Computer. Parts of computer:-

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1 Computer Computer is an electronic machine, automatic and programmable. That accepts data, process and gives result very fast and accurate. On other hand, we can say that computer is an arithmetic and logical calculating machine. Parts of computer:- 1) Monitor or visual display unit (VDU) 2) Central processing unit (CPU) 3) Keyboard 4) Mouse 5) Uninterrupted power supply (UPS) 6) Printer 7) Speaker and more.. Use of computer:- 1. Radar communication 2. Weather fore casting 3. Architecture design 4. Scientific job 5. Medical 6. Book publishing and DTP job 7. Multimedia 8. E-commerce and e-governance 9. Broadcasting 10. Networking 11. Online education 12. Share trading and banking 13. Textile design

2 14. Engineering 15. Shopping and more Q. - who is the father of computer? Ans. - Charles Babbage is the father of computer. Q. who is Charles Babbage? Ans. Charles Babbage is the professor of mathematics of Cambridge University (USA). He is known as father of computer. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A COMPUTER INPUT ALU CU MU OUTPUT MEMORY INPUT DEVICE We inter data, instruction and picture to the system through input device to get the result. Ex: - mouse, keyboard, scanner, light pen, joystick, trackball, remote, MICR (magnetic ink character reader), OCR (optical character reader), BCR (bar code reader), OMR (optical mark reader), microphone, etc. Mouse- The mouse pointing device sits on your work surface and is moved with your hand. There are three clicks-

3 Left click, Right click And scroll. Keyboard- A keyboard is a most common device. It is used for entering data into a computer system. It has many buttons like arithmetical, logical, alphabetical, symbolic, numeric, etc. Besides the usual letters and punctuation marks found on any typewriter, a computer keyboard has other important keys: Enter or Return keys- This key is used to signal the end of an entry. Basically, it tells the computer to go ahead and process what was just typed. Backspace key- This key is used to go back and type over a previously typed character. Shift key- This key located at either sides of keyboard, one of the shift keys is held down while pressing another key to produce a capital letter or the symbol on the top part of the keyboard. Caps lock- When the caps lock key is pressed, capital letters will appear when you press letter keys. Tab key- This key is used to advance to the next tab stop. Escape key- The ESC key is used to cancel a previously typed entry or to end a program. Break key- This key is much like the Esc key. Control key- It is used to control a program s actions by sending certain codes to the computer. Alternate key- It is used to give an alternate meaning to the key pressed along with it. Insert key- This key is often used to insert a new entry between existing entries.

4 Delete key- This key is often used to erase an entry or a single character. Function keys- These keys are pressed to activate frequently used operations within a program. They are used differently by different programs. Cursor movement keys (Arrow keys) - Most programs use these keys to let you move the cursor around the screen. The cursor movement keys include up arrow, down arrow, left arrow, right arrow, home, end, page up, page down. Numeric keypad- This is an array of keys at the right side of a keyboard that resembles the layout of a calculator s keys. Num lock- This key is used to switch the functions of the numeric keypad. Print screen- If you have a printer, this key is pressed to send a copy of the current print screen to your printer. Pause- This key is used to temporarily suspend the operation of the current program. Scroll lock- This key is used by few programs and it has no standard function. Scanner- Scanner is an input device. It is used to copy an actual page or a photograph on the computer. Central processing unit The control unit and ALU of the computer are together known as the central processing unit. Now a day, a single IC does the job of controlling all units of the computer. The CPU is like as a heart cum brain of a computer. ** It performs all calculations. ** It takes all decisions. ** It controls all units of the computer.

5 Main components of a CPU 1. Arithmetic and logic unit- the ALU is part of the CPU where all mathematical calculations and logical functions are performed. 2. Control unit- the control unit controls all other units in the computer. The CU is the central nervous system of the computer that controls and synchronizes it s working. 3. Registers- it is a internal storage unit of a computer, where programs and their data are stored. Register provides temporary storage during program execution. Hardware components of a CPU Motherboard SMPS (switch mode power supply) CD/DVD player Hard disk Sound card RAM (Random Access memory) OUTPUT DEVICE The output devices are the computer parts through which we get the results of processed data. An input device sends information to the CPU for processing. After processing we get the result on the output device. Ex: - Monitor, printer, speaker, etc. Monitor- Monitor is one of the most common output devices. A monitor is similar to a T.V screen. It is also known as visual display unit. There are two types of monitor:- CRT (cathode ray tube) LCD (liquid crystal display)

