Copyright 2004 by Vincent Claes, Heusden-Zolder, Belgium

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2 Copyright 2004 by, Heusden-Zolder, Belgium ISBN : The names of the actual companies and products mentioned in this thesis are the trademarks of their respective owners. Use of a term in this thesis should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.

3 I Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS... I TABLE OF FIGURES... III LIST OF TABLES... IV EXPRESSION OF GRATITUDE... V ABSTRACT... VI ABBREVIATIONS... VII CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION... 1 CHAPTER 2: CLIENT SIDE... 4 INTRODUCTION... 5 OPERATING SYSTEMS... 6 JAVA TM... 6 Why Java TM technology on wireless devices?... 7 J2ME TM... 9 Configurations Connected device configuration (CDC) Connected, limited device configuration (CLDC) Profiles The Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) The Personal Digital Assistant Profile (PDAP) Java Virtual Machine MIDlet MIDlet States The MIDlet suite Inside the JAR Simple manifest file Inside the JAD file Simple JAD file SUMMARY CLIENT SIDE CHAPTER 3: XML INTRODUCTION XML PARSING IN A MIDP ENVIRONMENT XML IS THE FUTURE SUMMARY CHAPTER 4: HTTP INTRODUCTION WEB SERVERS HTTP IN J2ME TM SUMMARY CHAPTER 5: SERVER SIDE INTRODUCTION SQL ACTIVE SERVER PAGES SUMMARY... 40

4 II CHAPTER 6: DEVELOPED PROJECT INTRODUCTION HOW IT WORKS SERVER SIDE CODE CLIENT SIDE CODE ASPX - XML FILES CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 8: FUTURE WORK CHAPTER 9: ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES I-MODE WAP / WML SOAP JXTA FOR J2ME APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C PDA MOBILE PHONE FUTURE APPENDIX D VITA REFERENCES LITERATURE WEBSITES MEETINGS

5 III Table of figures Figure 1: Anytime Anywhere Data Access... 3 Figure 2: The technology stack... 5 Figure 3: technology stack: OS... 6 Figure 4: CLDC - Profiles Figure 5: The technology stack: Java Virtual Machine Figure 6: the technology stack : MIDlets Figure 7: MIDlet lifecycle Figure 8: XML example Figure 9: XML tree Figure 10: XML definition Figure 11: HTTP Figure 12: GCF connection protocol Figure 13: Project overview Figure 14: Screenshot JCreator Figure 15: Starting the MIDlet Figure 16: Making connection Figure 17: Splashscreen Figure 18: MainMenu Figure 19: NewsMenu Figure 20: A NewsItem Figure 21: EventMenu Figure 22: An EventItem Figure 23: An event Figure 24: ContentsMenu Figure 25: A Content Figure 26: news.aspx Figure 27: events.aspx Figure 28: Contents.xml Figure 29: page.aspx?id= Figure 30: page.aspx?content= Figure 31: Siemens SX Figure 32: PalmOne treo

6 IV List of tables Table 1 : MIDP packages Table 2 : MIDP and PDAP Table 3 : GCF protocol parameters... 35

7 V Expression of gratitude I wish to express my gratitude to my parents for letting me study and letting me go on an Erasmus exchange program to Vigo. I wish to thank my girlfriend Elise Mues for supporting me. Secondly I would like to thank all the teachers of the Hogeschool Limburg who learned me how to solve engineering problems especially Ing. Frank Appaerts, Ing. Leen Biesemans and last but not least dr. Ing. Jan Boutsen also for his support concerning the Erasmus program and for being my promoter. I would like to thank Anselmo Seoane for his efforts relating to the Erasmus exchange program with the Universidade de Vigo. I want to thank all the students and teachers of the Universidade de Vigo for giving me such a great time in Spain. I want to thank my promoters in Vigo: Ph.D. Luis Anido Rifón and Eng. Luis Álvarez Sabucedo for helping me and letting me make my thesis with them. I want to thank Ing. Herman Boyen and Joris Panis for correcting and reading my thesis.

8 VI Abstract I have made my thesis in association with the Universidade de Vigo by the way of an Erasmus exchange program. Because of the extra dimension which offers internationalization to my studies, I was very motivated to make my thesis abroad. I have had the pleasure to work under the guidance of Associated professor, Ph.D. Luis E Anido Rifón with support of Assistant professor, Telecommunication Engineer Luis Álvarez Sabucedo. The mobile and wireless industry is a fast growing sector. The fast business world where we are living in today is in need for mobile professionals that have at anytime, at any place access to data. Secondly, there is a growing demand for mobility in the ICT-sector. The nature of a wireless device has moved from a simple device to a multi-purpose multimedia device that can be used for different things. These devices must be integrated with existing information systems. Creating a Wireless environment for data access on a server is making a client / server application, where the information that we would like to present on our mobile device is stored on a web-server. J2ME TM (Java version 2 Microedition) is used for programming the mobile devices, this is the little brother in the Java family. The main advantage of using J2ME TM is that it gives full control over the developed application. The server side has been programmed under VB.NET, a Microsoft product. For the exchange of data between the server and client we have opted for a HTTP connection over which we send an XML file.

9 VII Abbreviations API ASP AWT CDC CLDC FTP GCF GPS HTML HTTP I/O IDE IETF IP J2EE J2ME J2SE JAD JAR JCP JSR JVM KVM MIDlet MIDP OS OTA PDA PDAP PIM RFC SDK SQL TCP UDP UI URI URL VB.NET WWW XML XSLT application program interface active server page abstract window toolkit connected device configuration connected limited device configuration file transfer protocol generic connection framework global positioning system hypertext markup language hypertext transfer protocol Input/output integrated development environment internet engineering task force internet protocol java version 2 enterprise edition java version 2 micro-edition java version 2 standard edition Java Application Descriptor java archive java community process java specification request java virtual machine K Virtual Machine A program programmed under the MIDP mobile information device profile operating system over the air personal digital assistant personal digital assistant profile personal information manager request for comments software development kit structured query language transmission control protocol user datagram protocol user interface uniform resource identifier uniform resource locator Visual Basic Microsoft.NET platform world wide web extensible markup language extensible style language transformation

10 Chapter 1: Introduction

11 == [ Chapter 1 : Introduction ] == 2 Chapter 1: Introduction As a last year student I had to make a final project. I had chosen to make a Wireless environment for data access on a server in the Universidade de Vigo (see appendix D). The last years there is very much happening in the mobile and wireless industry. The demand for mobile technology is growing at a huge rate and mobile devices with the latest technologies are thrown on the market in an enormous rate. When you want access to a mobile network you just have to put on your mobile phone and you can get access to the WWW if your mobile phone supports this. The WWW is closer to you then some people think. My project is about anytime anywhere data access. It is about that you would like to have information, no matter where you are, on your mobile phone or PDA. I had to make a client / server application that presents information that is stored in a SQL database on a web-server. This database was already in use for the normal desktop website. So I didn t change a thing to the database. The regular website was written in the.net platform (this is the newest Microsoft platform). The site is an aspx-file (active server page), this means that when you visit such a page it is like running a small application that collects the information out of the database and gets information on how the programmer would like to present the information on the screen and shows it in your browser on your desktop computer. The information that is presented on the screen is dynamically, this means that the people who manage that site only have to change the information in the database; not the layout and the information that you get on your device is real time information, when you run this program it gets the information out of the database that is at that moment in it. You don t have to download a whole new program for it. The site where my application is written for is: Observatorio Medioambiental para PYMEs. Which you can visit on this URL:

12 == [ Chapter 1 : Introduction ] == 3 Anytime Anywhere Data Access Figure 1: Anytime Anywhere Data Access In order to build an application that does something like this you have more then one option. We have made the choice to do the client programming in J2ME TM (Java 2 Micro-edition). As the connection type between the client and the server we have used a HTTP connection. The file that is exchanged between the client and the server is an XML-file (Extensible Markup Language). The server side is programmed in VB.NET (Visual Basic Microsoft s.net platform). It is actually an aspx-site (active server page) that generates an XML file. In the first chapters I am going to introduce you in the theoretical background of my project. We are going to talk about the client side (chapter 2), the kind of file that is exchanged between the client and the server (chapter 3), the connection type between the client and the server (chapter 4) and a little bit of server side programming (chapter 5). In the last chapters I explain my project and the future of the technologies that I have used to develop my application. There is also a chapter with conclusions that I have made when my project was finished. When you are not familiar with the terms mobile phone or PDA you can check out appendix C which gives you an introduction to what it is. Greetings and I hope you will enjoy reading this book.

13 Chapter 2: Client Side

14 == [ Chapter 2 : Client Side ] == 5 Chapter 2: Client Side Introduction The client side is the device where we would like to present our information, that is stored in the database on the web-server, on. In the first mobile devices all the software was hard-coded by the manufacturer. They are also called static. With the introduction of J2ME TM (Java Micro-edition) micro devices no longer need to be static, we can develop our own applications for it. In my project we need a PDA or mobile phone that is java-enabled. This means that you can run java applications on it. You can simply download new applications over the air (this means over the mobile network) or you can make a connection between your personal computer and your mobile phone or PDA with a data-cable, infrared or Bluetooth TM if this is supported. Today those javaenabled devices are mostly used for gaming, there are several companies who make good money out of mobile gaming. But those devices can also be used for other purposes. For instance you can make an application where you can communicate with a Bluetooth TM printer (if your device can handle Bluetooth TM ). J2ME MIDlets JVM (Java Virtual Machine) Operating system Figure 2: The technology stack

15 == [ Chapter 2 : Client Side ] == 6 For running Java programs we need a device where there is an operating system and a JVM (Java virtual Machine) on. The kind of program I have written is called a MIDlet (see later in this book). Operating systems J2ME MIDlets JVM (Java Virtual Machine) Operating system Figure 3: technology stack: OS In the wireless industry there are several manufacturers, they don t use all the same operating system and even some manufacturers are making different models with different operating systems. It is like on the desktop computers you have Windows, Linux, platforms. The main OS (operating systems) are: Symbian, Java, Palm, PocketPC, and even Linux is available on some mobile phones! The client side is divided into 3 layers, the first layer was the Operating System layer, the next layer are layers that come with Java technology. So first I am going to explain what Java and J2ME means. Java TM It all started with one version of Java, now known as Java 2 Standard Edition (J2SE), and the tagline Write Once, Run Anywhere. The idea was to develop a language in which you would write your code once, and then it would run on any platform supporting a Java Virtual Machine, this is something that translates the Java code into machine code. Since its launch in 1995, the landscape has changed significantly. Java has extended its goal further than

16 == [ Chapter 2 : Client Side ] == 7 desktop machines. Two years after the introduction of Java, a new edition was released, Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE), providing support for large-scale, enterprise-wide applications. The most recent addition to the family is the Micro Edition (J2ME), targeting information appliances, ranging from Internet-enabled TV set-top boxes, automotive GPS systems, automotive multimedia systems to cellular phones. Here is a summary of the Java platforms currently available: Standard Edition (J2SE): Designed to run on desktop and workstation computers. Enterprise Edition (J2EE): This edition is aimed at server-based applications. Micro Edition (J2ME): Designed for devices with limited memory, display and processing power ( limited horsepower ). [5][10][20][15] Why Java TM technology on wireless devices? The wireless Internet revolution will transform wireless devices from voiceoriented communication devices with relatively static, hard-coded functionality into extensible, Internet-enabled devices with advanced data and software capabilities. These devices will need to support dynamic downloading of new software and be capable of running software written not only by the device manufacturers themselves but also by third-party software developers. Today mostly games but soon there will be much more applications. The Java programming language is ideally suited to become the standard application development language for wireless devices. After all, the Java platform provides a number of important benefits:

17 == [ Chapter 2 : Client Side ] == 8 Dynamic delivery of content. New applications, services, and content can be downloaded dynamically over different kinds of networks. Security features ensure that third-party applications behave reliably and cannot harm the devices or the networks. Cross-platform compatibility. Standardized language features and libraries mean that applications and content can be transferred flexibly between different devices, within constraints of the supported J2ME configuration and profiles. Enhanced user experience and interactive content. The standards defined for wireless Java technology support sophisticated user interaction and provide graphics capabilities for small devices. Offline access. Applications can also be used without active network connection. This reduces transport costs and alleviates the impact of possible network failures. The power of a modern object-oriented programming language. Large developer community. It is estimated that there are more than three million Java software developers worldwide. The Java programming language is rapidly becoming the most popular programming language educated in schools and universities. The developer talent needed for Java software development already exists and is readily available. This environment can be added flexibly on top of the existing software and hardware solutions that the device manufacturers already have. [20] [3][13].

