COMPLEXITY ACROSS DISCIPLINES

Transcription

1 COMPLEXITY ACROSS DISCIPLINES REU 2015 INTRODUCTION TO CRYPTOGRAPHY Liljana Babinkostova

2 Cybersecurity Defined Information Assurance. IA consists of measures that protect and defend information and information systems by ensuring their availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality and non repudiation. Information Systems Security (INFOSEC). Protection of information systems against unauthorized access to, or modification of information, whether in storage, processing or transit. 2

3 3 Security Measures Cryptography protects system files and data through data encryption and is used for authentication. Firewalls are the most common prevention systems from a network security perspective as they can shield access to internal network services, and block certain type of attacks. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) are designed to detect network attacks in progress and assist in post-attack forensics. "Response" is necessarily defined by the assessed security requirements of an individual system and may cover a range of protections to notification of legal authorities, counter-attacks, and so on.

4 4 Big Data From the beginning of recorded time until 2003, we created 5 exabytes (5 billion gigabytes) of data. In 2011 the same amount was created every two days. In 2013, the same amount was created in 10 minutes.

5 5 Googling GOOGLE 50% of all internet users worldwide use Google every day. 7.2 billion page views per day. 20 billion megabytes of data is processed daily. Information from 4,500 news sites is updated every fraction of a second.

6 6 The Cost of Cybercrime 1.5 million victims of consumer cybercrime daily Global price tag of consumer cybercrime: $110 billion per year. 50,000 new types of attacks per month

7 7 Stop. Think. Connect. Get Involved and Informed

8 8 100 B.C. The secret writing of Julius Caesar Caesar Code NEVER TRUST BRUTUS QHYHUWUXVWEUXWXV He came, He saw, He encoded.

9 9 The 1800s Thomas Jefferson s Wheel

10 One Man NSA Member of the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Self-trained cryptologist. Deciphered nearly all of the British code messages. America's first cryptographic tutor. James Lovell

11 Lovell s Cipher C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z & A B R S T U V W X Y Z & A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q 11 The ciphertext of disputed is Deciphering : C row gives: D U S A U E E P R row gives: S I G P I T T D

12 National Security Agency He was a Biologist She was a Cryptologist Both worked at Riverbank Laboratories He was the creator of the Army Security Agency (ASA) She was a pioneer in code-breaking

13 The Father of American Cryptography Friedman's greatest achievements were introducing mathematical and scientific methods into cryptology and producing training materials used by several generations of pupils. Much of what is done today at NSA may be traced to William Friedman s pioneering efforts. - The National Security Agency 13

14 14 The PURPLE Machine Japanese diplomatic cryptosystem ASA team directed by William Friedman Breaking the PURPLE machine was one of the major cryptologic breakthroughs of World War II (1940)

15 15 The ENIGMA Machine Invented by the German engineer, Arthur Scherbius, in 1920s The number of possible configurations that it could generate was 30 to the 114 th power. Compare this with the fact there are about 30 to the 81 st power atoms in the entire observable universe. Broken by the Polish mathematician, Marian Rejewski, in 1939 using the theory of permutations.

16 The ENIGMA Machine Alan Turing Educator, Mathematician, Codebreaker, Philosopher and Inventor. Founder of Computer Science. First operational computer COLOSSUS. Designer of the British bombe. The Bombe could break any Enigmaenciphered message, provided that the hardware of the Enigma was known and that a plaintext of about 20 letters could be guessed accurately. 16

17 Secure Cipher Confusion and Diffusion Mathematician, Engineer, Cryptographer and Inventor Founder of Information Theory Proves the unbreakability of the One- Time Pad cryptosystems Claude Shannon

18 Data Encryption Standard (DES) Horst Feistel

19 19 The Invention of Public Key Cryptography Ralph Merkle, and independently Marty Hellman and Whit Diffie invented the notion of public key cryptography (1977)

20 20 Symmetric Key Cryptography

21 21 Public Key Cryptography

22 22 RSA Cryptosystem (1977) Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman

23 23 Elliptic Curve Cryptography (1985) Victor Miller Neal Koblitz

24 Rijndael Cryptosystem (1998) Joan Daemen Vincent Rijmen 24

25 25 Quantum Cryptography Quantum cryptography was proposed by the physicist, Stephen Wiesner, in 1970s. In 1990s several methods for secure communication were proposed (Quantum Key Distribution) QKD is the first scheme that has been proven that is unconditionally secure.

26 Homomorphic Cryptography In 1978 R. Rivest, L. Adleman and M. Dertuozus asked Can one compute on encrypted data while keeping it encrypted? 26 In 1990 C. Gentry (Stanford, IBM) gave a solution based on lattices. If its efficiency can be improved then it will have huge implications especially in cloud computing. (Homomorphic Encryption)

27 New Research Problems and Directions Secret-sharing Anonymity Commitments Multi-party protocols Elliptic curves Crypto hardware Key leakage Proxy encryption Crypto for smart cards Password-based keys Random oracles. Lattice-based cryptography Public key infrastructure Private information retrieval Concurrent protocols Randomness extractors Quantum cryptography Tweakable encryption Differential cryptanalysis Identity based encryption Homomorphic encryption Voting systems.. 27