Overview of Java 8 Functional Interfaces
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1 Overview of Java 8 Functional Interfaces Douglas C. Schmidt d.schmidt@vanderbilt.edu Professor of Computer Science Institute for Software Integrated Systems Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tennessee, USA
2 Learning Objectives in this Lesson Recognize foundational functional programming features in Java 8, e.g., Lambda expressions Method & constructor references Functional interfaces 2
3 Learning Objectives in this Lesson Recognize foundational functional programming features in Java 8, e.g., Lambda expressions Method & constructor references Functional interfaces These features are the foundation for Java 3 8 s concurrency/parallelism frameworks
4 Learning Objectives in this Lesson Recognize foundational functional programming features in Java 8 Understand how these Java 8 features are applied in concise example programs See github.com/douglascraigschmidt/livelessons/tree/master/java8 4
5 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces 5
6 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces A functional interface contains only one abstract method See 6
7 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces A functional interface is the type used for a parameter when a lambda expression or method reference is passed as an argument <T> void runtest(function<t, T> fact, T n) { System.out.println(n + " factorial = " + fact.apply(n)); } runtest(parallelstreamfactorial::factorial, n); See github.com/douglascraigschmidt/livelessons/tree/master/java8/ex16 7
8 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces A functional interface is the type used for a parameter when a lambda expression or method reference is passed as an argument <T> void runtest(function<t, T> fact, T n) { System.out.println(n + " factorial = " + fact.apply(n)); } runtest(parallelstreamfactorial::factorial, n); static BigInteger factorial(biginteger n) { return LongStream.rangeClosed(1, n).parallel().maptoobj(biginteger::valueof).reduce(biginteger.one, BigInteger::multiply); } 8
9 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces Java 8 defines many types of functional interfaces See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/function/package-summary.html 9
10 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces Java 8 defines many types of functional interfaces This list is large due to the need to support reference types & primitive types.. See dzone.com/articles/whats-wrong-java-8-part-ii 10
11 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces Java 8 defines many types of functional interfaces This list is large due to the need to support reference types & primitive types.. BiFunction Predicate Function We focus on the most common types of functional interfaces Functional Interfaces Supplier Consumer 11
12 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces Java 8 defines many types of functional interfaces This list is large due to the need to support reference types & primitive types.. BiFunction Predicate Function Functional Interfaces Supplier Consumer All the functional interfaces in the 12 upcoming examples are stateless!
13 Overview of Functional Interfaces: Predicate, Function, & BiFunction 13
14 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Predicate A Predicate performs a test that returns true or false, e.g., public interface Predicate<T> { boolean test(t t); } See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/function/predicate.html 14
15 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Predicate A Predicate performs a test that returns true or false, e.g., public interface Predicate<T> { boolean test(t t); } See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/function/predicate.html 15
16 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Predicate A Predicate performs a test that returns true or false, e.g., public interface Predicate<T> { boolean test(t t); } Map<String, Integer> iqmap = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer>() { { put("larry", 100); put("curly", 90); put("moe", 110); } }; System.out.println(iqMap); iqmap.entryset().removeif(entry -> entry.getvalue() <= 100); System.out.println(iqMap); See github.com/douglascraigschmidt/livelessons/tree/master/java8/ex10 16