18 == [ Chapter 2 : Client Side ] == 9 J2ME TM The Java 2 Micro-edition (J2ME) is introduced at the JavaOne conference in The key components of the J2ME technology stack are: a small device a profile a configuration virtual machine a java-enabled mobile phone or PDA we are going to use the MIDP profile we are going to use the CLDC configuration we are going to use KVM J2ME is meant for devices with limited horsepower. It is especially designed for embedded devices such as consumer electronics, cell phones and PDAs When you have a look at the market of mobile and small devices you see that there is a wide range of devices available with different capabilities, so it is impossible to create a single software product that runs on all of them. J2ME is therefore a collection of specifications that define a set of a platform, each of which is suitable for a subset of the total collection of consumer devices that fall within its range. The subset of the full Java programming environment for a particular device is defined by one or more profiles, which extend the basic capabilities of a configuration. The configuration and profile (or profiles) that are appropriate for a device depend both on the nature of its hardware and the market to which it is targeted. A particular device needs : one or more profiles a configuration

19 == [ Chapter 2 : Client Side ] == 10 Configurations Sun introduced configurations to support all the products that fall in the range of J2ME. A configuration defines a Java platform for a broad range of devices. A configuration is closely together with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM). In fact, a configuration defines the Java language features and the core Java libraries of the JVM for that particular Configuration. The dividing line as to what a Configuration applies is for the most based on the display, memory, network connectivity (or limitations of it) and processing power available on a device. [3] [4] Following are typical characteristics of devices within the two currently defined configurations: Connected Device Configuration (CDC) 512 kilobytes (minimum) memory for running Java 256 kilobytes (minimum) for runtime memory allocation Network connectivity, possibly constant and high bandwidth Connected, Limited Device Configuration (CLDC) 128 kilobytes memory for running Java 32 kilobytes memory for runtime memory allocation Restricted user interface Low power, typically battery powered Network connectivity, typically wireless, with low bandwidth and discontinuous access

20 == [ Chapter 2 : Client Side ] == 11 Connected device configuration (CDC) CDC is there for devices with relatively large amounts of memory and powerful processors. According to Sun's documentation, the CDC is meant for higherend devices such as newer PDAs, smart communication devices, and set-top TV boxes. [3] Connected, limited device configuration (CLDC) The CDC requirements would make for an expensive mobile phone, IR scanner, The CLDC is meant for those smaller, and less expensive, devices that can't meet the requirements of the CDC. CLDC uses a stripped-down virtual machine designed to run in a low-memory environment. The reference implementation of that JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is known as KVM (Kilobyte Virtual Machine), since its size is measured in kilobytes. The Connected Limited Device Configuration (CLDC) is the basic building block on which the J2ME profiles for small devices, such as cell phones, pagers, and low-end PDA s, are built. These devices are characterized by their limited memory resources and processing power, which make it impossible for them to host a fully featured Java platform. CLDC specifies a minimal set of Java packages and classes and a compact functionality Java virtual machine that can be implemented within the resource constraints imposed by such small devices. Technology is constant advancing, we must consider that what today is stateof-the-art tomorrow is history! Technology offers us each day more processing power, increased memory and screen capabilities. So everyday the overlap between these configurations will become larger.[4] [20]

21 == [ Chapter 2 : Client Side ] == 12 Profiles A profile is an extension to a configuration. It provides a library of code to support a particular type, or range of devices. A profile complements a configuration by adding additional classes that provide features appropriate to a particular type of device. Both J2ME configurations have one or more associated profiles. Portability is a critical element of the J2ME value proposition for consumer devices. Application portability requirements in the consumer space are generally quite different from portability requirements demanded by the desktop and server markets. In most cases consumer devices have large differences in memory size, networking and user interface capabilities, making it very difficult to support all devices with just one solution. In the consumer market, applications should ideally be fully portable between devices of the same kind. In addition, some kinds of applications, such as payment and banking applications, are expected to be freely portable between many kinds of devices. This is why there are profiles. At the implementation level, a profile is defined simply as a collection of Java APIs and class libraries that reside on top of a configuration to provide domainspecific capabilities for devices in a specific market segment. [3] [4] [13] [20]

22 == [ Chapter 2 : Client Side ] == 13 In CLDC we have to main profiles: CLDC MID profile PDA profile Figure 4: CLDC - Profiles The Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) The Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) is the first and most fully grown J2ME profile. MIDP is based on the CLDC and is currently supported by major device manufacturers such as Motorola, Nokia, Ericsson, NEC, PalmOne, LG TeleCom, Samsung and Research In Motion (RIM) and by carriers like SprintPCS, Nextel and NTT DoCoMo. Many independent software vendors also support MIDP. MIDP targets cellular phones and simple pagers. It provides a very simple and abstract user interface built of simple elements. The user interface is divided into a high-level API and a low-level API. The high-level API provides simple elements such as lists and forms, but it offers only a very limited control over the concrete appearance on the screen. The low-level API provides full control over the screen, it s mainly intended for games. The UI (User Interface) API is not compatible with any other Java UI API such as AWT or SWING. First there was the MIDP 1.0. At the moment we have the second version of MIDP it is called MIDP 2.0. In addition to the MIDP 1.0 APIs for networking, user interfaces, local persistence and MIDlet life-cycle, MIDP 2.0 adds APIs for

23 == [ Chapter 2 : Client Side ] == 14 networking, including socket (TCP) streams, UDP datagrams, serial, pushinitiated and secure connections as well as a robust security API and policy, and APIs for sound and even gaming. MIDP 2.0 also formally includes in the profile specification an update of the MIDP 1.0 Over the Air (OTA) User Initiated Provisioning recommendation (originally defined as an addendum to the MIDP 1.0 specification), which describes how applications are to be discovered and downloaded over wireless networks. The next table summarizes the packages available in MIDP 1.0 and MIDP 2.0.[3] [4] [20] For my project I have worked in MIDP 2.0, a program that is programmed under the Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) is called a MIDlet.

24 == [ Chapter 2 : Client Side ] == 15 Package name Description MIDP 1.0 MIDP2.0 java.io MIDP subset of system input and output X X through data streams java.lang MIDP subset of the core Java programming X X language java.util A small subset of utility classes X X javax.microedition.io Networking support using the Generic X X Connection Framework; MIDP 2.0 includes new socket, UDP, serial, and secure connection types, and push functionality. javax.microedition.lcdui MIDP user interface classes X X javax.microedition.lcdui.game javax.microedition.media Gaming classes such as sprites, game canvas, and layer manager the The interfaces for controlling (Control) and rendering (Player) audio sound classes compatible with the Mobile Media API (JSR 135) specification X X javax.microedition.media.control Sound -control classes (ToneControl and VolumeControl) compatible with the Mobile Media API (JSR 135) specification X javax.microedition.midlet The application (MIDlet) interface, its life-cycle X X classes and its interactions with the runtime environment, and the application manager javax.microedition.pki Public key class for certificates used to X authenticate information for secure connections javax.microedition.rms Persistence classes for storage and retrieval X X of data Table 1 : MIDP packages

25 == [ Chapter 2 : Client Side ] == 16 The Personal Digital Assistant Profile (PDAP) Just as the name suggests, PDAP targets PDAs. PDAP is the first CLDC-based profile created specifically for PDAs. The PDAP specification, released after the MIDP specification, was created because MIDP lacks APIs to access the address books, to-do lists, and other personal information management (PIM) databases common in personal organizers. Also, PDAs tend to have more capabilities than MIDP-based devices, necessitating APIs for access to file storage and serial ports and to provide a richer user interface. Consequently, PDAP was built on top of MIDP, and adds a subset of the AWT user interface APIs, new PIM APIs, and connection protocols for serial and file I/O. PDAP applications, also known as PDAlets, are really MIDlets that run on a PDAPenabled device and that use the PDAP APIs. In other words, a PDAlet is a MIDlet that can take advantage of all the capabilities of a PDA (through the PDAP APIs) while taking advantage of the entire MIDP framework, including the MIDlet life-cycle, MIDP APIs, deployment style, and even over-the-air provisioning. The next table summarizes the packages in PDAP. [4] MIDP PDAP Available on phones Yes No* Available on PDAs Yes Yes Basic UI capabilities Yes Yes Wireless Internet access Yes Yes* Sophisticated UI capabilities No Yes Address book access No Yes Calendar access No Yes * Availability is device-dependent Table 2 : MIDP and PDAP Because the PDA profile is a superset of the MID profile, applications that do not require a sophisticated user interface or PIM access should be based on the MID profile. This is the main reason I have worked under the MIDP.

26 == [ Chapter 2 : Client Side ] == 17 Java Virtual Machine J2ME MIDlets JVM (Java Virtual Machine) Operating system Figure 5: The technology stack: Java Virtual Machine The engine behind any Java application is the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Once you ve compiled your Java source code into a.class file(s), and optionally included them in a Java Archive (JAR) file, the JVM translates the class files into machine code for the platform running the JVM. It s what makes your Java programs go. For CDC, the virtual machine has the same specification as J2SE. For CLDC Sun has developed what is referred to as a reference implementation of a virtual machine, known as the K Virtual Machine, or simply KVM. This virtual machine was designed to handle the special considerations of resourceconstrained devices. The KVM is not the traditional Java virtual machine: The virtual machine itself requires only kilobytes of memory Only kilobytes of dynamic memory (heap) are required Can run on 16-bit processors clocked at only 25 MHz This typically applies to digital cellular phones, pagers, personal organizers, and small retail payment terminals. The KVM is Sun s implementation of a JVM that fits the guidelines of the CLDC. It is not necessarily the only JVM that is or will be available.

27 == [ Chapter 2 : Client Side ] == 18 The KVM is derived from a research system called Spotless at Sun Microsystems Laboratories. The aim of the Spotless project was to implement a Java system for the Palm Connected Organizer. [13] [20] MIDlet J2ME MIDlets JVM (Java Virtual Machine) Operating system Figure 6: the technology stack : MIDlets A MIDlet is an application that conforms to the MIDP standard. You see the consistency with an applet that is an application that conforms to the J2SE standard. A MIDlet is to a mobile device what an applet is to a web browser. But this definition needs some qualification. While an applet runs inside a browser, the MIDlet runs on top of the KVM embedded in the device. A MIDlet's properties can be set in a text file that has a.jad extension. This jad file makes the midlet known to the KVM, the java runtime environment in the device. [3] [20] MIDlet States MIDlets have a well-defined life cycle. A MIDlet is typically started (for example, when the user launches it from a screen of applications available to be run), it interacts with the user through its graphical user interface, and is then stopped (for instance, when the user chooses a button labeled "Exit"). In general, during the lifetime of a MIDlet, it may be in one of three distinct states, with well-defined rules that govern the transitions between these states:

28 == [ Chapter 2 : Client Side ] == 19 Paused: A MIDlet is in the Paused state when it has just been constructed and has not yet entered its startapp method. It can also be in the Paused state as a result of the pauseapp method. When in the Paused state, a MIDlet should hold as few resources as possible. Active: A MIDlet is in the Active state upon entry to its startapp method. While in the Active state, a MIDlet can allocate and hold all necessary resources for optimal execution. Destroyed: A MIDlet is in the Destroyed state when it has returned from the destroyapp method. Once a MIDlet enters the Destroyed state, it cannot re-enter any other state. The Destroyed state replaces the normal convention of an application calling the System.exit method to terminate. A MIDlet cannot call the System.exit method, since doing so will throw a java.lang.securityexception.[2] [3] [4] [6] [20] new thesis() pauseapp Paused startapp Active destroyapp Destroyed destroyapp Figure 7: MIDlet lifecycle

29 == [ Chapter 2 : Client Side ] == 20 The MIDlet suite If you would like to package your MIDlet(s) and transfer it to a device that supports MIDP, you will have to make a Java archive file (JAR). A JAR file consists of class files and any additional resources required by your application. Typical resources include images and application data. A MIDlet suite is a JAR file that contains one or more MIDlets. A Java Application Descriptor (JAD) is an optional file that can accompany the JAR when deploying your MIDlet(s). A JAD file provides information about MIDlets within a JAR. Although not a requirement, a JAD file may come in handy if a device is being installed in a MIDlet suite. The JAD makes information available to the application manager, the software on a MIDP-enabled device. With this information, the manager can find out if the device can accommodate the MIDlet. For instance, the JAD file contains an attribute that specifies the size of the JAR file in bytes, containing the MIDlet. Armed with this information, the manager could peek at the memory availability on the device to see if there is sufficient space available before downloading the JAR.[13] Inside the JAR A JAR file consists of class files and any additional resources required by a MIDlet. There is one additional file that is contained in every JAR, called the manifest. There are six attributes that must be in the manifest: MIDlet-Name -- Name of the MIDlet suite MIDlet-Version -- Version number of the MIDlet MIDlet-Vendor -- Who created the MIDlet MIDlet-<n> -- Information about MIDlet(s) in the suite MicroEdition-Profile -- What profile is required by the MIDlet MicroEdition-Configuration -- What configuration is required by the MIDlet

