Daemon thread, 7 Deadlock, 27

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1 Index A ArrayBlockingQueue, Atomic variables AtomicLong, 132 contention-reduction techniques, 132 counters and sequence generators, 131 getnextid() class, 131 intrinsic lock, 131 java.util.concurrent.atomic package, 130 lock-free, 130 nonblocking algorithms, 130 synchronization, 130 thread-safe operations, B BlockingQueue and ArrayBlockingQueue, interface, 166 producer-consumer application, 127 put() and take() methods, 128 subinterfaces, 126 C Cached variables computepi(), 23 processor-local cache, 23 Compare-and-swap (CAS) atomic methods int getvalue(), 133 atomic read-modify-write sequences, 133 atomic variable classes, 134 getnextid() method, Java Native Interface [JNI], 133 java.util.concurrent.locks. ReentrantLock, 134 Completion service CSDemo s main() method, 144 Euler s number, ExecutorCompletionService, 142 Future<V> s get() method, 142 java.util.concurrent. CompletionService<V> interface, 142 java.util.concurrent.executor CompletionService<V> class, 142 poll() method, 142 submit() methods, 142 Concurrency utilities higher-level constructs, 69 java.util.concurrent, 70 java.util.concurrent.atomic, 70, 82, 130 java.util.concurrent.locks, 70, 113 low-level concurrency primitives, 69 nanotime() method, 70 thread pools and blocking queues, 70 Concurrent collections BlockingQueue, 126, 166 ConcurrentMap, 126 java.util.concurrent package, 126 synchronized wrapper methods, 125 thread-safe collections, 126 weakly-consistent iterators, 126 ConcurrentHashMap class, ConcurrentMap subinterface, 166 Condition interface, 112, 164 Contended synchronization, 132 Countdown latch boolean await(long timeout, TimeUnit unit), 83 donesignal s countdown() method,

2 index Countdown latch (cont.) java.util.concurrent.countdownlatch class, 83 startsignal s await() method, 85 trigger thread, void await(), 83 void countdown(), 83 Counting semaphores, 96 Cyclic barrier await(), 91 barrieraction, 86 boolean isbroken(), 87 constructor, 90 fixed-size party, threads, 86 IllegalArgumentException, 86 int await(long timeout, TimeUnit unit), 87 int getnumberwaiting(), 87 int getparties(), 87 java.util.concurrent.cyclicbarrier class, 86 parallel decomposition, void reset(), 87 D Daemon thread, 7 Deadlock, 27 E Event-dispatch thread (EDT) listener method, 170 rules, 169 Exchanger buffers swap, EmptyingLoop and FillingLoop local classes, 95 Exchanger() constructor, 92 genetic algorithms, 91 generic java.util.concurrent. Exchanger<V> class, 92 V exchange(v x), 92 Executors class asynchronous computation, 75 callable s call() method, 80 callable tasks, 74 class s static methods, tasks, 77 Euler s Number e calculation, ExecutorService implementations, 72 74, 77 future s methods, 75 IllegalArgumentException, 77 interfaces, 71 java.lang.arithmeticexception, 80 java.math.bigdecimal local variable, 80 java.util.concurrent.executor interface, 70 java.util.concurrent.executorservice interface, 71 java.util.concurrent. ScheduledExecutorService interface, 76 java.util.concurrent.timeunit, 74 newfixedthreadpool() method, 79 new java.lang.thread, 70 RejectedExecutionException, 71 ScheduledExecutorService implementations, 76 submit() method, 76 task, 70 thread pool, 77 F Fork/Join framework algorithm, 139 CountedCompleter, 136 executor service and thread pool, 135 ForkJoinPool, 136, 141 ForkJoinTask, 136 ForkJoinWorkerThread, 136 invokeall() method, 141 java.util.concurrent package s ForkJoinPool, 136 massive parallelism, 134 MatMult class, 141 MatMult constructor, 141 matrix-multiplication algorithm, multiply() method, 138 RecursiveAction, 136 RecursiveAction s Collection<T>, 141 RecursiveTask-based tasks, 136 sorting algorithm, 135 subtasks,

3 Index thread contention, 135 two-dimensional table, two matrix instances (multiplication), worker thread, 135 G getinstance(), H holdslock(object o) method, 24 I ID.getID(), 26 IllegalThreadStateException, 8, 19 InheritableThreadLocal, 57 instancemethod1(), 29 instancemethod2(), 29 Interruption mechanism boolean isinterrupted():, 11 static boolean interrupted():, 11 void interrupt(), 10 while-based busy loop, 12 J, K java.lang.interruptedexception, 10 Java virtual machine (JVM), 3, 23, 53 L, M, N lambda expression, 4 Livelock, 27 Lock acquisition and release, 108 block-structured, 109 chain locking, 108 condition interface await() method, 116 boolean await(long time, TimeUnit unit), 112 boolean awaituntil(date deadline), 112 consumer signals, 116 consumer thread, 116 default main thread, 116 lock.newcondition(), 116 lockstep synchronization, 117 long awaitnanos(long nanostimeout), 112 newcondition() method, 112 producer and consumer classes, 116 setsharedchar(), 116 synchronization, void await(), 112 void awaituninterruptibly(), 112 void signal(), 112 void signalall(), 112 consumption and signals, 116 getlock() method, 116 hand-over-hand, 108 implementations, 109 interface, 109 methods, 108 producer thread, 116 ReentrantLock class, O One-shot execution, 58 59, 64 P Parallelism, Phaser constructor, 103 int arriveandawaitadvance() method, 103 int arriveandderegister() method, 103 integer-based phase number, 103 int register() method, 103 java.util.concurrent.phaser class, 103 The Phaser(int threads) constructor, 103 Preemptive scheduling, 6 Q Queue interface BlockingQueue subinterface, 166 (see also BlockingQueue) R Race condition getid(), 22 getinstance(),