17 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Predicate A Predicate performs a test that returns true or false, e.g., public interface Predicate<T> { boolean test(t t); } Map<String, Integer> iqmap = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer>() { { put("larry", 100); put("curly", 90); put("moe", 110); } }; This predicate lambda deletes System.out.println(iqMap); entries with iq <= 100 iqmap.entryset().removeif(entry -> entry.getvalue() <= 100); System.out.println(iqMap); 17
18 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Predicate A Predicate performs a test that returns true or false, e.g., public interface Predicate<T> { boolean test(t t); } Map<String, Integer> iqmap = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer>() { { put("larry", 100); put("curly", 90); put("moe", 110); } }; entry is short for (EntrySet entry), which leverages the type inference System.out.println(iqMap); capabilities of Java 8 s compiler iqmap.entryset().removeif(entry -> entry.getvalue() <= 100); System.out.println(iqMap); See docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/generics/gentypeinference.html 18
19 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Predicate A Predicate performs a test that returns true or false, e.g., public interface Predicate<T> { boolean test(t t); } interface Collection<T> { default boolean removeif(predicate<? super E> filter) { final Iterator<E> each = iterator(); while (each.hasnext()) { if (filter.test(each.next())) { each.remove(); Here s how the removeif() method 19 uses the Predicate passed to it
20 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Predicate A Predicate performs a test that returns true or false, e.g., public interface Predicate<T> { boolean test(t t); } interface Collection<T> { default boolean removeif(predicate<? super E> filter) { final Iterator<E> each = iterator(); while (each.hasnext()) { if (filter.test(each.next())) { each.remove(); entry -> entry.getvalue() <= 100 This predicate lambda returns true 20 if an element is <= too the value 100
21 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Predicate A Predicate performs a test that returns true or false, e.g., public interface Predicate<T> { boolean test(t t); } interface Collection<T> { default boolean removeif(predicate<? super E> filter) { final Iterator<E> each = iterator(); while (each.hasnext()) { if (filter.test(each.next())) { each.remove(); entry -> entry.getvalue() <= 100 if (each.next().getvalue() <= 100) The entry in the lambda predicate 21 is replaced by the parameter to test()
22 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Function A Function applies a computation on 1 parameter & returns a result, e.g., public interface Function<T, R> { R apply(t t); } See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/function/function.html 22
23 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Function A Function applies a computation on 1 parameter & returns a result, e.g., public interface Function<T, R> { R apply(t t); } See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/function/function.html 23
24 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Function A Function applies a computation on 1 parameter & returns a result, e.g., public interface Function<T, R> { R apply(t t); } Map<Integer, Integer> primecache = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(); Long smallestfactor = primecache.computeifabsent (primecandidate, (key) -> primechecker(key)); Integer primechecker(integer primecandidate) { // Determines if a number if prime } See github.com/douglascraigschmidt/livelessons/tree/master/java8/ex9 24
25 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Function A Function applies a computation on 1 parameter & returns a result, e.g., public interface Function<T, R> { R apply(t t); } Map<Integer, Integer> primecache = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(); Long smallestfactor = primecache.computeifabsent (primecandidate, (key) -> primechecker(key)); Integer primechecker(integer primecandidate) { // Determines if a number if prime } This method provides atomic check then act semantics See dig.cs.illinois.edu/papers/checkthenact.pdf 25
26 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Function A Function applies a computation on 1 parameter & returns a result, e.g., public interface Function<T, R> { R apply(t t); } Map<Integer, Integer> primecache = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(); Long smallestfactor = primecache.computeifabsent (primecandidate, (key) -> primechecker(key)); Integer primechecker(integer primecandidate) { // Determines if a number if prime } A lambda expression that calls a function 26