30 == [ Chapter 2 : Client Side ] == 21 Simple manifest file MIDlet-Name: Observatorio Medioambiental Micro-edition MIDlet-Version: 1.0 MIDlet-Vendor: (2003) MIDlet-1: Project20, Project20.png, Project MicroEdition-Profile: MIDP-2.0 MicroEdition-Configuration: CLDC-1.0 The MIDlet-1 reference has three possible parameters: 1. The name of the MIDlet (e.g. Project20) 2. The image file to associate with the MIDlet (e.g. Project20.png) 3. The name of the class file to load the MIDlet (e.g. Project) The image reference (e.g. /images/memopad.png) is an optional parameter. There may be multiple MIDlets within a suite. Put the numeric value in increments to refer to additional MIDlets. For example: MIDlet-2: NewsReader, /images/newsreader.png, MainNewsReader. All six attributes must exist in the manifest file.[13] Inside the JAD file A JAD file provides information about the MIDlet(s) within the suite. As with the manifest file (that is part of the JAR file) there are several required attributes that must be included in the JAD file. Required JAD attributes: MIDlet-Name -- Name of the MIDlet suite MIDlet-Version -- Version number of the MIDlet MIDlet-Vendor -- Who created the MIDlet MIDlet-<n> -- Information about the MIDlet(s) in the suite MIDlet-Jar-URL -- The URL of the JAR file MIDlet-Jar-Size -- The size, in bytes, of the JAR

31 == [ Chapter 2 : Client Side ] == 22 Although the MIDP specification does not state the attribute MIDlet-<n> as required, you may have trouble running your MIDlets without this attribute in the JAD file. Specifying this attribute does not cause any additional overhead; therefore, to maintain regularity, I recommend you always place this attribute in both the manifest and the JAD.[13] Simple JAD file A simple JAD file may look like the following: MIDlet-Name: Observatorio Medioambiental Micro-edition MIDlet-Version: 1.0 MIDlet-Vendor: (2003) MIDlet-1: Project20, Project20.png, Project MIDlet-Jar-URL: Project20.jar MIDlet-Jar-Size: 100 MicroEdition-Configuration: CLDC-1.0 MicroEdition-Profile: MIDP-2.0 Notice that MIDlet-Name, MIDlet-Version and MIDlet-Vendor have the same values as the attributes with the same name in the manifest. This is a requirement. If an attribute other than the three just mentioned is shown in both the manifest and the JAD, the value inside the JAD will take priority. For example, if both the manifest and JAD have a reference to MIDlet-Jar-Size, the value in the JAD file will be used by the application manager.[13]

32 == [ Chapter 2 : Client Side ] == 23 Summary Client Side At the heart of J2ME are the configurations, each of which defines the basic functionality of the Java platform for a family of devices. Two configurations have been defined: the Connected Limited Device Configuration (CLDC) for the smallest devices, and the Connected Device Configuration (CDC) for larger, more powerful devices. On top of the configurations are the profiles, which flesh out the core APIs supplied by a configuration with classes for building user interfaces, making network connections, and controlling application life-cycles. The CLDC-based profiles are the Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) and the Personal Digital Assistant Profile (PDAP). J2ME also includes optional packages, sets of APIs that extend profiles by adding specific functionality. In the next chapter we will explain such an optional package that I have used for parsing XML. The chapter you just read is one of the most important of my project because most of the time I was programming in J2ME.

33 Chapter 3: XML

34 == [ Chapter 3 : XML ] == 25 Chapter 3: XML Introduction I have chosen to transmit an XML file between the client and the server in my application. Extensible Markup Language, or XML for short, is a new technology for web applications. It is a text-based markup language just like HTML. As with HTML, you identify data using tags (identifiers enclosed in angle brackets, like this: <...>). Collectively, the tags are known as "markup". XML is a World Wide Web Consortium standard that lets you create your own tags so the tags are not predefined, this is the main difference with HTML. Maybe do you think: why do we need XML when everyone's browser supports HTML? HTML tags are for browsing; they're meant for interactions between humans and computers. HTML tags describe how the information that is between the tags should look on the screen (the visualization of the data), they don t contain any information about what the data is. XML was designed to describe data and to focus on what data is (the identification of the data). XML is on its way to become the de facto language for communications between devices, web browsers, computers, servers and applications. In time, any two applications will be able to exchange information without ever having been designed to talk to each other. [22] XML was designed to describe data and to focus on what data is. HTML was designed to display data and to focus on how data looks.

35 == [ Chapter 3 : XML ] == 26 Let's look at a sample XML Code: <?xml version="1.0"?> <product barcode=" "> <manufacturer>verbatim</manufacturer> <name>datalife MF 2HD</name> <quantity>10</quantity> <size>3.5</size> <color>black</color> <description>floppy disks</description> </product> Figure 8: XML example The first line in this XML code defines the XML version. In this case the document conforms to the 1.0 specification of XML. From the next tags you see that we are going to describe a product that has a barcode The next tags give us the manufacturer, the name, the quantity, the size, the color and the description of this product. When we would for instance know what the color is we can simply check the contents between the color-tags and we see that the color is black! In my application there is not very much more that you need to know about XML to understand it. In XML we mean with an element the start-tag and the end-tag (for instance: <color> </color> this is the color element). Everything between the start-tag and the end-tag of the element is called the element s content (for instance: black is the content of the element color). Every XML document has one element that does not have a parent, this is the first element in the document and the element that contains all other elements. In my example this is the product tag. It is called the root element of the document. Every well-formed XML document has exactly one root element. Since elements may not overlap, and since all elements except the root have exactly one parent, XML documents form a data structure programmers call a tree. The manufacturer, name, quantity, size, color and description tags are called children. They are children of the product tag. XML elements can have attributes. An attribute is a name-value pair attached to the element's start-tag. Names are separated from values by an equals sign

36 == [ Chapter 3 : XML ] == 27 and optional white space. Values are enclosed in single or double quotation marks (in my example the barcode is an attribute of the product). Product manufacturer name quantity size color description Figure 9: XML tree There is no given method for rendering XML documents. Therefore, what it means to browse'xml is open to interpretation. For example, an XML document describing the features of a mobile phone does not carry any information about how that information should be presented to a user. An application is free to use the data to produce an image of the features of the phone, generate a formatted text listing of the information, display the XML document's markup with a pretty color scheme, or reform the data into a format for storage in a database, transmission over a network or input to another program. However, even though the fact that XML documents are purely descriptive data files, it is possible to browse them, by rendering them with stylesheets. A stylesheet is a separate document that provides hints and algorithms for rendering or transforming the data in the XML document. There are more than one stylesheet languages available for displaying an XML file in your browser. A complex and powerful stylesheet language is XSLT, the transformations part of the Extensible Stylesheet Language, which can be used to transform XML to other formats, including HTML, other forms of XML, and

37 == [ Chapter 3 : XML ] == 28 plain text. If the output of this transformation is HTML, it can be viewed in a web browser as any other HTML document would. Much XML content on the web is translated to HTML on the servers. It is this generated HTML that is delivered to the browsers. Most of Microsoft s web site ( for example, exists as XML that is converted to HTML. The web browser never knows the difference. When using XML, I can receive XML-tagged data from your system and you can receive XML-tagged data from mine. None of us has to know how the other's system is organized. If another partner or supplier works with my organization, I don't have to write code to exchange data with their system. XML stands for EXtensible Markup Language XML is a markup language much like HTML XML was designed to describe data XML tags are not predefined. You must define your own tags XML was designed to carry data. XML is not a replacement for HTML. XML and HTML were designed with different goals: XML was designed to describe data and to focus on what data is. HTML was designed to display data and to focus on how data looks. HTML is about displaying information, while XML is about describing information.[13][18][22] XML is a cross-platform, software and hardware independent tool for transmitting information. Figure 10: XML definition

38 == [ Chapter 3 : XML ] == 29 XML parsing in a MIDP environment To read and update - create and manipulate - an XML document, you need an XML parser. In my thesis I was just in need to read XML in J2ME, so on the client side I had to implement an XML parser that reads the data out of the XML tags. An XML parser (also known as an XML processor) reads the document and verifies that the XML it contains is well formed. It may also check that the document is valid, though this test is not required. But assuming the document passes the tests, the processor converts the document into a tree of elements. You can use XML parsers in J2ME applications to interface with an existing XML service. For instance, you could get news on your phone from a site that gives you headlines and stories in XML format. XML parsers used in a MIDP environment have to be small to meet the resource limitations of MIDP-based devices. In my project I have chosen for kxml ( Because there is the most information available on the web. But you can also use NanoXML, TinyXML or others if you want. kxml is an open source project that is specially written for the CLDC. [14][20] XML is the future It is incredible to see how fast the XML standard has been developed and how quickly a large number of software vendors have adopted the standard. I believe that XML will be very important in the future when concerning data transmission and data manipulation. [13][22]

39 == [ Chapter 3 : XML ] == 30 Summary So why do we need XML? XML makes it easier for two systems to exchange data with each other. With XML your data is described using tags that explain what each piece of data is. XML doesn't replace HTML, though; they're designed for unlike purposes. XML is the Web's language for data interchange and HTML is the Web's language for showing information (rendering). XML is a non-proprietary format, not encumbered by copyright, patent, trade secret, or any other sort of intellectual property restriction. It has been designed to be extremely powerful, while at the same time being easy for both human beings and computer programs to read and write. Thus it s an obvious choice for exchange languages.

40 Chapter 4: HTTP

41 == [ Chapter 4 : HTTP ] == 32 Chapter 4: HTTP Introduction HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) is the protocol of the Web, by which servers and clients (typically browsers) communicate. In order to get the data from the web server to the client I was in need for a connection. There are many ways to make a connection between a computer and a mobile device (PDA / Mobile phone). You can use infrared, serial cable, Bluetooth TM, When you want to visit a page on the web with a desktop computer your web browser must talk to a web server somewhere else. When web browsers talk to web servers, they speak a language known as HTTP. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what action web servers and browsers should take in response to diverse commands. For instance, when you enter a URL in your browser, this actually sends an HTTP command to the Web server directing it to fetch and transmit the requested Web page. An HTTP transaction contains a request sent by the Client to the Server, and a response returned from the Server to the Client.

42 == [ Chapter 4 : HTTP ] == 33 Web servers Any Web server machine contains, in addition to the Web page files it can serve, an HTTP daemon, a program that is designed to wait for HTTP requests and handle them when they arrive. Your Web browser of your desktop computer is a HTTP client, sending requests to server machines. When the browser user enters file requests by either opening a Web file (typing in a Uniform Resource Locator or URL) or clicking on a hypertext link, the browser builds an HTTP request and sends it to the Internet Protocol address (IP address) indicated by the URL. The HTTP daemon in the destination server machine receives the request and sends back the requested file or files associated with the request.[23] The web server used in my project was running IIS (Internet Information Services). IIS comes as a windows component. HTTP is used as connection between the client and the server Figure 11: HTTP

43 == [ Chapter 4 : HTTP ] == 34 HTTP in J2ME TM Wireless devices such as mobile phones keep their owners connected to the outside world at anytime from any place. Network programming plays an important role in wireless application development to take advantage of the connectivity these devices have to offer. For the Java 2 Standard Edition, the classes for handling network connections are located in the java.net package. This package contains a lot of different classes. It includes at least one class for each type of connection (HTTP, socket connections, ) It also contains many support classes, for instance classes for handling URLs or decoding Internet addresses. In sum, the java.net package includes more than 20 classes, interfaces and exception classes. The huge amount of classes and interfaces that is needed to support network capabilities would be too much to be adopted for the Java 2 Micro Edition. Thus, the Connected Limited Device Configuration (CLDC) takes a different approach: instead of providing one class for each protocol like J2SE, CLDC offers an uniform approach for handling connections, the so called Generic Connection Framework (GCF). GCF contains only one generic Connector class. The Connector class takes a URI as input and returns a corresponding connection object, depending on the protocol parameter of the URI (Uniform Resource Indicator) string. The protocol parameter of an URI is the part from the beginning of the string to the first colon. For example, for an HTTP connection, the protocol parameter is the leading http of an address such as The general form of URI strings that are passed to the Connector class is as follows:

44 == [ Chapter 4 : HTTP ] == 35 <protocol>://<address>;<parameters> Figure 12: GCF connection protocol The syntax of the strings that are passed to the Connector.open() method needs to follow the Uniform Resource Indicator (URI) syntax that is defined in the IETF standard RFC2396. The complete RFC can be found under the following URL: The CLDC itself specifies interfaces, classes and exceptions of the GCF only. No implementations of any concrete connection type are provided at the configuration level. The next table gives an illustrative view of connection types that can be implemented by a particular J2ME profile such as the MID or PDA Profile. J2ME profiles might include more protocols that are not listed in this table. Protocol Sample String Parameter for Connector.open( ) Connection Type HTTP HttpConnection Sockets socket://time-a.nist.gov:13 StreamConnection ServerSockets serversocket://:4444 StreamConnectionNotifier Serial comm:0;baudrate=2400; CommConnection Datagrams datagram:// DatagramConnection File file://uvigo.dat FileConnection Bluetooth "bluetooth://psm=1001" StreamConnection Table 3 : GCF protocol parameters

45 == [ Chapter 4 : HTTP ] == 36 Whether a certain protocol is actually available depends on the device. For example, it does not make sense to support the comm protocol on devices without a serial port. It is possible to create a CLDC-based device without display, implementing a web server as a user interface. Examples might be configurable network routers or production control hardware.[4][20] Summary Although HTTP is predominantly used to carry HTML from web servers to web browsers, it is also possible to use it to carry other types of information such as XML, images, or even binary data. Furthermore, the communicating parties do not have to be a browser and a web server. It can also be a MIDlet who is talking to a web server over a HTTP connection. I have used the HTTP connection to get the XML file from the web server to the client.