4 index Race condition (cont.) memory location, 22 multithreaded context, 21 Parser object, 23 ReadWriteLock interface, 117 methods, 117 read-only operations, 117 ReentrantLock concurrency and memory semantics, 109 constructors, 110 fairness policy, 110 java.lang.illegal MonitorStateException, 110 lock() and unlock() methods, lockuninterruptibly(), 109 monitor lock, 109 synchronization, thread contention, 109 trylock() methods, 109 unlock(), 110 ReentrantReadWriteLock acquisition and release, 121 constructors, 118 dictionary application s reader and writer threads, executor, 121 int getreadholdcount(), 119 int getwriteholdcount(), 119 ReentrantReadWriteLock class, 118 ReentrantReadWriteLock.ReadLock readlock(), 118 ReentrantReadWriteLock.WriteLock writelock(), 118 run() method, 121 thread pool, 121 Round robin scheduling, 6 Runnable Objects constructors, 3 lambda expression, 4 S Semaphore class, 162 constructor method, control access, pool items, description, 96 fairness policy, 96 fairness setting, 97 java.util.concurrent.semaphore class, 96 Pool s String getitem(), 101 putitem(string), 101 String getnextavailableitem(), 101 synchronizers, 44, 162 void putitem(string item), 101 setpriority(int priority) method, 7 Single-processor/single-core machine, 31 sleep() methods Thread class, 152 s.setsharedchar(ch), 44 Starvation, 27 StoppableThread s stop() method, 31 StoppableThread, 31 stopthread() method, 31 SwingUtilities invokeandwait(), 174, 176 invokelater(), 174 iseventdispatchthread(), 174 SwingWorker class. SwingWorker timer class start and stop count, 183, 185 void start(), 183 void stop(), 183 SwingWorker get(), 179 GetHTML, 182 ViewPage application code, , 182 void execute(), 179 Synchronization cached variable, 26, 35 class method, 25 code sequence, 25 Deadlock, 30 field variable, 34 getid() method, 25 immutable objects, 35 loop iteration, 33 mutual exclusion, 24 pathological problem, 27 shared variables, 24 sleep() methods, 24 stopthread(), 30, 33 syntax, 26 Synchronizers countdown latch, 83, cyclic barrier. see (Cyclic barrier) exchanger. see (Exchanger) phaser, semaphore. see (Semaphore) 198

5 Index T, U Task-execution thread, 58 Thread alive/dead status, 5, 9 calling start(), 8 command line, 9 execution state, 5 feedback queue, 6 Java application, 3 name (assigning), 5 power series, 13 preemptive scheduling, 6 processors/cores, 6 Runnable interface, 3 schedulers, 6 setpriority(int priority) method, 7 sleep, 16 stacks, 3 start() method, 5 Windows 7 operating system, 10 Thread capabilities local variables. Thread-Local variables timer. see (Timer) timer framework, TimerTask boolean cancel(), 64 long scheduledexecutiontime(), 65 Thread class interruption mechanism, 10 semaphores, 162 sleep method, 152 Thread groups activecount(), 52 enumerate() methods, 52 handling exceptions, 52 int activecount() method, 52 java.lang.arithmeticexception object, 52 java.lang.threadgroup class, 51 JDK documentation, 51 JVM, 53 setdefaultuncaught ExceptionHandler() methods, 54 setuncaught ExceptionHandler(), static void setdefaultuncaught ExceptionHandler, 53 object s uncaught Exception() method, 53 uncaughtexception(), 53 uncaught exception handlers, 54 void resume(), 51 void stop(), 51 void suspend(), 51 Thread.interrupted(), 12 Thread-Local variables constructor and methods class, 55 final class field, 58 InheritableThreadLocal, 57 initialvalue() s value, 57 java.lang.threadlocal class, 55 multislot variable, 55 parent thread to child thread, 57 T childvalue(t parentvalue), 57 ThreadLocal<T>, 55 user IDs, threads, 56 Thread pools, 77 Thread-safe counters, 133 Thread.State getstate() method, 6 Timer constructors Timer(), 61 Timer(boolean isdaemon), 61 Timer(String name), 61 Timer(String name, boolean isdaemon), 61 methods void cancel(), 61 int purge(), 61 void scheduleatfixedrate (TimerTask task, Date firsttime, long period), 63 void schedule AtFixedRate (TimerTask task, long delay, long period), 63 Date firsttime, long period), 62 Date time), 62 long delay), 62 long delay, long period), 63 scales, 61 stop() method, 64 task-execution thread, 64 Timer-based slide show blend() method, 191 definition, slide show, 185 description, , loadslides() method,

6 index Timer-based slide show (cont.) output view, 193 projector, screen, 191 slide, 191 Timer framework alarm clock task, 58 current millisecond value, 60 Java 1.3, 58 one-shot execution, schedule() method, System.exit(0), 59 task-execution thread, 58 task scheduling, 58 TimerTask anonymous subclass, 60 Timer tasks, 64 V void join(), 13 void join(long millis, int nanos), 13 Volatile keyword, 30 W, X, Y, Z Wait-and-Notify API void notify(), 40 void notifyall(), 40 void wait(), 39 void wait(long timeout), 39 void wait(long timeout, int nanos), 39 Windows NT-based operating systems, 6 worker thread,