27 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Function A Function applies a computation on 1 parameter & returns a result, e.g., public interface Function<T, R> { R apply(t t); } Map<Integer, Integer> primecache = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(); Could also be a passed as a method reference Long smallestfactor = primecache.computeifabsent (primecandidate, this::primechecker); Integer primechecker(integer primecandidate) { // Determines if a number if prime } 27
28 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Function A Function applies a computation on 1 parameter & returns a result, e.g., public interface Function<T, R> { R apply(t t); } class ConcurrentHashMap<K,V> public V computeifabsent(k key, Function<? super K,? extends V> mappingfunction) { if ((f = tabat(tab, i = (n - 1) & h)) == null) if ((val = mappingfunction.apply(key))!= null) node = new Node<K,V>(h, key, val, null); Here s how the computeifabsent() method 28 uses the function passed to it
29 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Function A Function applies a computation on 1 parameter & returns a result, e.g., public interface Function<T, R> { R apply(t t); } class ConcurrentHashMap<K,V> this::primechecker public V computeifabsent(k key, Function<? super K,? extends V> mappingfunction) { if ((f = tabat(tab, i = (n - 1) & h)) == null) if ((val = mappingfunction.apply(key))!= null) node = new Node<K,V>(h, key, val, null); The lambda function is bound to this::primechecker 29 method reference
30 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Function A Function applies a computation on 1 parameter & returns a result, e.g., public interface Function<T, R> { R apply(t t); } class ConcurrentHashMap<K,V> public V computeifabsent(k key, Function<? super K,? extends V> mappingfunction) { if ((f = tabat(tab, i = (n - 1) & h)) == null) if ((val = mappingfunction.apply(key))!= null) node = new Node<K,V>(h, key, val, null); if ((val = primechecker(key))!= null) The apply() method is replaced with 30the primechecker() lambda function
31 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: BiFunction A BiFunction applies a computation on 2 parameters & returns a result, e.g., public interface BiFunction<T, U, R> { R apply(t t, U u); } See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/function/bifunction.html 31
32 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: BiFunction A BiFunction applies a computation on 2 parameters & returns a result, e.g., public interface BiFunction<T, U, R> { R apply(t t, U u); } See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/function/bifunction.html 32
33 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: BiFunction A BiFunction applies a computation on 2 parameters & returns a result, e.g., public interface BiFunction<T, U, R> { R apply(t t, U u); } Map<String, Integer> iqmap = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer>() { { put("larry", 100); put("curly", 90); put("moe", 110); } }; for (Map.Entry<String, Integer> entry : iqmap.entryset()) entry.setvalue(entry.getvalue() - 50); vs. iqmap.replaceall((k, v) -> v - 50); See github.com/douglascraigschmidt/livelessons/tree/master/java8/ex4 33
34 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: BiFunction A BiFunction applies a computation on 2 parameters & returns a result, e.g., public interface BiFunction<T, U, R> { R apply(t t, U u); } Map<String, Integer> iqmap = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer>() { { put("larry", 100); put("curly", 90); put("moe", 110); } }; for (Map.Entry<String, Integer> entry : iqmap.entryset()) entry.setvalue(entry.getvalue() - 50); vs. Conventional way of subtracting 50 IQ points from each person in map iqmap.replaceall((k, v) -> v - 50); 34
35 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: BiFunction A BiFunction applies a computation on 2 parameters & returns a result, e.g., public interface BiFunction<T, U, R> { R apply(t t, U u); } Map<String, Integer> iqmap = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer>() { { put("larry", 100); put("curly", 90); put("moe", 110); } }; for (Map.Entry<String, Integer> entry : iqmap.entryset()) entry.setvalue(entry.getvalue() - 50); vs. BiFunctional lambda subtracts 50 IQ points from each person in map iqmap.replaceall((k, v) -> v - 50); Unlike Entry operations, however, replaceall() 35 operates in a thread-safe manner!