46 Chapter 5: Server Side

47 == [ Chapter 5 : Server Side ] == 38 Chapter 5: Server Side Introduction The server side is the side where the information is stored in a database, there was a SQL (Structured Query Language) database available with all the information in. But I had to do some additional programming on the server side. I had to program in VB.NET an aspx (Active Server Page) site. This aspx site returns us an XML-file that can be parsed by the client (in J2ME by use of kxml) so that the information can be viewed on the screen of the client. SQL SQL stands for Structured Query Language. It is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard computer language for accessing and manipulating database systems. SQL statements are used to retrieve and update data in a database. SQL works with database programs like MS Access, DB2, Informix, MS SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, etc. There was little SQL code in my project so much more information is not needed to understand it.[22] Active Server Pages Normal web pages contain usually a mix of text and HTML tags. Active Server Pages (ASPs) are web pages that contain server-side scripts in addition to the usual mix of text and HTML (HyperText Markup Language) tags. To differentiate them from normal HTML pages, Active Server Pages are given the ".asp" extension. Server-side scripts are special commands you put in web pages that are processed before the pages are sent from your web server to the web browser (the client) of someone who's visiting your Web site. It is like running a small application that collects everything that the user requests.

48 == [ Chapter 5 : Server Side ] == 39 When you type an URL in the address box or click a link on a web page, you're asking a web server on a computer to send a file to the web browser (the client) on your computer. If that file is a normal HTML file, it looks just the same when your web browser receives it as it did before the web server sent it. After receiving the file, your web browser displays its contents as a combination of text, images, and sounds. In the case of an Active Server Page, the process is similar, except there's an extra processing step that takes place just before the web server sends the file. Before the Web server sends the Active Server Page to the web browser, it runs all server-side scripts contained in the page. Some of these scripts display the current date, time and other information. Others process information the user has just typed into a form, such as a page in a web site's guestbook. I have used it to get the data out of the database and to generate an XML file. The look of an Active Server Page depends on who or what is viewing it. To the Web browser that receives it, an Active Server Page looks just like a normal HTML page. If a visitor of a Web site views the source code of an Active Server Page, they see a normal HTML page. However, the file located in the server looks very different. In addition to text and HTML tags, you also see server-side scripts. This is what the Active Server Page looks like to the Web server before it is processed and used as a reply to a request. So on the client side you just see the information that you have requested; on the server side you see the code of the ASP page.[16][22][23][24]

49 == [ Chapter 5 : Server Side ] == 40 Summary I have programmed in ASP.NET. This gives build-in support for 3 programming languages: Visual Basic, C# and Jscript. The programming is done in VB.NET (Visual Basic - Microsoft.NET platform). When you visit an ASP page it is just like there is running a small application on the server side that collects the requested information and generates a HTML file that can be displayed in the web browser on the client side with the requested information in it. I have generated an XML file with it.

50 Chapter 6: Developed Project

51 == [ Chapter 6 : Developed Project ] == 42 Chapter 6: Developed Project Introduction Here I give an overview of the system. Figure 13: Project overview You see the 2 parts of the system the client side and the server side (that is connected to the web). The client side is Java enabled and we have written a program in J2ME for it (remember a program made under the MIDP is called a MIDlet). The server side is programmed under VB.NET and returns an XML file if everything works fine. So if we start now our MIDlet it makes an information request to the Web Server. We send a request that we would like to have the information that is stored on the web server. We send this request over an HTTP connection. The server looks for the information in the database where the information is stored in and generates an XML file. This XML file is viewed by the MIDlet that I have programmed on the client side. The client side parses the XML file by use of kxml and displays it on the screen. So now you can see the information that you requested on the screen of your mobile device. Normally this would happen. If there is an error such as network down, the server is down or so on you can not use the program.

52 == [ Chapter 6 : Developed Project ] == 43 How it works. Until now we have been talking about the theoretical background of my project. The first things I did for developing my project was downloading the J2SE SDK, the CLDC and the MIDP and implementing this into my IDE (Integrated Development Environment), I used JCreator as my IDE ( Figure 14: Screenshot JCreator For simulating I have used the Wireless Toolkit which you can download from Sun s website ( but later I downloaded the Sony-Ericsson wireless toolkit because with that you can test your application on a device that is real sold in shops. This is all there was needed to program the client side. I have written my XML files in XMLSPY ( For programming the server side I have used Visual Studio.NET which is a

53 == [ Chapter 6 : Developed Project ] == 44 Microsoft product. For uploading test XML files I have used SmartFTP which is an excellent FTP client. You shall see that the screenshots I use here are made when simulating on the Sony-Ericsson emulator. The phone I used for simulating on is the Sony Ericsson K700 which is MIDP 2.0 enabled. Figure 15: Starting the MIDlet

54 == [ Chapter 6 : Developed Project ] == 45 When you start my application you must first give the MIDlet permission to access the network this is build in because getting on the network may cost you money. Figure 16: Making connection The next screen that comes to you is a splashscreen that is there for some seconds, it gives you information on what this application is about and who it has developed. Figure 17: Splashscreen

55 == [ Chapter 6 : Developed Project ] == 46 After this screen you will be automatically taken to the main menu of the application. On top of the screen you see a ticker that welcomes you. In this main menu you have three options and an EXIT button, the options are: news, events and contents. The EXIT button is meant for quitting the application. When you click on one of the options in the list, you go to another menu where there will be shown a new main screen of the option you selected. Figure 18: MainMenu Figure 19: NewsMenu When you are in the news menu you can select there a news item when you do so you will get more information on the item you selected. There will be a new screen on your device. Figure 20: A NewsItem

56 == [ Chapter 6 : Developed Project ] == 47 When you select events from the main menu you go to the events menu. There you can choose for an event where you want more information on. If you select an event you go to a next screen where there is more information available on that event. From this menu you can go to various other screens. Like there is the main events menu screen, you can go to the screen of the next event, you can go to the previous event, you can go to the page of the event where there will be more information available from the selected event. Or you can EXIT the program. Figure 22: An EventItem Figure 21: EventMenu Figure 23: An event

57 == [ Chapter 6 : Developed Project ] == 48 When you select the contents option from the list in the main menu you go to the main contents menu. There are 9 options available. When you select an option you go to the page of that content option you selected. Figure 24: ContentsMenu Figure 25: A Content Server side code First I want to say that you can find the full source code of my application in the appendix (Client side = Appendix A, Server side = Appendix B). The best way to explain the code of my project is beginning with the generation of the XML files that are formed out of the information in the database on the server side and that are when received parsed on the client side. The information that we get out of the SQL database is on the server side being put between brackets the so called tags. When looking at the first lines of the code we see there is a #Region and #End Region this code is there for navigating through the code it expand or shrinks the structure of the xml - file.

58 == [ Chapter 6 : Developed Project ] == 49 When you want to access a SQL database from ASP.NET you need to: Create a database connection using the SqlConnection class Select a set of records from the database using the SqlDataAdapter class Fill a new DataSet using the SqlDataAdapter class If you are selecting data from a database from non-interactive display only, it is recommended that you use a read-only, forward only SqlDataReader for best performance. When using a SqlDataReader, select the records using a SqlCommand query and create a SqlDataReader that is returned from the SqlCommand object s ExecuteReader method. Bind a server control, such as DataGrid, to the DataSet, SqlDataReader or DataView. Response.Cache.SetExpires(Date.Now) This code sets the expiration time to now. Once you have enabled output caching, the initial HTTP GET request for the page places its dynamic content in the output cache for the amount of time you specify. The output cache satisfies subsequent GET, HEAD, or POST requests for that page until the amount of time you specify expires. Response.ContentType= text/xml This informs the client (browser, ) that the response of the request is XML. System.DateTime.Today.ToShortDateString() The return value of this is a string that contains the numeric month, the numeric day of the month and the year equivalent to the date of this instance.

59 == [ Chapter 6 : Developed Project ] == 50 Response.Write() The Write method writes a specified string to the current HTTP output. Response.Flush() The flush method sends buffered output immediately, if the flush method is called on an ASP page, the server does not honor Keep-Alive requests for that page. It is used to be sure everything is transferred. Return (entrada.replace ( &, & )) This line replaces the & with an ampersand because VB.NET don t recognize & as an ampersand. Me.Request.QueryString( id ) The QueryString retrieves the values of the variables in the HTTP query string. The HTTP query string is specified by the values following the question mark (?).[16][24]

60 == [ Chapter 6 : Developed Project ] == 51 Client side code CLDC packages that I have used: java.io: This provides classes for input and output through data streams java.lang: Provides classes that are fundamental to the Java programming language java.util: Contains the collection classes, and date and time facilities javax.microedition.io: Classes for the Generic Connection framework If you want more information about the CLDC packages you can download the javadoc at Sun s website. MIDP 2.0 packages that were used in my project: javax.microedition.lcdui: This is an user interface package. The UI API provides a set of features for implementation of user interfaces for MIDP applications. This package includes both the highlevel UI classes (such as Form, Command, DateField, TextField and more), as well as the low-level UI classes (allowing Low-level control over the UI). javax.microedition.midlet: this is the application lifecycle package. The MIDlet package defines Mobile Information Device Profile applications and the interactions between the application and the environment in which the application runs. javax.microedition.io: this is a networking package MID profile includes networking support based on the Generic Connection framework from the Connected, Limited Device Configuration. java.util: this is a core package MID Profile Utility classes included from Java 2 Standard Edition [20]

61 == [ Chapter 6 : Developed Project ] == 52 Here are some primary APIs that I have used in this project: Ticker: Tickers implement a ticker string, a piece of text that runs continuously across the top portion of the display. The direction and speed of scrolling are determined by the implementation. When animated, the ticker tape string scrolls continuously. That is, when the string finishes scrolling off the display, the ticker starts over at the beginning of the string. There is no API provided for starting and stopping the ticker. However, the implementation is allowed to pause the scrolling for power consumption purposes for example, if the user doesn't interact with the device for a certain period of time. The implementation will resume scrolling the ticker when the user interacts with the device again. List: This is the API most frequently used by MIDP developers. The List class is defined as a screen containing a list of choices. When a List is presented on the display, the user can interact with it indefinitely (for instance, traversing from element to element and possibly scrolling). These traversing and scrolling operations do not cause applicationvisible events. The system notifies the application when a Command is invoked. Form: When the developer wanted to add more then one item to a screen, he uses the Form API. A Form is defined as a screen that contains an arbitrary mixture of items: images, read-only text fields, editable text fields, editable date fields, gauges, and choice groups. In general, any subclass of the Item class may be contained within a Form. None of the components contained in the Form has any internal scrolling; all contents scroll together.

62 == [ Chapter 6 : Developed Project ] == 53 Alert: An alert is a screen that informs the user about an exceptional condition or error. The alert screen can handle both text and images. There are two variations of alert screens: timed and modal. The timed variation allows the alert to pause for a certain period of time before proceeding to the next screen on its own. The model variation requires input from the user before it can proceed; the user must initiate a command (for example, press a button) for the screen to go away. If there is not enough space to display all of the timed alerts, and the user is forced to scroll the screen, the timed alerts can be turned into modal alerts. Command: The Command object encapsulates the name and information related to the semantics of an action. It is primarily used for presenting a choice of actions to the user. The behavior that the Command activates is not encapsulated in the Command object. This means that it contains only information about Command, not the actual action that occurs when Command is activated. The resulting behavior is defined in a CommandListener associated with the screen. Each Command contains three pieces of information: a label, a type, and a priority. The label is used for the visual representation of the command; the type and priority are used by the system to determine how the Command is mapped into a concrete user interface.[20] If you want more information you can download the MIDP javadoc at Sun s website. I have used one third party library: org.kxml2.io: this is kxml, the XML parser that I used to parse my XML files.[14] [20]

63 == [ Chapter 6 : Developed Project ] == 54 ASPX - XML files When you watch the aspx files in a normal desktop browser like internet explorer you see XML files. Those XML files are generated with the code I have developed in VB.NET. You see the tags and the information between the tags. This information will be parsed on the mobile device when received. Figure 26: news.aspx

64 == [ Chapter 6 : Developed Project ] == 55 Figure 27: events.aspx Figure 28: Contents.xml

65 == [ Chapter 6 : Developed Project ] == 56 You see that this file (Fig. 28) is a static XML file, it was not needed to make the contents menu dynamic, because the contents of this menu doesn t change. Figure 29: page.aspx?id=5 On this screen you see very good that we requested only for page 5, so we only get the information about page 5. We are not interested in the other pages. Only the one that we requested.