6 TFT (thin film transistor) Speaker- Speaker is the output device that produces sound. Printer- Printers are the devices produce a permanent record on media such as paper sheets or paper tape. After creating a document on the computer, you can send it to the printer for printing its hard copy which is generally called a printout. The speed of a printer is rated by ppm (page per minute) or cps (character per second). Printers can be divided into two distinct categories:- Impact printer- The printer which prints a complete character, such as on a typewriter key, strikes a carbon ribbon or other inked surface against paper produce an image of the character. Ex Daisy wheel printer, Dot matrix printer, line printer, etc. Non impact printer- The printer which prints a character, without any striking rather by using thermal or electrostatic mechanism. Ex Laser printer, inkjet printer, plotter, microfilm, speech synthesizer, etc. Memory The memory of a microcomputer is where programs and data are stored when they are currently in active use. There Are Two Types Of Memory:- (1) Primary memory The memory built inside the chips called primary memory. It is also called core memory. Primary memory is limited memory. It is two types:- (A) RAM (Random Access Memory) RAM is used to storage data and program temporary. RAM is also known as Read/write memory. It is also types:- <1> SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) <2> DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)

7 (B) ROM (Read Only Memory) ROM is used to storage data by manufactures. It contains elementary information about by hard work and special types of program. There are three types of ROM:- <1> PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) <2> EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) <3> EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable Read Only Memory) (2) Secondary memory it is a large storage page, where data is fed by user. The secondary memory is unlimited in storage capacity. Ex- Hard disk, Floppy disk, CD, DVD, etc. MEMORY Main or, Primary memory RAM (Random access memory) ROM (Read only memory) Mass or, Secondary memory Hard disk or, Winchester disk Magnetic tape Floppy disk CD ROM (Compact disk) Note: - RAM is a volatile memory. ROM is a non-volatile memory. Units of memory:- Either 0 or 1 DVD (Digital versatile disk) = 1 bit 4 bits = 1 nibble 8 bits = 1 byte 1024 byte = 1 kilo byte (KB) 1024 KB = 1 mega byte (MB)

8 1024 MB = 1 gega byte (GB) 1024 GB = 1 tetra byte (TB) And more Generation of a Computer # 1 st generation of computer ( ) The vacuum tube which is also called valves is the main component of 1 st generation of computer. The 1 st computer used valves, weighted 30 tons, and occupied an area of a big hall. The consume massive amount of electricity. Its speed is very slow. Ex: - ENIAC, IBM-650, IBM-170, etc. # 2 nd generation of computer ( ) In 2 nd generation, transistors are used instead of a valve. Transistor is a semi conductor device. Whose size is about 1/50 th of a valve and perform the same function as that of a large valve. 2 nd generation computer are faster than 1 st generation computer. Ex: - IBM-7000, IBM-1620, IBM-1401, etc. # 3 rd generation of computer ( ) Silicon chips are used in the 3 rd generation of computer. These chips are called integrated circuit (IC). A small chip could have the equivalent of transistors. 3 rd generation computers are faster than 1 st and 2 nd generation computer. Ex: - ENIAC-1100, IBM-300, IBM-370, etc. # 4 th generation of computer (1970- onward)

9 In this generation electronic components further minimized through very large scale integrated circuit (VLSI). CRAY, CRAY-XMP, etc. Million of transistors are packed in a single chip. Ex: - # 5 th generation of computer (1982- onward) From 1982 to onward research is on develop a 5 th generation of computer. That will have the thinking power just like that a human mind of brain. Ex: - Robot, Bluetooth, etc. Classification of computer Digital computer Analog computer Hybrid computer Personal Mini Mainframe Super (1) Digital computer These computers are computer which represent data in term of number and process data using the standard arithmetic operation. (2) Analog computer These computers are computer which works on the basic of continuous measurement of physical quantities. Ex walk meter, speed meter, etc. (3) Hybrid computer it is the combination of digital and analog computers. This is used to large organization and teaching purpose. Parts of digital computer Size of computer Or

10 (1) Personal computer It is a low cost of digital computer. This types of computer contain a micro processor as if C.P.U, memory unit, input and output devices. It is also called micro computer. (2) Minicomputer A mini computer is a medium size of computer. That has more lost of storage capacity, powerful and faster than micro computer. (3) Mainframe computer The computer which has large storage capacity and very high speed of processing compared to micro and minicomputer. It is used in a large organization. (4) Super computer It is used to solve metallic problems of real process. These computers are much faster and more powerful than all computers. Computer system Software Hardware System software OS (operating system) Programming language Application software Custom software Standard software Hardware The component that can be physically touched are hardware. They are all visible component, involved in the working of a computer system. Keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, scanner, etc. are the example of hardware. Software A set of computer programs/instruction that help the computer to solve problems is called software. It is of two types