36 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: BiFunction A BiFunction applies a computation on 2 parameters & returns a result, e.g., public interface BiFunction<T, U, R> { R apply(t t, U u); } class ConcurrentHashMap<K,V> { public void replaceall (BiFunction<? super K,? super V,? extends V> function) { for (Node<K,V> p; (p = it.advance())!= null; ) { V oldvalue = p.val; for (K key = p.key;;) { V newvalue = function.apply(key, oldvalue); replacenode(key, newvalue, oldvalue) Here s how the replaceall() method 36 uses the BiFunction passed to it
37 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: BiFunction A BiFunction applies a computation on 2 parameters & returns a result, e.g., public interface BiFunction<T, U, R> { R apply(t t, U u); } class ConcurrentHashMap<K,V> { (k, v) -> v - 50 public void replaceall (BiFunction<? super K,? super V,? extends V> function) { for (Node<K,V> p; (p = it.advance())!= null; ) { V oldvalue = p.val; for (K key = p.key;;) { V newvalue = function.apply(key, oldvalue); replacenode(key, newvalue, oldvalue) The bifunction parameter is bound 37to the lambda expression v - 50
38 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: BiFunction A BiFunction applies a computation on 2 parameters & returns a result, e.g., public interface BiFunction<T, U, R> { R apply(t t, U u); } class ConcurrentHashMap<K,V> { public void replaceall (k, v) -> v - 50 (BiFunction<? super K,? super V,? extends V> function) { for (Node<K,V> p; (p = it.advance())!= null; ) { V oldvalue = p.val; for (K key = p.key;;) { V newvalue = function.apply(key, oldvalue); replacenode(key, newvalue, oldvalue) V newvalue = oldvalue - 50 The apply() method is replaced 38 by the v 50 bifunction lambda
39 Overview of Functional Interfaces: Consumer & Supplier 39
40 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Consumer A Consumer accepts a parameter & returns no results, e.g., public interface Consumer<T> { void accept(t t); } See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/function/consumer.html 40
41 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Consumer A Consumer accepts a parameter & returns no results, e.g., public interface Consumer<T> { void accept(t t); } See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/function/consumer.html 41
42 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Consumer A Consumer accepts a parameter & returns no results, e.g., public interface Consumer<T> { void accept(t t); } List<Thread> threads = Arrays.asList(new Thread("Larry"), new Thread("Curly"), new Thread("Moe")); threads.foreach(system.out::println); threads.sort(comparator.comparing(thread::getname)); threads.foreach(system.out::println); See github.com/douglascraigschmidt/livelessons/tree/master/java8/ex5 42
43 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Consumer A Consumer accepts a parameter & returns no results, e.g., public interface Consumer<T> { void accept(t t); } List<Thread> threads = Arrays.asList(new Thread("Larry"), new Thread("Curly"), new Thread("Moe")); threads.foreach(system.out::println); threads.sort(comparator.comparing(thread::getname)); threads.foreach(system.out::println); Print out threads using foreach() 43 See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/iterable.html#foreach-java.util.function.consumer-
44 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Consumer A Consumer accepts a parameter & returns no results, e.g., public interface Consumer<T> { void accept(t t); } public interface Iterable<T> { default void foreach(consumer<? super T> action) { for (T t : this) { action.accept(t); } } Here s how the foreach() method 44uses the Consumer passed to it
45 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Consumer A Consumer accepts a parameter & returns no results, e.g., public interface Consumer<T> { void accept(t t); } public interface Iterable<T> { System.out::println default void foreach(consumer<? super T> action) { for (T t : this) { action.accept(t); } } The consumer lambda parameter is bound 45 to println() on the System.out field
46 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Consumer A Consumer accepts a parameter & returns no results, e.g., public interface Consumer<T> { void accept(t t); } public interface Iterable<T> { default void foreach(consumer<? super T> action) { for (T t : this) { action.accept(t); } } System.out.println(t) The accept() method is replaced 46 by the call to System.out.println()
47 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Consumer This example also shows a Function, e.g., public interface Function<T, R> { R apply(t t); } List<Thread> threads = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(new Thread("Larry"), new Thread("Curly"), new Thread("Moe"))); threads.foreach(system.out::println); threads.sort(comparator.comparing(thread::getname)); threads.foreach(system.out::println); 47
