OFF-PATH ATTACKS AGAINST PUBLIC KEY INFRASTRUCTURES. Markus Brandt, Tianxiang Dai, Elias Heftrig, Amit Klein, Haya Shulman, Michael Waidner
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1 OFF-PATH ATTACKS AGAINST PUBLIC KEY INFRASTRUCTURES Markus Brandt, Tianxiang Dai, Elias Heftrig, Amit Klein, Haya Shulman, Michael Waidner 1
2 AGENDA Objectives Attacking Impact Mitigation Summary 2
3 AGENDA Objectives Attacking Impact Mitigation Summary 3
4 WEB PKI WHAT IS IT GOOD FOR? client 4
5 WEB PKI UNSECURED COMMUNICATION client 5
6 WEB PKI SECURED COMMUNICATION Certificate is signed by trusted CA client 6
7 WEB PKI SECURE AGAINST SPOOFING Certificate is not signed by trusted CA client ebay 7
8 ATTACKER MODEL Off-path attacker cannot eavesdrop, block, delay or modify packets in any way injects packets with spoofed sender address Means of Attack leverage IP defragmentation cache poisoning to achieve DNS cache poisoning for exploiting Domain Validation 8
9 CERTIFICATE ISSUANCE WITH DOMAIN VALIDATION
10 DNS - QUERIES The yellow pages of the Internet Client DNS resolver 10
11 DNS - QUERIES If cached the resolver will reply with the cached answer Client DNS resolver
12 DNS - QUERIES If not cached the resolver will recursively lookup the answer Client DNS resolver Nameserver ns.ebay.com 12
13 DNS - QUERIES Client DNS resolver Nameserver ns.ebay.com 13
14 DNS - QUERIES Client DNS resolver Nameserver ns.ebay.com
15 DNS CACHE POISONING Client DNS resolver Nameserver ns.ebay.com
16 DNS CHALLENGE RESPONSE SECURITY Prevention mechanisms against off-path attacks UDP source port randomization TXID randomization 32 random bits Here: impractical to guess Do fragmentation attack instead 16
17 IP FRAGMENTATION Net Net Net Bob, how much I love you! From: To : Bob, how much I love you! From: To : Bob, how much I... From: To : love you! Bob, how much I love you! 17
18 IP DEFRAGMENTATION CACHE POISONING Net Net Net Bob, how much I love you! From: To : Bob, how much I love you! From: To : Bob, how much I... From: To : DES PISE you! Bob, how much I DESPISE you! 18
19 BYPASSING DNS OFF-PATH SECURITY MECHANISMS Net Net Net Bob, how much I love you! From: To : Bob, how much I love you! CHALLENGE- RESPONSE VALUES From: To : DES PISE you! Bob, how much I DESPISE you! 19
20 BYPASSING DNS OFF-PATH SECURITY MECHANISMS FIRST FRAGMENT OF RESPONSE Contains response to the challenge and parts of the DNS response Challenges Guessing IPID Matching UDP checksum 20
21 BYPASSING DNS OFF-PATH SECURITY MECHANISMS SECOND FRAGMENT OF RESPONSE DNS payload UDP checksum can be matched using true fragment IPID usually is guessable counter 21
22 CAUSING FRAGMENTATION WITH ICMP Type=3 Destination unreachable Code=4 Fragmentation needed and DF set 22
23 AGENDA Objectives Attacking Impact Mitigation Summary 23
24 ATTACKER ISSUES FRAUDULENT CERTIFICATE Attacker: Certificate Authority Web Server Server Resolver Victim: Preprocessing Poisoning Exploitation , ICMP fragmentation needed Estimate IPID speed A?exchanger0.victim-org.info 1 An: A Au: NS ns0.victim-org.info 2 Au: NS ns000.attacker.info CSR, 1 st DV address 2 nd DV address MX? victim... An: MX exchanger0.attacker... A? exchanger0.attacker... An: A DV DV validation code SSL certificate MX? An: MX exchanger0.victim... A? 1 An: A Au: NS ns0.victim-org.info DV 24
25 25
26 USING IT client ebay Our certificate is signed by a trusted CA. 26
27 AGENDA Objectives Attacking Impact Mitigation Summary 27
28 EFFECTS ON VICTIMS For victim users Injected malware Theft of credentials, sensitive data, identity, Loss of reputation and trust For victim CA and target domain 28
29 VULNERABILITIES IN THE WILD We tested 17 CAs that perform Domain Validation Covering > 95% of the certificate market Found 5 vulnerable Only one vulnerable CA is sufficient to obtain the target certificate Usually it does not matter, which CA signed it Web PKI security is undermined 29
30 AGENDA Objectives Attacking Impact Mitigation Summary 30
31 PRECONDITIONS FOR THE ATTACK Domain Validation Is offered in the first place IP fragmentation allowed for victim name server of target domain in CA network DNS via UDP 31
32 MITIGATION TECHNIQUES Disable Domain Validation? Would leave us only with much more expensive alternatives Suppress IP Fragmentation? Would disconnect some networks Force DNS over TCP? Off-path TCP injection attacks do exist Also: Short-lived BGP prefix hijacks for MITM DNS cache poisoning are on the rise 32
33 MITIGATION TECHNIQUES We need MITM resilient Domain Validation DoH / DoT? Securing a PKI with the very same PKI? DNSSEC? The way to go But still not properly deployed since mid-90s! 33
34 DROP-IN REPLACEMENT DOMAIN VALIDATION++ Uses orchestrator that evaluates voting from hardened DV agents each performing the DNS part Communicates via HTTPS Using out-of-pki certificates For more details, visit pki.cad.sit.fraunhofer.de Over (mostly) non-overlapping paths through the internet 34
35 AGENDA Objectives Attacking Impact Mitigation Summary 35
36 SUMMARY Off-path attack against Domain Validation Using DNS cache poisoning and IP defragmentation cache poisoning To acquire fraudulent certificates for domains under foreign operation Web PKI, which is meant to provide security against strong MITM attackers, relies on a weak building block that can be circumvented even by a weak off-path attacker. 36
37 FURTHER INFORMATION pki.cad.sit.fraunhofer.de 37
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