11 (1) System software (2) Application software System software that software that are used to operate system. It is known as system software. Ex- windows-98, win-7, XP, vista, etc. Application software that software is known as application software which is used to do some specific jobs. Ex MS-office, Tally, Adobe Photoshop, Corel draw, etc. It is two types- (1) custom software and (2) standard software Q- What is data? All inputs are called data. Ex- alphabet, numeric, symbols, etc. Q- What is program? The set of instructions or data is called program. Q- What is virus? Viruses are the destructive program created destroyed the system. Number system 1. Binary number The number system with base 2 is known as binary number system. In this number system, two digits 0 or 1 are representation a number. Ex ( ) 2, (100010) 2, etc. 2. Decimal number - The number system with base 10 is known as decimal number system. In this number system, ten digits 0 to 9 are representation a number. Ex (45) 10, (98) 10, etc. 3. Octal number - The number system with base 8 is known as octal number system. In this number system, eight digits 0 to 7 are representation a number. Ex (56) 8, (72) 8, etc.

12 4. Hexa-decimal number - The number system with base 16 is known as binary number system. In this number system, sixteen digits 0 to 9 and A to F are representation a number. Ex (3DB) 16, (2AF) 16, etc. Note: - 10 = A 11 = B 12 = C 13 = D 14 = E 15 = F Exercise Decimal to Binary (98) 10 Binary to Decimal (101010) 2 Decimal to Octal (98)10 Octal to Decimal (142) 8

13 Decimal to Hexa-decimal (987) 16 Language A language is a system of communication with our natural language. Similarly a computer language is system of communication used to communicate between people and computer. There are three types of language:- (1) Machine level language machine language is the only language that computer understands. It is the fundamental language of the computer. In machine language instructions are written as strings of 0s and 1s. Each type of computer has its own machine language. It is directly related to the CPU used in that computer. It is also called Low level language. As machine language is the language of the CPU, programs written in this language are executed very fast. However, writing programs in machine language is very time consuming, complex and error prone. (2) Assembly level language it uses certain pre-defined symbolic codes instead of binary codes. These symbolic codes are called Mnemonics.for example ADD, SUB, MOV, etc. Writing programs in Assembly level language is easier and less time consuming compared to writing programs in machine language. Assembly level language is also cpu specific. However, making modifications in ALL programs is relatively easy.

14 Assembler computers understand only machine level language. Therefore to run a program written in assembly level language, it has to be translated into machine language before you can run it. The Assembler is a program which converts Assembly level language into Machine level language. (3) High level language In High level language the program can be written using simple English words and common mathematical symbols. While writing a program in a HLL, the programmer need not know the internal structure of the computer rather concentrates on the logic of the program. We use computers for different types of applications, such as business, scientific, engineering, etc. on the same lines, different HLLs have been developed to efficiently handle different applications. Some of the common High level languages are BAISC, FORTRAN, COBOL, C, C++, etc. Complier It is a program which converts each instruction written In High level language into machine level language. The complier converts all lines at a time. Interpreter - It is a program which converts each instruction written In High level language into machine level language. The interpreter converts instruction by instruction i.e. line by line. Multimedia Multimedia (Lat. Multum + Medium) is media that uses multiple forms of information content and information processing (e.g. text, audio, graphics, animation, and video, interactivity) to inform or entertain the audience (user). Multimedia also refers to the use of electronic media to store and experience multimedia content. Multimedia is similar to traditional mixed media in fine art, but with a broader scope. The term rich media is synonymous for interactive multimedia. Multimedia means that computer info can be represented through audio, graphics,

15 image, video and animation in addition to traditional media (text and graphics). Hypermedia can be considered one particular multimedia application. INTERNET The internet is a world wide network of networks operated by a multiple of organization are connected together collectively to form the internet. WHY USE THE INTERNET? 1. To exchange electronic mail with friend all over the globe for a very small price. 2. To participate in-group discussion on topics of interest, through public news groups. 3. To find educational tools, universities around the world, book stores, and libraries are sharing online information. 4. Commercial electronic stores are growing in number in the USA and Europe.One can order different products over the internet. 5. In the case of business, one can get technical support for products one is using. One can publish information such as technical or marketing literature on the web site. 6. To entertain- it is fun and easy to expand an hour moving from one topic to another. HISTORY OF INTERNET:- The internet started as a U.S government project in the year 1960 called the ARPANET (After the Advance Research Project agency) which supervised it in the beginning. In the mid of 1960 researchers were beginning to experiment with the idea of computer network that were both fast and reliable over ordinary connection media such as telephone lines. In the 1969, the Department of defense through Advance Research Project agency (ARPA) created on experiment at packet switch network over telephone lines. The medium (through phone lines) was ideal for receiving and transmitting information using packet switching ARPA net allowed scientist,