48 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Consumer This example also shows a Function, e.g., public interface Function<T, R> { R apply(t t); } List<Thread> threads = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(new Thread("Larry"), new Thread("Curly"), new Thread("Moe"))); threads.foreach(system.out::println); threads.sort(comparator.comparing(thread::getname)); threads.foreach(system.out::println); A method reference used to sort threads by name 48
49 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Consumer This example also shows a Function, e.g., public interface Function<T, R> { R apply(t t); } List<Thread> threads = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(new Thread("Larry"), new Thread("Curly"), new Thread("Moe"))); threads.foreach(system.out::println); threads.sort(comparator.comparing(thread::getname)); threads.foreach(system.out::println); A method reference used to sort threads by name 49 See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/comparator.html#comparing-java.util.function.function-
50 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Consumer This example also shows a Function, e.g., public interface Function<T, R> { R apply(t t); } interface Comparator { static <T, U extends Comparable<? super U>> Comparator<T> comparing(function<? super T,? extends U> keyex) { return ((c1, c2) -> keyex.apply(c1).compareto(keyex.apply(c2)); } Here s how the comparing() method 50 uses the Function passed to it
51 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Consumer This example also shows a Function, e.g., public interface Function<T, R> { R apply(t t); } interface Comparator { static <T, U extends Comparable<? super U>> Comparator<T> comparing(function<? super T,? extends U> keyex) { return ((c1, c2) -> Thread::getName() keyex.apply(c1).compareto(keyex.apply(c2)); } The Thread::getName() method reference 51 is bound to the keyex parameter
52 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Consumer This example also shows a Function, e.g., public interface Function<T, R> { R apply(t t); } interface Comparator { static <T, U extends Comparable<? super U>> Comparator<T> comparing(function<? super T,? extends U> keyex) { return ((c1, c2) -> keyex.apply(c1).compareto(keyex.apply(c2)); } c1.getname().compareto(c2.getname()) The getname() methods are then called 52 to compare the two thread names
53 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Supplier A Supplie returns a value & takes no parameters, e.g., public interface Supplier<T> { T get(); } See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/function/supplier.html 53
54 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Supplier A Supplie returns a value & takes no parameters, e.g., public interface Supplier<T> { T get(); } See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/function/supplier.html 54
55 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Supplier A Supplie returns a value & takes no parameters, e.g., public interface Supplier<T> { T get(); } Map<String, String> beingmap = new HashMap<String, String>() { { put("demon", "Naughty"); put("angel", "Nice"); } }; String being = ; Returns default value if being not found Optional<String> disposition = Optional.ofNullable(beingMap.get(being)); System.out.println("disposition of " + being + " = " + disposition.orelseget(() -> "unknown")); See github.com/douglascraigschmidt/livelessons/tree/master/java8/ex6 55
56 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Supplier A Supplie returns a value & takes no parameters, e.g., public interface Supplier<T> { T get(); } Map<String, String> beingmap = new HashMap<String, String>() { { put("demon", "Naughty"); put("angel", "Nice"); } }; String being = ; Returns default value if being is not found Optional<String> disposition = Optional.ofNullable(beingMap.get(being)); System.out.println("disposition of " + being + " = " + disposition.orelseget(() -> "unknown")); See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/optional.html 56
57 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Supplier A Supplie returns a value & takes no parameters, e.g., public interface Supplier<T> { T get(); } class Optional<T> { public T orelseget(supplier<? extends T> other) { return value!= null? value : other.get(); } Here s how the orelseget() method 57 uses the Supplier passed to it
58 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Supplier A Supplie returns a value & takes no parameters, e.g., public interface Supplier<T> { T get(); } class Optional<T> { () -> "unknown" public T orelseget(supplier<? extends T> other) { return value!= null? value : other.get(); } The string literal "unknown" is bound 58 to the supplier lambda parameter
59 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Supplier A Supplie returns a value & takes no parameters, e.g., public interface Supplier<T> { T get(); } class Optional<T> { () -> "unknown" public T orelseget(supplier<? extends T> other) { return value!= null? value : other.get(); } : "unknown" The string "unknown" returns 59 by orelseget() if the value is null
