Kerberos MIT protocol
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1 Kerberos MIT protocol December 11 th 2009 Amit Shinde
2 Kerberos MIT protocol Motivation behind the design Overview of Kerberos Protocol Kerberized applications Attacks and Security analysis Q & A
3 Motivations behind the design The user's password must never travel over the network. The user's password must never be stored in any form on the client machine. The user's password should never be stored in an unencrypted form. Single Sign-On. Centralized Authentication information management. Mutual authentication. Establish an encrypted connection.
4 Kerberos overview A network authentication protocol. Client/server authentication by using secret-key cryptography. Developed at MIT in the mid 1980s Available as open source or in supported commercial software. Symmetric key encryption. Two versions V4 and V5.
5 Components and terms Realm- authentication administrative domain Principal -entries in the authentication server database e.g. Authenticator user principal and time stamp encrypted with the session key. Salt- K pippo - string2key ( P pippo + "pippo@example.com")
6 XYZ Think Kerberos Server and don t let yourself get mired in terminology. Ticket Granting Key Distribution Center Authen- Tication Susan Susan s Desktop Computer
7 XYZ Represents something requiring Kerberos authentication (web server, ftp server, ssh server, etc ) Ticket Granting Key Distribution Center Authen- Tication Susan Susan s Desktop Computer
8 XYZ Ticket Granting AS_REQ - I d like to be allowed to get tickets from the Ticket Granting Server, please. Key Distribution Center Authen- Tication Susan Susan s Desktop Computer
9 XYZ AS_REP (TGT + session key) Okay. I locked this box with your secret password. If you can unlock it, you can use its contents to access my Ticket Granting. Ticket Granting Key Distribution Center Authen- Tication Susan Susan s Desktop Computer
10 Ticket Ticket -The requesting user's principal (generally the username); The principal of the service it is intended for; The IP address of the client machine from which the ticket can be used. In Kerberos 5 this field is optional and may also be multiple in order to be able to run clients under NAT or multihomed. The date and time (in timestamp format) when the tickets validity commences; The ticket's maximum lifetime The session key (this has a fundamental role which is described below);
11 XYZ Ticket Granting Key Distribution Center TGT Authen- Tication Susan Susan s Desktop Computer
12 XYZ TGS_REQ ( TGT + authenticator) Let me prove I am Susan to XYZ. Here s a copy of my TGT! Ticket Granting Key Distribution Center TGT TGT Authen- Tication Susan Susan s Desktop Computer
13 XYZ TGS_REP- (service session key + service ticket) You re Susan. Here, take this. Hey XYZ: Susan is Susan. CONFIRMED: TGS Ticket Granting Key Distribution Center TGT Authen- Tication Susan Susan s Desktop Computer
14 XYZ AP_REQ- ( ticket + authenticator) I m Susan. I ll prove it. Here s a copy of my legit service ticket for XYZ. Ticket Granting Key Distribution Center Hey XYZ: Susan is Susan. CONFIRMED: TGS TGT Authen- Tication Susan Susan s Desktop Computer
15 App Server - AP XYZ AP_REP-I m AP. I ll prove it. Ticket Granting Key Distribution Center Hey XYZ: Susan is Susan. CONFIRMED: TGS TGT Authen- Tication Susan Susan s Desktop Computer
16 XYZ That s Susan alright. Let me determine if she is authorized to use me. Ticket Granting Hey XYZ: Susan is Susan. CONFIRMED: TGS Key Distribution Center Hey XYZ: Susan is Susan. CONFIRMED: TGS TGT Authen- Tication Susan Susan s Desktop Computer
17 Authorization Authorization checks are performed by the XYZ service Just because Susan has authenticated herself does not inherently mean she is authorized to make use of the XYZ service
18 Reuse of ticket TGT Tickets (your TGT as well as servicespecific tickets) have expiration dates configured by your local system administrator(s). An expired ticket is unusable. Until a ticket s expiration, it may be used repeatedly.
19 XYZ ME AGAIN! I ll prove it. Here s another copy of my legit service ticket for XYZ. Ticket Granting Key Distribution Center Hey XYZ: Susan Hey is Susan. XYZ: CONFIRMED: Susan is Susan. TGS CONFIRMED: TGS TGT Authen- Tication Susan Susan s Desktop Computer
20 XYZ That s Susan again. Let me determine if she is authorized to use me. Ticket Granting Hey XYZ: Susan is Susan. CONFIRMED: TGS Key Distribution Center Hey XYZ: Susan is Susan. CONFIRMED: TGS TGT Authen- Tication Susan Susan s Desktop Computer
21 Weaknesses in Kerberos "Password guessing" attacks are not solved by Kerberos. Replay attacks sniff the network to extract the AP_REQ message. Very bad if Authentication Server compromised steals all of the tickets stored on that machine.
22 List of Kerberized applications NFS (Network File System): Network protocol by allows a client to access files over a network manner similar to how local storage is accessed. Telnet. Microsoft supports version of Kerberos 5 in Windows Sun ships a basic set of Kerberos 4 utilities with Solaris (kinit, klist, kdestroy), and the RPC that comes with Solaris supports a Kerberos 4 authentication mechanism. Cisco routers support Kerberos 5 authentication for incoming and outgoing telnet connections. GSS-API, Server message block
23 Further reading An Introduction to Kerberos : ocs/kerbpres/200207kerberos.htm MIT Kerberos Site : The Moron s Guide to Kerberos : html Kerberos: The Definitive Guide : er.html
24 Thank you
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