16 researcher and military personal at diverse sides to communicate using electronic mail ( ) or through real time, online conversion. In the 1970 ARPA, develop sets of rules called protocols that helped this communication take place. Before the close the decode this connecting craze had spread in such a way that facilities all over the world were connected to the network. During the 1980 network, connecting to the ARPANET continued to grow. In 1982, ARPANET joined with MILNET (The military network) and a few other networks. In the 1990, the internet has grown at such a speed the developer could never have dreamed off. New facilities are joining at a phenomenal rate, and many individual are joining internet through service providers or through familiar on lines services such as- MS PAINT Alternatively referred to as MS Paint and Microsoft Paint, Paint is a simple program that allows users to create basic graphic art on a computer. Included with every versionof Microsoft Windows since its in exception. Paint provides basic functionality for drawing and painting in color or black and white, as well as shaped stencils and cured line tools.its extension name is.bmp(bitmap image) TO OPEN PAINT Click On Start Button >All Programs >Accessories> Paint. Or Click On Start Button >Run> Type Mspaint.Exe >Click On Ok Or Click On Start Button >In Search Box Type Paint >Select Paint From List. Screen of Microsoft Paint

17 SAVING Click the paint button, and then click save. In the save as type box, select the file format you want. In the file name box, type name, and then click save. Open Picture Click the paint button, and then click open. Find the picture you want to open in paint, click it, and then click open Set Desktop Background Click the paint button, and then click save. Click the paint button, point to set as desktop background, and then click one of the desktop background settings. Use Cut And Paste Click on select, and then drag the pointer to select the area or object you want to cut. In the clipboard group, click on cut.

18 Then click on paste. Copy And Paste click on select, and then drag the pointer to select the area or object you want to copy. In the clipboard group, click on copy. Then click on paste. Use Select Tool 1. To select any square or rectangular part of the picture, click rectangular selection, and then drag the pointer to select the part of the picture you want to work with. 2. To select any irregularly shaped part of the picture, click free-form selection, and then drag the pointer to select the part of the picture you want to work with. 3. To select the whole picture, click select all. 4. To select everything in the picture except for the currently selected area, click invert selection. 5. To delete the selected object, click delete. Use Crop Tool Click the arrow under select, and then click the kind of selection you want to make. Resizing A Picture On the home tab, in the image group, click Resize Drag the pointer to select the part of the picture you want to show. Use Rotate Tool To rotate the whole picture, on the home tab, in the image group, click rotate, and then click the rotation direction.

19 To rotate an object or part of a picture, on the home tab, in the image group, click select. Drag the pointer to select the area or object, click rotate, and then click the rotation direction. Use The Pencil Tool Click On The Pencil Tool. Click color1, click a color, and then drag the pointer to draw. Fill Color Click on fill with color. In the colors group, click color1, click a color, and then click inside the area to fill it. Use Adding Text Click the text tool A. Drag the pointer in the drawing area where you want to add text. Under text tools, on the text tab, in the font group, click the font face, size, and style. In the colors group, click color 1, and then click a color for the text. Type the text that you want to add. If you want the background of the text area to be filled, in the background group, click opaque. In the colors group, click color2, and then click a background color for the text area. Erasing Part Of A Picture On the home tab, in the tools group, click the Eraser Click size, click an eraser size, and then drag the eraser over the area of the picture that you want to erase. Color Picker On the home tab, in the tools group, click color picker.

20 Magnifier (Use the magnifier tool to zoom in on a part of your picture.) On the home tab, in the tools group, click the magnifier. Use Brushes click the down arrow under brushes. Click the artistic brush that you want to use. Click size, and then click a line size, which determines the thickness of the brush stroke. Then drag the pointer to paint. Use Line Tool Click the line tool. Click a line size, which determines the thickness of the line. Then drag the pointer to draw the line. To change the line style, in the shapes group, click outline, and then click a line style. Use Curve Tool click the curve tool. Click size, which determine the thickness of the line. Select a color, and then drag the pointer to draw the line. After you have created the line, click the area in the picture where you want the arc of the curve to be, and then drag the pointer to adjust the curve. Drawing Different Shapes Click a ready-made shape. To draw the shape, drag the pointer. To change the line style, in the shapes group, click outline, and then click on line style. If you don t want your shape to have on outline, click outline, and then click no outline. To change the outline size, click size, and then click a line size.