60 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Supplier A constructor reference is also a Supplier, e.g., public interface Supplier<T> { T get(); } class CrDemo { public static void main(string[] argv) { Supplier<CrDemo> supplier = CrDemo::new; System.out.println(supplier.get().hello()); } } private String hello() { return "hello"; } See github.com/douglascraigschmidt/livelessons/tree/master/java8/ex7 60
61 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Supplier A constructor reference is also a Supplier, e.g., public interface Supplier<T> { T get(); } class CrDemo { public static void main(string[] argv) { Supplier<CrDemo> supplier = CrDemo::new; System.out.println(supplier.get().hello()); } } private String hello() { return "hello"; } Create a supplier object that s initialized with a constructor reference for class CrDemo See 61
62 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Supplier A constructor reference is also a Supplier, e.g., public interface Supplier<T> { T get(); } class CrDemo { public static void main(string[] argv) { Supplier<CrDemo> supplier = CrDemo::new; System.out.println(supplier.get().hello()); } } private String hello() { return "hello"; } get() creates a CrDemo object using the constructor reference 62
63 Overview of Common Functional Interfaces: Supplier A constructor reference is also a Supplier, e.g., public interface Supplier<T> { T get(); } class CrDemo { public static void main(string[] argv) { Supplier<CrDemo> supplier = CrDemo::new; System.out.println(supplier.get().hello()); } } private String hello() { return "hello"; } Calls a method in CrDemo 63
64 Other Properties of Functional Interfaces 64
65 Other Properties of Functional Interfaces A functional interface may also have default methods or static methods interface Comparator { int compare(t o1, T o2); boolean equals(object obj); default Comparator<T> reversed() { return Collections.reverseOrder(this); } static <T extends Comparable<? super T>> Comparator<T> reverseorder() { return Collections.reverseOrder(); } See docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/iandi/defaultmethods.html 65
66 Other Properties of Functional Interfaces A functional interface may also have default methods or static methods, e.g. interface Comparator { int compare(t o1, T o2); boolean equals(object obj); default Comparator<T> reversed() { return Collections.reverseOrder(this); } static <T extends Comparable<? super T>> Comparator<T> reverseorder() { return Collections.reverseOrder(); } See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/comparator.html 66
67 Other Properties of Functional Interfaces A functional interface may also have default methods or static methods, e.g., interface Comparator { int compare(t o1, T o2); boolean equals(object obj); default Comparator<T> reversed() { return Collections.reverseOrder(this); } static <T extends Comparable<? super T>> Comparator<T> reverseorder() { return Collections.reverseOrder(); } See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/comparator.html 67
68 Other Properties of Functional Interfaces A functional interface may also have default methods or static methods, e.g., interface Comparator { int compare(t o1, T o2); boolean equals(object obj); default Comparator<T> reversed() { return Collections.reverseOrder(this); } static <T extends Comparable<? super T>> Comparator<T> reverseorder() { return Collections.reverseOrder(); } See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/comparator.html 68
69 Other Properties of Functional Interfaces A functional interface may also have default methods or static methods, e.g., interface Comparator { int compare(t o1, T o2); boolean equals(object obj); default Comparator<T> reversed() { return Collections.reverseOrder(this); } static <T extends Comparable<? super T>> Comparator<T> reverseorder() { return Collections.reverseOrder(); } See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/comparator.html 69
70 Other Properties of Functional Interfaces A functional interface may also have default methods or static methods, e.g., interface Comparator { int compare(t o1, T o2); boolean equals(object obj); default Comparator<T> reversed() { return Collections.reverseOrder(this); } static <T extends Comparable<? super T>> Comparator<T> reverseorder() { return Collections.reverseOrder(); } See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/comparator.html 70
71 Other Properties of Functional Interfaces A functional interface may also have default methods or static methods, e.g., interface Comparator { int compare(t o1, T o2); boolean equals(object obj); An abstract method that overrides a public java.lang.object method does not count as part of the interface's abstract method count default Comparator<T> reversed() { return Collections.reverseOrder(this); } static <T extends Comparable<? super T>> Comparator<T> reverseorder() { return Collections.reverseOrder(); } See docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/functionalinterface.html 71
72 End of Overview of Java 8 Functional Interfaces 72
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