66 == [ Chapter 6 : Developed Project ] == 57 Figure 30: page.aspx?content=7 Here we only see the page of content number 7, because we only requested this one by use of the content=7 parameter.

67 Chapter 7: Conclusions

68 == [ Chapter 7 : Conclusions ] == 59 Chapter 7: Conclusions The application that I have developed shows that it is possible to let a web server and a wireless device talk to each other. The concept of this system is very easy and that is a big advantage. With my work I show furthermore that there is no need to use one platform for making a client / server application that works fine. It is possible to use Microsoft technology on the server side and use Sun s Java technology on the client side. To do this I have used the power of XML, this is a very powerful cross platform, software and hardware independent tool for transmitting information. You can see the program I have written on the client side as a kind of micro-browser that understands the XML files and tags that I have created, just like your Internet Explorer or other browsers recognize the HTML tags and know what to do with it. Content and service providers don t want to write applications for every possible mobile device. Developers know that an application can be written once and then run on any of the millions of J2ME devices. By the same logic, device manufacturers will want to support J2ME and MIDP so that their devices have immediate access to widest range of services. MIDP provides a quite minimal but a functional framework for small devices like cellular phones and two-way pagers. The next years there will be much going on in the wireless and the mobile industry the demand for mobility and mobile applications is constantly growing. When designing an application like this you must keep in mind that you must try to do so much as possible processing of the data on the server side. Because there is the most memory and processing power available. You must also think about that you have only a very limited screen-size on your client and not very handy input tools. The mobile network needed for my wireless environment for data access on a server is available today, you don t need a high-bandwidth network. But when in the future there will be UMTS available the market of mobile applications will grow in a huge rate. Then you can design applications

69 == [ Chapter 7 : Conclusions ] == 60 for video calling, watching movies on your mobile device when you are traveling,. We are living in a world where we would like to have constant access to real time information, when we put all the information we have on servers we can access it everywhere we go if we take our mobile device with us.[8] There is one thing we must not forget: we must install the MIDlet on the mobile device where we would like to use it on. The user must find my application. For instance I can sell it by use of the sharewire system (more information on This is a system where you can sell your mobile content like games, applications, ringtones, and the users can pay by various systems like visa, premium SMS or like that so it is possible to earn money with your developed application or game.

70 Chapter 8: Future Work

71 == [ Chapter 8 : Future Work ] == 62 Chapter 8: Future Work I can think about several applications where you can use my system, or where there will be some future for my application; it can be very good integrated into mobile games for getting the high scores into the games. I can develop this application further so that it will be possible to change the information in the database too. When we are then capable of integrating a web-server into our home we can install a database on this server where we keep all the stuff in that we have in our fridge, so we can see from in the shop what we have or what we need to buy, on our mobile device if we run a MIDlet that is quite similar to mine. We can even build applications that control things by use of our mobile device. Some nice projects I can think about is controlling your television, your VCR or even your domotica system with your mobile device this are some nice projects for in the future!

72 Chapter 9: Alternative technologies

73 == [ Chapter 9 : Alternative technologies ] == 64 Chapter 9: Alternative technologies In my project we have chosen to use a server that was running Microsoft Windows but if you want you can use a different OS on the server like Linux. As long as the server generates the same XML files it is no problem. For generating XML files we have used ASPX but you can use other languages like PHP, servlets, CGI (Common Gateway Interface), too. I-mode i-mode (the I stands for information) is a wireless technology developed by the Japanese company NTT DoCoMo that enables users to access Internet services via their mobile phones. i-mode is based on packet data transmission technology. This means that i-mode is always active, and therefore users are charged only for how much information they retrieve, not how long they are online. I-Mode can be used to exchange with computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and other i-mode cellular phones. i-mode is similar to WAP (WAP is another technology which has a scope of offering Internet access worldwide). The reason DoCoMo decided to go with i- Mode instead of waiting for WAP was simple. The Japanese were ready to access the Internet through their mobile phones. They didn't want to have to wait for WAP to provide them with wireless data services they needed. It was a completely practical solution to use i-mode and not WAP. And with 10 million new subscriptions predicted for the service within the next three years, the decision was obviously the right one.

74 == [ Chapter 9 : Alternative technologies ] == 65 With that said, there are essentially four main components that are required for the i-mode service: A cellular phone capable of voice and packet communication and with an i-mode browser installed A packet network An i-mode server Information providers i-mode is a client / server system. The client is constantly connected to the network and we can view information on it that is stored on a server, just like with my project. The way the Internet works is that servers hold our web pages. We then view those web pages from our desktop web browsers (the clients). In the case of the i-mode Internet, an Internet server contains the i-mode web pages. But now, instead of viewing the pages from a desktop web browser, we are using a cellular i-mode phone. These phones are now the clients. Web pages today are often written in HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), which is too complex for mobile phones because of their slower connection speeds. An i-mode enabled web site utilizes pages that are written in chtml (Compact Hypertext Markup Language), which is a subset of HTML designed for devices with slower connection speeds. Today, the i-mode service boasts 500+ i-mode enabled websites linked to a portal page, as well as "unofficial" web pages created by private individuals. i-mode-compatible HTML is based on a subset of HTML 2.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML 4.0 specifications that was extended by NTT DoCoMo with tags for special use on cell phones, such as the "tel:" tag, which is used to hyperlink a telephone number and let users initiate a call by clicking on a link.

75 == [ Chapter 9 : Alternative technologies ] == 66 The criteria for creating an i-mode application or an i-mode web page are essentially the same as creating web apps and web pages with HTML. You must develop in the chtml language, and then load the page to an Internet web server utilizing FTP (File Transfer Protocol) or some other transfer method. We didn t use i-mode because if you want to use it you have the problem that you don t have full control over the developed application. With my project you can for instance change the name of the tags to what you like, but if you use i- Mode you must use chtml to show the contents on your i-mode phone and you don t need a special i-mode phone.[23][24] WAP / WML WAP stands for Wireless Application Protocol, a secure specification that allows users to access information instantly via handheld wireless devices such as mobile phones, pagers, two-way radios, smartphones and communicators. WAP is supported by all operating systems. Ones specifically engineered for handheld devices include PalmOS, Windows CE, and JavaOS, Devices that are WAP enabled access the internet by and run what are called micro-browsers with small file size that can accommodate the low memory constraints of handheld devices and the low-bandwidth limitations of a wirelesshandheld network. Although WAP supports HTML and XML, the WML (Wireless Markup Language) language is specifically devised for small screens and one-hand navigation without a keyboard. WML is scalable from two-line text displays up through graphic screens found on items such as smart phones and communicators. WAP also supports WMLScript. It is similar to JavaScript, but makes minimal demands on memory and CPU power because it does not contain many of the unnecessary functions found in other scripting languages. Almost every mobile phone browser around the world supports WML. Maybe you are thinking now why didn t you build a system that generates WML pages because then almost everyone in the world could use it? Just the same as with i-mode: when we use J2ME on our client this give us full control over the developed project; we don t need to use a micro-browser that is made by

76 == [ Chapter 9 : Alternative technologies ] == 67 someone else. We can design our own system. I was very happy that we did use J2ME because this is I think the most powerful technology for developing mobile applications.[22][23] SOAP This is the abbreviation of Simple Object Access Protocol, a lightweight XMLbased messaging protocol used to encode the information in Web service request and response messages before sending them over a network. SOAP messages are independent of any operating system or protocol. SOAP is a protocol for accessing a Web Service. It is important for application development to allow Internet communication between programs. Today's applications communicate using Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) but HTTP was not designed for this. RPC represents a compatibility and security problem; firewalls and proxy servers will normally block this kind of traffic. RPC is short for remote procedure call, a type of protocol that allows a program on one computer to execute a program on a server computer. The client program sends a message to the server with appropriate arguments and the server returns a message containing the results of the program executed. A better way to communicate between applications is over HTTP, because HTTP is supported by all Internet browsers and servers. SOAP was created to accomplish this. SOAP provides a way to communicate between applications running on different operating systems, with different technologies and programming languages. SOAP is a key element of Microsoft's.NET architecture for future Internet application development. But I haven t work with SOAP because this is not easy to work with, this system is more complex; this is an advantage of my project I have shown that it is very simple to set up a wireless environment for data access on a server and I show with it we don t need SOAP for something like this.[22][23][24]

77 == [ Chapter 9 : Alternative technologies ] == 68 JXTA for J2ME JXTA is a Java-based technology for implementing dynamic peer-to-peer networks on mobile devices, PCs, and servers. An implementation of JXTA for J2ME devices is in the early stages of development, although it has been demonstrated on several devices. For more information you can check out the JXTA website:

78 69 Appendix A

79 70 StartScreen.java import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; // This class shows the MainMenu (a list of options) class StartScreen extends List implements CommandListener private Project midlet; private Command exitcommand = new Command("EXIT",Command.EXIT,2); private String options[]=new String [3]; //sets the basic properties of the screen StartScreen(Project midlet) super("menu",list.implicit); setticker(new Ticker("Bienvenido al Portal "+ "Interactivo del Medio Natural para Galicia Sur")); this.midlet =midlet; //setting the contents of the MainMenu void setcontents() options[0]="news"; options[1]="events"; options[2]="contents"; for (int i=0; i<options.length;i++) append(options[i],null); //null stands for no image. //setting the commandlistener setcommandlistener(this); //add the exit button addcommand(exitcommand); //here we are going to set the title of the MainMenu void setmenu() settitle("mainmenu");

80 71 public void commandaction(command command, Displayable displayable) //making a choice: exit the program or selecting an other menu. if (command == exitcommand) midlet.destroyapp(true); else if (command ==List.SELECT_COMMAND) if (getselectedindex()==0) midlet.displaynewsmenu(); else if(getselectedindex()==1) midlet.displayeventsmenu(); else if(getselectedindex()==2) midlet.displaycontents1menu();

81 72 PropertiesScreen.java import java.util.*; import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; class PropertiesScreen extends Form implements CommandListener private Project midlet; private Command exitcommand = new Command("Exit", Command.EXIT, 1); private Command backcommand = new Command("Back", Command.BACK, 1); public PropertiesScreen(Project midlet, Hashtable properties) super("info"); this.midlet=midlet; //displays the list of th menu's properties Enumeration keys = properties.keys(); while(keys.hasmoreelements()) String key =(String) keys.nextelement(); String value=(string) properties.get(key); append(new StringItem(key,value)); setcommandlistener(this); addcommand(exitcommand); addcommand(backcommand); public void commandaction(command command, Displayable displayable) if (command== exitcommand) midlet.destroyapp(true); else if (command ==backcommand) midlet.displaystartmenu();

82 73 Project.java import java.io.*; import java.util.*; import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; import javax.microedition.midlet.*; import javax.microedition.io.*; import org.kxml2.io.*; //this is the main midlet class It sets the basic screen, //and handles transistions to other screens. public class Project extends MIDlet static String url_news = " static String url_events= " static String url_contents=" + "CONTENTS_level1.xml"; private Image logo; private NewsMenuScreen newsmenuscreen = new NewsMenuScreen(this); private ContentsMenuScreen contentsmenuscreen=new ContentsMenuScreen(this); private EventsMenuScreen eventsmenuscreen = new EventsMenuScreen(this); private PageMenuScreen pagemenuscreen2= new PageMenuScreen(this); private PageContentsMenuScreen pagecontentsmenuscreen2= new PageContentsMenuScreen(this); private StartScreen startscreen = new StartScreen(this); private MenuNews menunews; private MenuEvents menuevents;

83 74 private MenuContents menucontents; private MenuPage menupage; private MenuContentsPage menucontentspage; public Project() logo= makeimage("/uvigo.png"); ErrorScreen.init(logo,Display.getDisplay(this)); // loads a given image by name static Image makeimage (String filename) Image image = null; try image = Image.createImage(filename); catch (Exception e) //use a null image instead return image; public void startapp() Displayable current = Display.getDisplay(this).getCurrent(); if (current == null) //the first time we are called String text = getappproperty("midlet-name") + "\n" + getappproperty("midlet-vendor"); Alert splashscreen = new Alert(null,text,logo,AlertType.INFO); splashscreen.settimeout(3000); try //setting up an http connection and parsing the Inputstream by kxml2 HttpConnection http_news =(HttpConnection)Connector.open(url_news); menunews = new kxmlnews(); InputStream in =http_news.openinputstream(); menunews.parse(in); in.close(); HttpConnection http_events = (HttpConnection)Connector.open(url_events); menuevents = new kxmlevents(); InputStream in2 =http_events.openinputstream(); menuevents.parse(in2); in2.close(); HttpConnection http_contents =(HttpConnection)Connector.open(url_contents); menucontents = new kxmlcontents(); InputStream in3 =http_contents.openinputstream(); menucontents.parse(in3); in3.close(); //setting the Menu's for the news menu //events menu and contents menu

