals("")) note = NoteFactory.parseNote(line); if (note!= null) part.add(note); return part; David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 60 / 76
68 Design of a Described Auditory Content System PartFactory (cont.) public static Part createpart(string filename) throws IOException BufferedReader in; in = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(filename)); return createpart(in); David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 61 / 76
69 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Score Structure package auditory.described; import java.util.*; import javax.sound.midi.*; import event.*; public class Score private HashMap<Part, MidiChannel> private HashMap<Part, String> private int public void addpart(part part, String instrument) parts.put(part, instrument); public Iterator<Part> getparts() return parts.keyset().iterator(); public String getinstrumentname(part part) channelmap; parts; timesignaturedenominator, timesignaturenumerator, millispermeasure; David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 62 / 76
70 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Score Structure (cont.) return parts.get(part); public void removepart(part part) parts.remove(part); David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 63 / 76
71 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Score Setters public void setchannel(part part, MidiChannel channel) channelmap.put(part, channel); public void settempo(int millispermeasure) this.millispermeasure = millispermeasure; public void settimesignature(int numerator, int denominator) this.timesignaturenumerator = numerator; this.timesignaturedenominator = denominator; David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 64 / 76
72 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Score upbeat() public void upbeat(metronome metronome) Iterator<Part> i; Part part; i = parts.keyset().iterator(); while (i.hasnext()) part = i.next(); part.upbeat(metronome); part.settimesignature(timesignaturenumerator, timesignaturedenominator); part.settempo(millispermeasure); David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 65 / 76
73 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Score render() public void render() Iterator<Part> i; MidiChannel channel; Part part; i = parts.keyset().iterator(); while (i.hasnext()) part = i.next(); channel = channelmap.get(part); part.render(channel); David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 66 / 76
74 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Orchestra Demonstration In examples/chapter: java -cp multimedia2.jar;examples.jar OrchestraDemo frerejacques.txt java -cp multimedia2.jar;examples.jar OrchestraDemo daytripper.txt java -cp multimedia2.jar;examples.jar OrchestraDemo OdeToJoy.txt David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 67 / 76
75 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Orchestra Structure package auditory.described; import java.io.inputstream; import java.net.url; import java.util.*; import javax.sound.midi.*; import event.*; import io.*; public class Orchestra implements MetronomeListener private HashMap<String, Instrument> instruments; private Metronome metronome; private MidiChannel[] channels; private Score score; David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 68 / 76
76 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Orchestra Constructor public Orchestra(Score score) throws MidiUnavailableException this(score, new Metronome(10)); public Orchestra(Score score, Metronome metronome) throws MidiUnavailableException Instrument[] loaded; Soundbank soundbank; Synthesizer synthesizer; this.score = score; this.metronome = metronome; metronome.addlistener(this); instruments = new HashMap<String, Instrument>(); synthesizer = MidiSystem.getSynthesizer(); synthesizer.open(); soundbank = synthesizer.getdefaultsoundbank(); if (soundbank == null) soundbank = findsoundbank(); synthesizer.loadallinstruments(soundbank); David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 69 / 76
77 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Orchestra Constructor (cont.) channels = synthesizer.getchannels(); loaded = synthesizer.getloadedinstruments(); for (int i=0; i<loaded.length; i++) instruments.put(loaded[i].getname().trim(), loaded[i]); David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 70 / 76
78 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Orchestra start() public void start() Iterator<Part> parts; Instrument instrument; int i; MidiChannel channel; String name; Patch patch; Part part; parts = score.getparts(); i = 0; while (parts.hasnext()) part = parts.next(); name = score.getinstrumentname(part); instrument = instruments.get(name); // Have the channel use the appropriate instrument if (instrument == null) channels[i].programchange(0, 0); else David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 71 / 76
79 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Orchestra start() (cont.) patch = instrument.getpatch(); channels[i].programchange(patch.getbank(), patch.getprogram()); score.setchannel(part, channels[i]); score.upbeat(metronome); // Start the metronome metronome.start(); David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 72 / 76
80 Design of a Described Auditory Content System Orchestra handletick() public void handletick(int millis) score.render(); if (metronome.getnumberoflisteners() == 1) metronome.stop(); David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 73 / 76
81 Design of a Described Auditory Content System ScoreFactory package auditory.described; import java.io.*; import java.util.stringtokenizer; import javax.sound.midi.midiunavailableexception; import io.*; public class ScoreFactory private ResourceFinder finder; public ScoreFactory() finder = ResourceFinder.createInstance(); public ScoreFactory(ResourceFinder finder) this.finder = finder; public Score createscore(inputstream is) throws IOException, MidiUnavailableException BufferedReader in; David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 74 / 76
82 Design of a Described Auditory Content System ScoreFactory (cont.) int Note Part Score String StringTokenizer denominator, numerator, tempo; note; part; score; line, voice; st; in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is)); // Read the time signature and tempo line = in.readline(); st = new StringTokenizer(line, ",/"); numerator = Integer.parseInt(st.nextToken()); denominator = Integer.parseInt(st.nextToken()); tempo = Integer.parseInt(st.nextToken()); score = new Score(); score.settimesignature(numerator, denominator); score.settempo(tempo); while ((voice = in.readline())!= null) part = PartFactory.createPart(in); score.addpart(part, voice); return score; David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 75 / 76
83 Design of a Described Auditory Content System ScoreFactory (cont.) public Score createscore(string filename) throws IOException, MidiUnavailableException InputStream is; is = finder.findinputstream(filename); return createscore(is); David Bernstein (jbpub.com) Multimedia Software Jones and Bartlett 76 / 76
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