21 In the colors group, click a color for the outline. In the colors group, click color2, and then click a color to fill the shape. To change the fill style, in the shapes group, click fill, and then click a fill style. Use Polygon Tool Click the polygon tool. To draw a polygon, drag the pointer to draw a straight line. Then, click each point where you want additional sides to appear. Connect the last line to the first line to finish drawing the polygon and to close the shape. VIEW MENU (Alt+W) Zoom In And Out To increase the zoom level, click zoom in. To increase the zoom level, click zoom out. RULERS To show rulers, on the view tab, in the show or hide group, select the Rulers check box. To hide or show the rulers, GRIDLINES To show gridlines, click on the gridlines box. Full Screen To view the picture on the entire screen, in the display group, click full screen. NOTEPAD Notepad is a generic text editor included with all versions of MicrosoftWindows that allows you to create, open, and read plaintext files. If the file contains special formatting or is not a plaintext file, it will not be able to be read in Microsoft Notepad. The image to the right is a small example of what the Microsoft Notepad may look like while running.

22 To open notepad To open notepad, click on start button >> all programs >> accessories >> notepad. Or Click on start button>>run>>notepad.exe WORDPAD WordPad is a Microsoft Windows program that you can use to create documents such as letters, notes and posters. It's less complicated than a full word processor but still lets you perform a range of tasks: To open Word pad: Click the start button, click all programs, click Accessories, and then click word pad. Or Start >>run>>wordpad.exe To create Open, and Save Documents CREATE A NEW FOLDER 1. Go to the location where you want to create a new folder. 2. Right click a blank area on the desktop or in the folder window, point to new, and then click folder. 3. Type a name for the new folder, and then press ENTE. To Add Folder 1. Click the file menu, point to folder, and then click new. 2. Type the name of your folder in the folder name box. 3. In the select the folder in which to create the new folder list, click the folder where you want to store your new folder. To Delete Folder 1. Select folder which you want to delete press SHIFT+DELETE. To Rename Folder

23 Right click on folder, click on rename, type the file name which you want, click any Where. Or Select the folder, press F2 button, type the name which you want, click any Where. To restore file and folder Go to recycle bin, right click the folder or file which you want, click on restore. To create folder without name Right click on empty area, go to new, click on folder, hold down Alt+ key and press 255. To hide folder Right click on folder, click on properties choose hidden, click on apply click on OK Click on start, click on computer click on organize dropdown box, click on folder and search option click on view tab, choose don t show hidden file, folders or drive click on apply, click on OK. To change folder icon Right click on folder, click on properties, click on customize tab, click on change icon, choose the icon which you want click ok, click on Apply click ok. To open run command Right click on taskbar area, click on properties, click on start menu tab, click on customize, scroll down your mouse click on run command, click on ok, apply ok. Recycle Bin When you delete a file, it is move to the recycle bin. GADGETS Right click your desktop and select Gadgets. Select and drag the gadgets you desire, and place them anywhere you want on the desktop.

24 To create a user account Click on start, click on control panel, click on user account, click on mange another account click on create a new account, choose the account type (standard or administrator), type the account name which you want click on account. To create a password: From the Manage Accounts pane, click the account name or picture. Click Create a password. Type a password in the new password field, and retype it in the Conform new password field. Click create password. To change your account picture. From the Manage Account pane, click the account name or picture. Click change the picture. Select a picture. Click change picture. Open Character map Start>>Run>>charmap.exe Disk Defragmenter Start>>Run>>dfrgui.exe To create shortcut Right click on blank area, go to new, click on shortcut, click on browse, click on computer, click on C-drive, click on window, click on system- 32, scroll down your mouse choose your appropriate option (notepad, MS paint), click on ok, click on next, inter the name which you want, click on finish. KEYBAORD SHORTCUTS

25 Press This Key F1 Ctrl+ C Ctrl+ X Ctrl+ V Ctrl+ Z Ctrl+ Y F2 Ctrl+ A F3 F5 Ctrl+ N Ctrl+ Shift+ N F11 Alt+ Enter Ctrl + O Ctrl +P F12 To Do This Work Display help Copy the selected item Cut the selected item Paste the selected item Undo an action Redo an action Rename the selected item Select all items in a document or window Search for a file or folder Refresh the active window Open a new window Create a new folder Maximize or minimize the active window Open the properties dialog box. For the selected item Open The File Print The Document Save as

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