84 75 else newsmenuscreen.setmenu(menunews); eventsmenuscreen.setmenu(menuevents); contentsmenuscreen.setmenu(menucontents); //setting the menu and the contents of the startscreen startscreen.setmenu(); startscreen.setcontents(); //Displaying a splashscreen for some seconds and then displaying the //startscreen Display.getDisplay(this).setCurrent(splashScreen,startscreen); catch (Exception e) //This happens when an exception occurs ErrorScreen.showError(e.getMessage(), newsmenuscreen); ErrorScreen.showError(e.toString(), newsmenuscreen); Display.getDisplay(this).setCurrent(current); public void pauseapp() public void destroyapp(boolean unconditional) notifydestroyed(); // Screen callbacks void PageParsing(String url_pages_events) try //setting up an http connection and parsing it. HttpConnection http_pages = (HttpConnection)Connector.open(url_pages_events); menupage = new kxmlpage(); InputStream in4 = http_pages.openinputstream(); menupage.parse(in4); in4.close(); PageMenuScreen pagemenuscreen = new PageMenuScreen(this); //setting the Menu of the pagesmenu pagemenuscreen.setmenu(menupage); pagemenuscreen2=pagemenuscreen; catch (Exception e) e.getmessage(); void PageContentParsing(String url_pages_contents) try

85 76 HttpConnection http_pages_contents =(HttpConnection)Connector.open(url_pages_contents); menucontentspage = new kxmlcontentspage(); InputStream in5= http_pages_contents.openinputstream(); menucontentspage.parse(in5); in5.close(); PageContentsMenuScreen pagecontentsmenuscreen = new PageContentsMenuScreen(this); pagecontentsmenuscreen.setmenu(menucontentspage); pagecontentsmenuscreen2=pagecontentsmenuscreen; catch (Exception e) e.getmessage(); void displaypagemenu() Display.getDisplay(this).setCurrent(pagemenuScreen2); void displaycontentspagemenu() Display.getDisplay(this).setCurrent(pageContentsmenuScreen2); void displaynewsmenu() Display.getDisplay(this).setCurrent(newsmenuScreen); void displaycontents1menu() Display.getDisplay(this).setCurrent(contentsmenuScreen); void displaystartmenu() Display.getDisplay(this).setCurrent(startscreen); void displayeventsmenu() Display.getDisplay(this).setCurrent(eventsmenuScreen); void displaynews (int index) Vector news = menunews.getnews(); // normalize the index index =Math.max(Math.min(index,(news.size() - 1)),0); News newz = (News) news.elementat(index); NewsScreen screen = new NewsScreen(this,newz); Display.getDisplay(this).setCurrent(screen); void displayevents (int index) Vector events = menuevents.getevents(); // normalize the index index =Math.max(Math.min(index,(events.size() - 1)),0); Event_ eventz = (Event_) events.elementat(index); EventsScreen screen = new EventsScreen(this,eventz);

86 77 Display.getDisplay(this).setCurrent(screen); void displaypage() Vector pages = menupage.getpages(); Page pagez = (Page) pages.firstelement(); PageScreen screen = new PageScreen(this,pagez); Display.getDisplay(this).setCurrent(screen); void displaycontentspage() Vector contentspages = menucontentspage.getcontentpages(); ContentsPage contentspagez = (ContentsPage) contentspages.firstelement(); ContentsPageScreen screen= new ContentsPageScreen(this,contentspagez); Display.getDisplay(this).setCurrent(screen); void displaycontents1(int index) Vector contents1 =menucontents.getcontents1(); index =Math.max(Math.min(index,(contents1.size() - 1)),0); Content1 content1z = (Content1) contents1.elementat(index); Contents1Screen screen = new Contents1Screen(this,content1z); Display.getDisplay(this).setCurrent(screen); void displaymenuinfo() Hashtable properties = menunews.getproperties(); if (properties.size() > 0) PropertiesScreen props = new PropertiesScreen(this,properties); Display.getDisplay(this).setCurrent(props); else // first time we've been called Alert splashscreen = new Alert(null,"No information available for this menu",logo,alerttype.info); splashscreen.settimeout(3000); Display.getDisplay(this).setCurrent(splashScreen,newsmenuScreen);

87 78 PageScreen.java import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; //Here is the contents of the pagescreen. class PageScreen extends Form implements CommandListener private Project midlet; private Command exitcommand = new Command("EXIT",Command.EXIT,1); private Command eventscommand = new Command("Events",Command.SCREEN,1); private int index; PageScreen(Project midlet, Page page) //Here I set the super of the Form to the name of the page, //the name I get by page.getnombre2() super(page.getnombre2()); this.midlet = midlet; //Here I put the contents (fecha and palabrasclave) of the page on the screen. append(new StringItem("fecha:\n",page.getfecha2())); append(new StringItem("\npalabrasClave\n",page.getpalabrasClave2())); index = page.getindex2(); setcommandlistener(this); addcommand(exitcommand); addcommand(eventscommand); public void commandaction(command command, Displayable displayable) if (command == exitcommand) midlet.destroyapp(true); else if (command == eventscommand) midlet.displayeventsmenu();

88 79 PageMenuScreen.java import java.util.*;//this is needed for the vector. import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; class PageMenuScreen extends List implements CommandListener private Project midlet; private Command exitcommand = new Command("Exit",Command.EXIT,1); private Command infocommand = new Command("Info",Command.SCREEN,2); //sets the basic properties of the screen PageMenuScreen(Project midlet) super("menu",list.implicit); this.midlet =midlet; setcommandlistener(this); addcommand(exitcommand); addcommand(infocommand); void setmenu(menupage menupage) Vector pages = menupage.getpages(); for (int i = 0; i < pages.size();i++) Page p = (Page) pages.elementat(i); append(p.getnombre2(),null); public void commandaction(command command, Displayable displayable) if(command == List.SELECT_COMMAND) midlet.displaypage(); else if (command == infocommand) midlet.displaymenuinfo(); else if (command == exitcommand) midlet.destroyapp(true);

89 80 PageContentsMenuScreen.java import java.util.*; import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; class PageContentsMenuScreen extends List implements CommandListener private Project midlet; private Command exitcommand = new Command("Exit",Command.EXIT,1); private Command infocommand = new Command("Info",Command.SCREEN,2); //sets the basic properties of the screen PageContentsMenuScreen(Project midlet) super("contents Page Menu",List.IMPLICIT); this.midlet =midlet; setcommandlistener(this); addcommand(exitcommand); addcommand(infocommand); void setmenu(menucontentspage menucontentspage) Vector contentspages = menucontentspage.getcontentpages(); for (int i = 0; i < contentspages.size();i++) ContentsPage cp = (ContentsPage) contentspages.elementat(i); append(cp.getnombre3(),null); public void commandaction(command command, Displayable displayable) if(command == List.SELECT_COMMAND) midlet.displaycontentspage(); else if (command == infocommand) midlet.displaymenuinfo(); else if (command == exitcommand) midlet.destroyapp(true);

90 81 Page.java class Page private String nombre2; private String fecha2; private String palabrasclave2; private int index2; Page(String nombre2, String fecha2,string palabrasclave2, int index2) this.nombre2=nombre2; this.fecha2=fecha2; this.palabrasclave2=palabrasclave2; this.index2=index2; String getnombre2() return nombre2; String getfecha2() return fecha2; String getpalabrasclave2() return palabrasclave2; int getindex2() return index2;

91 82 NewsScreen.java import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; class NewsScreen extends Form implements CommandListener private Project midlet; private Command exitcommand = new Command("EXIT",Command.EXIT,1); private Command backcommand = new Command("MainMenu", Command.BACK, 1); private Command newscommand = new Command("News",Command.SCREEN,1); private int index; NewsScreen(Project midlet, News news) super(news.gettitulo()); this.midlet = midlet; append(new StringItem("Subtitulo:\n", news.getsubtitulo())); append(new StringItem("\nTexto:\n",news.getTexto())); append(new StringItem("\nAutor:\n",news.getAutor())); append(new StringItem("\nfecha:\n",news.getfecha())); append(new StringItem("\nTema:\n",news.getTema())); append(new StringItem("\npalabrasClave\n",news.getpalabrasClave())); index = news.getindex(); setcommandlistener(this); addcommand(exitcommand); addcommand(backcommand); addcommand(newscommand); public void commandaction(command command, Displayable displayable) if (command == exitcommand) midlet.destroyapp(true); else if (command == backcommand) midlet.displaystartmenu(); else if (command == newscommand) midlet.displaynewsmenu();

92 83 NewsMenuScreen.java import java.util.*; import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; class NewsMenuScreen extends List implements CommandListener private Project midlet; private Command exitcommand = new Command("Exit",Command.EXIT,1); private Command backcommand = new Command("MainMenu",Command.SCREEN,1); private Command infocommand = new Command("Info",Command.SCREEN,2); //sets the basic properties of the screen NewsMenuScreen(Project midlet) super("menu",list.implicit); this.midlet =midlet; setcommandlistener(this); addcommand(exitcommand); addcommand(infocommand); addcommand(backcommand); void setmenu(menunews menunews) settitle(menunews.gettitle()); Vector news = menunews.getnews(); for (int i = 0; i < news.size();i++) News n = (News) news.elementat(i); append(n.gettitulo(),null); public void commandaction(command command, Displayable displayable) if(command == List.SELECT_COMMAND) midlet.displaynews(getselectedindex()); else if (command == infocommand) midlet.displaymenuinfo(); else if (command == exitcommand) midlet.destroyapp(true);

93 84 else if (command == backcommand) midlet.displaystartmenu();

94 85 News.java class News private String Titulo; private String Subtitulo; private String Texto; private String Autor; private String fecha; private String Tema; private String palabrasclave; private int index; News(String Titulo, String Subtitulo,String Texto,String Autor, String fecha,string Tema,String palabrasclave, int index) this.titulo=titulo; this.subtitulo = Subtitulo; this.texto = Texto; this.autor = Autor; this.fecha = fecha; this.tema = Tema; this.palabrasclave = palabrasclave; this.index = index; String gettitulo() return Titulo; String getsubtitulo() return Subtitulo; String gettexto() return Texto; String getautor()

95 86 return Autor; String getfecha() return fecha; String gettema() return Tema; String getpalabrasclave() return palabrasclave; int getindex() return index;

96 87 MenuPage.java abstract class MenuPage protected String title = "No title"; protected Hashtable properties = new Hashtable(); protected Vector pages = new Vector(); MenuPage() String gettitle() return title; Hashtable getproperties() return properties; Vector getpages() return pages; abstract void parse(inputstream in) throws Exception;

97 88 MenuNews.java import java.io.*; import java.util.*; abstract class MenuNews protected String title = "No title"; protected Hashtable properties = new Hashtable(); protected Vector news = new Vector(); MenuNews() String gettitle() return title; // return a hashtable of properties which are represented // as <metadata> elements in the XML file Hashtable getproperties() return properties; // return a vector of chapter objects Vector getnews() return news; abstract void parse(inputstream in) throws Exception;

98 89 MenuEvents.java import java.io.*; import java.util.*; abstract class MenuEvents protected String title = "No title"; protected Hashtable properties = new Hashtable(); protected Vector event_ = new Vector(); MenuEvents() String gettitle() return title; Hashtable getproperties() return properties; Vector getevents() return event_; abstract void parse(inputstream in) throws Exception;

99 90 MenuContentsPage.java import java.io.*; import java.util.*; abstract class MenuContentsPage protected String title = "No title"; protected Hashtable properties = new Hashtable(); protected Vector contentspages = new Vector(); MenuContentsPage() String gettitle() return title; Hashtable getproperties() return properties; Vector getcontentpages() return contentspages; abstract void parse(inputstream in) throws Exception;

100 91 MenuContents.java import java.io.*; import java.util.*; abstract class MenuContents protected String title = "No title"; protected Hashtable properties = new Hashtable(); protected Vector contents1 = new Vector(); MenuContents() String gettitle() return title; Hashtable getproperties() return properties; Vector getcontents1() return contents1; abstract void parse(inputstream in) throws Exception;

101 92 kxmlpage.java import org.kxml2.io.*; import java.io.*; class kxmlpage extends MenuPage void parse(inputstream in) throws Exception KXmlParser parser = new KXmlParser(); parser.setinput(new InputStreamReader(in)); int eventtype = KXmlParser.START_TAG; while (eventtype!= KXmlParser.END_DOCUMENT) eventtype = parser.next(); if (eventtype == KXmlParser.START_TAG) if (parser.getname().equals("title")) parser.next(); this.title = parser.gettext(); else if (parser.getname().equals("metadata")) String key = parser.getattributevalue(null,"key"); parser.next(); String value = parser.gettext(); properties.put(key,value); else if (parser.getname().equals("page")) parsepage(parser); void parsepage(kxmlparser parser) throws Exception parser.require(kxmlparser.start_tag,"","page"); String nombre2 = "[No nombre2]"; String fecha2 = "[No fecha2]"; String palabrasclave2 = "[No palabrasclave2]"; int location2 = Integer.parseInt(parser.getAttributeValue(null,"identificador")); int eventtype = parser.next(); while (!"page".equals(parser.getname())) if (eventtype == KXmlParser.START_TAG)

102 93 if (parser.getname().equals("nombre")) parser.next(); nombre2 = parser.gettext(); else if (parser.getname().equals("fecha")) parser.next(); fecha2 = parser.gettext(); else if (parser.getname().equals("palabrasclave")) parser.next(); palabrasclave2 = parser.gettext(); eventtype = parser.next(); Page pagez = new Page(nombre2,fecha2,palabrasClave2,location2); pages.removeallelements(); pages.addelement(pagez); parser.require(parser.end_tag,"","page");

103 94 kxmlnews.java import org.kxml2.io.*; import java.io.*; class kxmlnews extends MenuNews void parse(inputstream in) throws Exception KXmlParser parser = new KXmlParser(); parser.setinput(new InputStreamReader(in)); int eventtype = KXmlParser.START_TAG; while (eventtype!= KXmlParser.END_DOCUMENT) eventtype = parser.next(); if (eventtype == KXmlParser.START_TAG) if (parser.getname().equals("title")) parser.next(); this.title = parser.gettext(); else if (parser.getname().equals("metadata")) String key = parser.getattributevalue(null,"key"); parser.next(); String value = parser.gettext(); properties.put(key,value); else if (parser.getname().equals("news")) parsenews(parser); void parsenews(kxmlparser parser) throws Exception parser.require(kxmlparser.start_tag,"","news"); String Titulo = "[No Titulo]"; String Subtitulo = "[No Subtitulo]"; String Texto = "[No Texto]"; String Autor = "[No Autor]"; String fecha = "[No fecha]"; String Tema = "[No Tema]"; String palabrasclave = "[No palabrasclave]"; int location ; try

104 95 location= Integer.parseInt(parser.getAttributeValue(null,"identificador")); catch(exception e) location=-1; int eventtype = parser.next(); while (!"news".equals(parser.getname())) if (eventtype == KXmlParser.START_TAG) if (parser.getname().equals("titulo")) parser.next(); Titulo = parser.gettext(); else if (parser.getname().equals("subtitulo")) parser.next(); Subtitulo = parser.gettext(); else if (parser.getname().equals("texto")) parser.next(); Texto = parser.gettext(); else if (parser.getname().equals("autor")) parser.next(); Autor = parser.gettext(); else if (parser.getname().equals("fecha")) parser.next(); fecha = parser.gettext(); else if (parser.getname().equals("tema")) parser.next(); Tema = parser.gettext(); else if (parser.getname().equals("palabrasclave")) parser.next(); palabrasclave = parser.gettext(); eventtype = parser.next(); News newz = new News(Titulo,Subtitulo,Texto,Autor,fecha,Tema,palabrasClave,location); news.addelement(newz); parser.require(parser.end_tag,"","news");

105 96 kxmlevents.java import org.kxml2.io.*; import java.io.*; class kxmlevents extends MenuEvents void parse(inputstream in) throws Exception KXmlParser parser = new KXmlParser(); parser.setinput(new InputStreamReader(in)); int eventtype = KXmlParser.START_TAG; while (eventtype!= KXmlParser.END_DOCUMENT) eventtype = parser.next(); if (eventtype == KXmlParser.START_TAG) if (parser.getname().equals("title")) parser.next(); this.title = parser.gettext(); else if (parser.getname().equals("metadata")) String key = parser.getattributevalue(null,"key"); parser.next(); String value = parser.gettext(); properties.put(key,value); else if (parser.getname().equals("event")) parsenews(parser); void parsenews(kxmlparser parser) throws Exception parser.require(kxmlparser.start_tag,"","event"); String nombre = "[No nombre]"; String tema = "[No tema]"; String palabrasclave = "[No palabrasclave]"; String disfrute = "[No disfrute]"; int location = Integer.parseInt(parser.getAttributeValue(null,"identificador")); int pagina = Integer.parseInt(parser.getAttributeValue(null,"pagina")); int eventtype = parser.next();

106 97 while (!"event".equals(parser.getname())) if (eventtype == KXmlParser.START_TAG) if (parser.getname().equals("nombre")) parser.next(); nombre = parser.gettext(); else if (parser.getname().equals("tema")) parser.next(); tema = parser.gettext(); else if (parser.getname().equals("palabrasclave")) parser.next(); palabrasclave = parser.gettext(); else if (parser.getname().equals("disfrute")) parser.next(); disfrute = parser.gettext(); else parser.next(); eventtype = parser.next(); Event_ eventz = new Event_(nombre,tema,palabrasClave,disfrute,location,pagina); event_.insertelementat(eventz,(location >= 0)? location : event_.size() -1); parser.require(parser.end_tag,"","event");

107 98 kxmlcontentspage.java import org.kxml2.io.*; import java.io.*; import java.util.*; class kxmlcontentspage extends MenuContentsPage void parse(inputstream in) throws Exception KXmlParser parser = new KXmlParser(); parser.setinput(new InputStreamReader(in)); int eventtype = KXmlParser.START_TAG; while (eventtype!= KXmlParser.END_DOCUMENT) eventtype = parser.next(); if (eventtype == KXmlParser.START_TAG) if (parser.getname().equals("title")) parser.next(); this.title = parser.gettext(); else if (parser.getname().equals("metadata")) String key = parser.getattributevalue(null,"key"); parser.next(); String value = parser.gettext(); properties.put(key,value); else if (parser.getname().equals("page")) parsepage(parser); void parsepage(kxmlparser parser) throws Exception parser.require(kxmlparser.start_tag,"","page"); String nombre3 = "[No nombre3]"; String fecha3 = "[No fecha3]"; String palabrasclave3 = "[No palabrasclave3]"; int location3 = Integer.parseInt(parser.getAttributeValue(null,"identificador")); int eventtype = parser.next(); while (!"page".equals(parser.getname()))

108 99 if (eventtype == KXmlParser.START_TAG) if (parser.getname().equals("nombre")) parser.next(); nombre3 = parser.gettext(); else if (parser.getname().equals("fecha")) parser.next(); fecha3 = parser.gettext(); else if (parser.getname().equals("palabrasclave")) parser.next(); palabrasclave3 = parser.gettext(); eventtype = parser.next(); ContentsPage contentspagez = new ContentsPage(nombre3,fecha3,palabrasClave3,location3); contentspages.removeallelements(); contentspages.addelement(contentspagez); parser.require(parser.end_tag,"","page");

109 100 kxmlcontents.java import org.kxml2.io.*; import java.io.*; class kxmlcontents extends MenuContents void parse(inputstream in) throws Exception KXmlParser parser = new KXmlParser(); parser.setinput(new InputStreamReader(in)); int eventtype = KXmlParser.START_TAG; while (eventtype!= KXmlParser.END_DOCUMENT) eventtype = parser.next(); if (eventtype == KXmlParser.START_TAG) if (parser.getname().equals("title")) parser.next(); this.title = parser.gettext(); else if (parser.getname().equals("metadata")) String key = parser.getattributevalue(null,"key"); parser.next(); String value = parser.gettext(); properties.put(key,value); else if (parser.getname().equals("content")) parsecontents_1(parser); void parsecontents_1(kxmlparser parser) throws Exception parser.require(kxmlparser.start_tag,"","content"); String title="[no title]"; int location = Integer.parseInt(parser.getAttributeValue(null,"identificador")); int eventtype = parser.next(); while (!"content".equals(parser.getname())) if (eventtype == KXmlParser.START_TAG) if (parser.getname().equals("title"))

110 101 parser.next(); title = parser.gettext(); eventtype = parser.next(); Content1 content1z = new Content1(title,location); contents1.insertelementat(content1z,(location >= 0)? location : contents1.size() -1); parser.require(parser.end_tag,"","content");

111 102 EventsScreen.java import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; class EventsScreen extends List implements CommandListener private final Project midlet; private String pagesurl = " private final Command exitcommand = new Command("EXIT",Command.EXIT,1); private final Command backcommand = new Command("Back", Command.BACK, 2); private final Command nextcommand = new Command("Next", Command.SCREEN, 2); private final Command prevcommand = new Command("Previous", Command.SCREEN, 2); private final Command eventscommand = new Command("Events",Command.SCREEN,2); private final Command maincommand = new Command("MainMenu",Command.SCREEN,1); private final Command pagecommand = new Command("GoTo Page",Command.SCREEN,1); private String options[]=new String[4]; private final int index; private Event_ event2_; EventsScreen(Project midlet, Event_ event_) super(event_.getnombre(),list.implicit); this.midlet = midlet; event2_ = event_; options[0]="tema:\n" + event_.gettema()+"\n"; options[1]="palabrasclave:\n"+ event_.getpalabrasclave()+"\n"; options[2]="disfrute:\n"+ event_.getdisfrute() +"\n"; options[3]="visit the Page!" ; String url2=string.valueof(event_.getpagina()); String url_pages_events= pagesurl +"?id=" + url2; midlet.pageparsing(url_pages_events); for (int i=0;i<options.length;i++)

112 103 append(options[i],null); index = event_.getindex(); setcommandlistener(this); addcommand(exitcommand); addcommand(backcommand); addcommand(nextcommand); addcommand(prevcommand); addcommand(eventscommand); addcommand(maincommand); addcommand(pagecommand); public void commandaction(command command, Displayable displayable) if (command == List.SELECT_COMMAND) if (getselectedindex() == 3) try midlet.displaypagemenu(); catch (Exception e) e.getmessage(); else if (command == pagecommand) midlet.displaypagemenu(); if (command == exitcommand) midlet.destroyapp(true); else if (command == backcommand) midlet.displayeventsmenu(); else if (command == prevcommand) midlet.displayevents(index - 1); else if (command == nextcommand) midlet.displayevents(index + 1); else if (command == eventscommand) midlet.displayeventsmenu(); else if (command == maincommand) midlet.displaystartmenu();

113 104

114 105 EventsMenuScreen.java import java.util.*; import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; class EventsMenuScreen extends List implements CommandListener private final Project midlet; private final Command exitcommand = new Command("Exit",Command.EXIT,1); private final Command infocommand = new Command("Info",Command.SCREEN,2); private final Command maincommand = new Command("MainMenu",Command.SCREEN,2); //sets the basic properties of the screen EventsMenuScreen(Project midlet) super("menu",list.implicit); this.midlet =midlet; setcommandlistener(this); addcommand(exitcommand); addcommand(infocommand); addcommand(maincommand); void setmenu(menuevents menuevents) settitle(menuevents.gettitle()); Vector events = menuevents.getevents(); for (int i = 0; i < events.size();i++) Event_ e_ = (Event_) events.elementat(i); append(e_.getnombre(),null); public void commandaction(command command, Displayable displayable) if(command == List.SELECT_COMMAND) midlet.displayevents(getselectedindex()); else if (command == infocommand) midlet.displaymenuinfo(); else if (command == exitcommand) midlet.destroyapp(true); else if (command == maincommand)

115 106 midlet.displaystartmenu();

116 107 Event_.java class Event_ private String nombre; private String tema; private String palabrasclave; private String disfrute; private int index; private int pagina; Event_(String nombre, String tema,string palabrasclave,string disfrute,int index,int pagina) this.nombre = nombre; this.tema = tema; this.palabrasclave = palabrasclave; this.disfrute = disfrute; this.index = index; this.pagina = pagina; String getnombre() return nombre; String gettema() return tema; String getpalabrasclave() return palabrasclave; String getdisfrute() return disfrute; int getindex() return index;

117 108 int getpagina() return pagina;

118 109 ErrorScreen.java import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; class ErrorScreen extends Alert private static Image image; private static Display display; private static ErrorScreen instance = null; private ErrorScreen() super("error"); settype(alerttype.error); settimeout(5000); setimage(image); static void init(image img, Display disp) image = img; display = disp; static void showerror(string message,displayable next) if(instance == null) instance = new ErrorScreen(); instance.setstring(message); display.setcurrent(instance,next);

119 110 ContentsPageScreen.java import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; class ContentsPageScreen extends Form implements CommandListener private Project midlet; private Command exitcommand = new Command("EXIT",Command.EXIT,1); private Command contentscommand = new Command("Contents",Command.SCREEN,1); private int index; ContentsPageScreen(Project midlet, ContentsPage contentspage) super(contentspage.getnombre3()); this.midlet = midlet; append(new StringItem("fecha:\n",contentspage.getfecha3())); append(new StringItem("\npalabrasClave\n",contentspage.getpalabrasClave3())); index = contentspage.getindex3(); setcommandlistener(this); addcommand(exitcommand); addcommand(contentscommand); public void commandaction(command command, Displayable displayable) if (command == exitcommand) midlet.destroyapp(true); else if (command == contentscommand) midlet.displaycontents1menu();

120 111 ContentsPage.java class ContentsPage private String nombre3; private String fecha3; private String palabrasclave3; private int index3; ContentsPage(String nombre3, String fecha3,string palabrasclave3, int index3) this.nombre3=nombre3; this.fecha3=fecha3; this.palabrasclave3=palabrasclave3; this.index3=index3; String getnombre3() return nombre3; String getfecha3() return fecha3; String getpalabrasclave3() return palabrasclave3; int getindex3() return index3;

121 112 ContentsMenuScreen.java import java.util.*; import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; class ContentsMenuScreen extends List implements CommandListener private Project midlet; private Command exitcommand = new Command("Exit",Command.EXIT,1); private Command infocommand = new Command("Info",Command.SCREEN,2); private Command maincommand = new Command("MainMenu",Command.SCREEN,2); //sets the basic properties of the screen ContentsMenuScreen(Project midlet) super("menu",list.implicit); this.midlet =midlet; setcommandlistener(this); addcommand(exitcommand); addcommand(infocommand); addcommand(maincommand); void setmenu(menucontents menucontents) Vector contents1 = menucontents.getcontents1(); for (int i = 0; i < contents1.size();i++) Content1 c_ = (Content1) contents1.elementat(i); append(c_.gettitle(),null);

122 113 public void commandaction(command command, Displayable displayable) if(command == List.SELECT_COMMAND) midlet.displaycontents1(getselectedindex()); else if (command == infocommand) midlet.displaymenuinfo(); else if (command == exitcommand) midlet.destroyapp(true); else if (command == maincommand) midlet.displaystartmenu();

123 114 Contents1Screen.java import javax.microedition.lcdui.*; class Contents1Screen extends List implements CommandListener private Project midlet; private String pagesurl = " private Command exitcommand = new Command("EXIT",Command.EXIT,1); private Command backcommand = new Command("Back", Command.BACK, 2); private Command nextcommand = new Command("Next", Command.SCREEN, 2); private Command prevcommand = new Command("Previous", Command.SCREEN, 2); private Command eventscommand = new Command("Events",Command.SCREEN,2); private Command maincommand = new Command("MainMenu",Command.SCREEN,1); private Command pagecommand = new Command("GoTo Page",Command.SCREEN,1); private String options[]=new String[1]; private int index; private Content1 content2; Contents1Screen(Project midlet, Content1 content1) super(content1.gettitle(),list.implicit); this.midlet = midlet; content2 = content1; options[0]="visit the Page!" ; String url2=string.valueof(content1.getindex()); String url_pages_contents= pagesurl +"?content=" + url2; midlet.pagecontentparsing(url_pages_contents); for (int i=0;i<options.length;i++) append(options[i],null);

124 115 index = content1.getindex(); setcommandlistener(this); addcommand(exitcommand); addcommand(backcommand); addcommand(nextcommand); addcommand(prevcommand); addcommand(eventscommand); addcommand(maincommand); addcommand(pagecommand); public void commandaction(command command, Displayable displayable) if (command == List.SELECT_COMMAND) if (getselectedindex() == 0) try midlet.displaycontentspagemenu(); catch (Exception e) e.getmessage(); else if (command == pagecommand) midlet.displaypagemenu(); if (command == exitcommand) midlet.destroyapp(true); else if (command == backcommand) midlet.displaycontents1menu(); else if (command == eventscommand) midlet.displaycontents1menu(); else if (command == maincommand) midlet.displaystartmenu();

125 116 Content1.java class Content1 private String title; private int index; Content1(String title,int index) this.title=title; this.index=index; String gettitle() return title; int getindex() return index;

126 117 Appendix B Events.aspx Public Class Events Inherits System.Web.UI.Page #Region " Web Form Designer Generated Code " 'This call is required by the Web Form Designer. <System.Diagnostics.DebuggerStepThrough()> Private Sub InitializeComponent() End Sub Private Sub Page_Init(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Init 'CODEGEN: This method call is required by the Web Form Designer 'Do not modify it using the code editor. InitializeComponent() End Sub #End Region Private Sub Page_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load Response.Cache.SetExpires(Date.Now) Response.ContentType = "text/xml" Dim ficheroxml As String = "" ficheroxml += "<EVENTS" ficheroxml += " xmlns:pag = "" ficheroxml += ">" ficheroxml += "<title>observatorio Medioambiental</title>" & _ " <metadata key=""author"">claes Vincent</metadata> " & _ " <metadata key=""date"">" & System.DateTime.Today.ToShortDateString() & "</metadata> " ficheroxml += evento(0) ficheroxml += evento(1) ficheroxml += evento(2) ficheroxml += "</EVENTS>" Response.Write(ficheroXML) Response.Flush() End Sub Public Function evento(byval numero As Integer) As String Return (" <event identificador=""" & numero & """ pagina=""54"" > " & _ " <nombre>" & CInt(Me.Request.QueryString("id")) + numero & "</nombre> " & _

127 118 " <tema>subject 1</tema>" & _ " <palabrasclave>1_event keywords...</palabrasclave>" & _ " <disfrute> first week of May </disfrute>" & _ " </event>") End Function End Class

128 119 News.aspx Public Class News Inherits System.Web.UI.Page #Region " Web Form Designer Generated Code " 'This call is required by the Web Form Designer. <System.Diagnostics.DebuggerStepThrough()> Private Sub InitializeComponent() End Sub Private Sub Page_Init(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Init 'CODEGEN: This method call is required by the Web Form Designer 'Do not modify it using the code editor. InitializeComponent() End Sub #End Region Private Sub Page_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load Response.Cache.SetExpires(Date.Now) Response.ContentType = "text/xml" Dim ficheroxml As String = "" ficheroxml += "<HEADNEWS" ficheroxml += " xmlns:pag = "" ficheroxml += ">" " ficheroxml += "<title>observatorio Medioambiental</title>" & _ " <metadata key=""author"">claes Vincent</metadata> " & _ " <metadata key=""date"">" & System.DateTime.Today.ToShortDateString() & "</metadata> Dim comando As SqlClient.SqlCommand Dim lector As SqlClient.SqlDataReader Dim conexion As SqlClient.SqlConnection conexion = New SqlClient.SqlConnection() conexion.connectionstring = "User=sa;Persist Security Info=False;Initial Catalog=Observatory;Data Source=localhost;Packet Size=4096;Workstation ID=WHISKY;" comando = conexion.createcommand() comando.commandtext = "SELECT TOP 10 * FROM noticias ORDER by fecha DESC" conexion.open() lector = comando.executereader(commandbehavior.closeconnection) Dim identificador As Integer = 0 While (lector.read) ficheroxml += " <news identificador="" " & identificador.tostring & " "" > " & _ " <Titulo>" & escape(lector("titulo")) & "</Titulo>" & _

129 120 " <Subtitulo>" & escape(lector("subtitulo")) & "</Subtitulo>" & _ " <Texto>" & escape(lector("texto")) & "</Texto>" & _ " <Autor>Autor 1</Autor>" & _ " <fecha>" & lector("fecha").tostring & "</fecha>" & _ " <Tema>Tema 1</Tema>" & _ " <palabrasclave>" & lector("palabrasclave") & "</palabrasclave>" & _ " </news> " identificador += 1 End While lector.close() ficheroxml += "</HEADNEWS> " Response.Write(ficheroXML) Response.Flush() End Sub Public Function escape(byval entrada As String) As String Return (entrada.replace("&", "&")) End Function End Class

130 121 Page.aspx Public Class Page Inherits System.Web.UI.Page #Region " Web Form Designer Generated Code " 'This call is required by the Web Form Designer. <System.Diagnostics.DebuggerStepThrough()> Private Sub InitializeComponent() End Sub Private Sub Page_Init(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Init 'CODEGEN: This method call is required by the Web Form Designer 'Do not modify it using the code editor. InitializeComponent() End Sub #End Region Private Sub Page_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load Response.Cache.SetExpires(Date.Now) Response.ContentType = "text/xml" Dim ficheroxml As String = "" ficheroxml += "<PAGES " ficheroxml += " xmlns:pag = "" ficheroxml += ">" If (Me.Request.QueryString("id") <> "") Then ficheroxml += "<title>observatorio Medioambiental</title>" & _ " <metadata key=""author"">claes Vincent</metadata> " & _ " <metadata key=""date"">" & System.DateTime.Today.ToShortDateString() & "</metadata> " & _ " <page identificador=""" & Me.Request.QueryString("id") & """ > " & _ " <nombre> Event" & Me.Request.QueryString("id") & "</nombre> " & _ " <fecha>date for event</fecha>" & _ " <palabrasclave>1_event keywords for event </palabrasclave>" & _ " </page> </PAGES> " End If If (Me.Request.QueryString("content") <> "") Then ficheroxml += "<title>observatorio Medioambiental</title>" & _ " <metadata key=""author"">claes Vincent</metadata> " & _ " <metadata key=""date"">" & System.DateTime.Today.ToShortDateString() & "</metadata> " & _ " <page identificador=""" & Me.Request.QueryString("content") & """ > " & _ " <nombre> Content " & Me.Request.QueryString("content") & "</nombre> " & _ " <fecha>date of contents</fecha>" & _ " <palabrasclave>content keywords </palabrasclave>" & _ " </page> </PAGES> " End If

131 122 Response.Write(ficheroXML) Response.Flush() End Sub End Class

132 123 Appendix C This appendix is meant for those who are not familiar with terms like PDA or mobile phone or just want to refresh their basic knowledge about those terms. PDA PDA stands for Personal Digital Assistant. In the first years of pocket computers there were devices where you could keep information on about your contacts, telephone numbers, a calendar and so on, this was called a personal organizer. This device is grown-up to a handheld device that combines computing, telephone / fax, and has Internet and networking features this is what we call now a PDA. A typical PDA can function as a cellular phone, fax sender, web browser and personal organizer. Unlike portable computers, most PDAs began as pen-based, using a stylus rather than a keyboard for input. This means that they also incorporated handwriting recognition features. Some PDAs can also react to voice input by using voice recognition technologies. PDAs of today are available in either a stylus or keyboard version. Apple Computer, which introduced the Newton MessagePad in 1993, was one of the first companies to offer PDAs. Shortly thereafter, several other manufacturers offered similar products. PDAs are also called palmtops, hand-held computers and pocket computers. One of the most popular applications of a PDA is connecting it with a GPS system for use as a navigation system. [23] Mobile phone A mobile phone (sometimes called a cell phone, cellular telephone or mobile handset) is a low powered radio transceiver, a handheld device that allows messages (text, voice and multimedia) to be sent to another phone or group of phones. The majority of mobile phones have the capacity to also store information, play games and use as a calculator. More advanced phones have

133 124 the ability to send and receive and access the internet. Mobile phones work by transmitting radio waves to cellular towers. These towers vary in the area they cover and can receive nearby mobile phone signals from distances as 1,5 to 2,4km to distances as long as 48 to 56km. The area a tower can cover is referred to as a cell; the towers within these cells are networked to a central switching station, usually by wire, fiber-optic cable or microwave. The central switching station handling cellular calls in a given area is directly connected to the rest of the wired telephone system. Cellular calls are picked up by the towers and relayed to the rest of the telephone network. Since the cells overlap, as a mobile caller moves from one cell into another, the towers "hand off" the call so communication is uninterrupted. In general, mobile phones consist of a number of components, such as a SIM (Subscriber Identification Module) card, circuit board, display screen, keyboard, microphone, speaker, battery and an antenna. Complicated networks and protocols make the communication of voice, text and multimedia data between mobile phones possible. Some examples of the networks and protocols are: (2G) Second Generation Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is an example of a digital network which allows for data to be sent and received. Wireless Access Protocol (WAP) This is a protocol for enabling wireless access to the Internet. WAP phones have the capacity to browse specifically written web pages on the Internet. (2.5G) General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) This technology allows faster data transmission and Internet access rates as it is always on, unlike WAP, which uses a dial-up connection.

134 125 Bluetooth This enables wireless communication and data transfer between different types of hardware devices, for example, PC s, PDA s etc (3G) Third Generation (Analog cellular was the first generation) 3G promises increased bandwidth, up to 384 Kbps when a device is stationary or moving at walker speed, 128 Kbps in a car, and 2 Mbps in fixed applications These systems are being developed, tested and at some places launched now. They combine voice and data transmission and promise a wide range of advanced multimedia services to mobile users. UMTS is an example of 3G. UMTS stands for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, a 3G mobile technology that will deliver broadband information at speeds up to 2Mbit s/sec. Besides voice and data, UMTS will deliver audio and video to wireless devices anywhere in the world through fixed, wireless and satellite systems.[23] Future In the future this two terms will not be alive anymore. More and more PDA functions are implemented in mobile phones so that you don t have to take your PDA and mobile phone with you everywhere you go. There are already devices that have the functionality of a PDA and the look of a mobile phone these devices are called smartphones. Like there is the Siemens SX1 and the PalmOne Treo 600.

135 126 Figure 31: Siemens SX1 Figure 32: PalmOne treo 600