Stateless Datacenter Load Balancing with Beamer
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1 Stateless Datacenter Load Balancing with Beamer Vladimir Olteanu, Alexandru Agache, Andrei Voinescu, Costin Raiciu University Politehnica of Bucharest Thanks to
2 Datacenter load balancing
3 Datacenter load balancing today Border router ECMP VIP MUX VIP MUX DIP 1 DIP 2 DIP 3 Server Server Server srcip dstip payload 1 C VIP 2 C VIP 3 M DIP 3 C VIP 4 VIP C
4 Strawman approach HASH FUNCTION Server 1 MUX
5 Strawman approach HASH FUNCTION Server 1 MUX X X Server 2 Adding/removing servers breaks connection affinity
6 Load balancers use state to ensure connection affinity Flow DIP Server 1 Server 2 MUX
7 Load balancers use state to ensure connection affinity Flow DIP Server 1 Server 2 MUX Only new connections are hashed
8 Load balancers use state to ensure connection affinity MUX 1 Flow DIP Server 1 Flow DIP Server 2 MUX 2
9 Load balancers use state to ensure connection affinity MUX 1 MUX 2 Flow DIP Flow DIP 2 2 X Server 1 Server 2 Scaling mux pool may reset some connections
10 Load balancers use state to ensure connection affinity Flow DIP Server 1 Server 2 MUX
11 SYN floods use up state memory N Flow DIP Server 1 MUX Server 2
12 SYN floods use up state memory N Flow N N N DIP Server 1 N N Server 2 MUX
13 SYN floods use up state memory N Flow N N N DIP Server 1 N N MUX HASH FUNCTION X Server 2 Back to the straw man approach
14 Stateful designs don t guarantee connection affinity
15 Beamer: stateless load balancing Beamer muxes do not keep per-connection state; each packet is forwarded independently. When the target server changes, connections may break. Beamer uses state stored in servers to redirect stray packets.
16 Beamer daisy chaining Server 1 Want to POWER OFF MUX DATAPLANE MUX Server 2 Used when reassigning traffic
17 Beamer daisy chaining Server 1 Want to POWER OFF MUX DATAPLANE MUX Server 2 Used when reassigning traffic
18 Beamer daisy chaining Server 1 Want to POWER OFF MUX DATAPLANE MUX Server 2 Daisy-chained connections die off in time
19 Balancing packets in Beamer Which hashing algorithm is best? Low churn Good load balancing Few rules in dataplane ECMP Consistent Hashing Maglev Hashing
20 Beamer hashing Indirection layer Pick number of buckets B > N, number of servers Mux dataplane: Assign each bucket to one server Bucket-to-server mappings known by all muxes Maintained by a centralized controller Mux algorithm: Hash each packet modulo B Send to corresponding server
21 Beamer at work Bkt DIP PDIP TS Server 1 Server 2 MUX
22 Beamer at work Bkt DIP PDIP TS t t Server 1 IP DIP 1 t IP TCP Server 2 MUX IP Option Packets contain previous server and time of reassignment
23 Beamer at work Bkt DIP PDIP TS t t Server 1 Server 2 MUX New connections are handled locally
24 Beamer at work Bkt DIP PDIP TS t t Server 1 Server 2 MUX Daisy chained connections die off in time
25 Benefits of Beamer muxes Less memory usage and cache thrashing Implementable in hardware: P4 Interchangeable Resilient to SYN flood attacks Cost: 16B encapsulation overhead per packet
26 Beamer mux performance Software implementation on top of netmap Machine: Xeon E GHz, Intel NIC Compared against: Stateful similar performance to Google s Maglev [NSDI 16]
27 Single mux performance
28 Realistic traffic HTTP traffic from recent MAWI trace Packets replayed back-to-back 36Gbps of upstream traffic on 7 cores 15 times more downstream traffic: 540Gbps Rough estimate: servers/mux Assuming servers source 1-10Gbps of traffic
29 Testbed evaluation 20 machines 10Gbps NICs IBM RackSwitch 8264 as border router Software muxes P4 reference implementation also used
30 Adding and removing muxes Mux failures and churn are handled smoothly
31 Adding servers Beamer spreads traffic evenly across servers
32 Connection affinity under SYN flood attacks 1Mpps SYN flood 2 muxes, 8 servers, 700 running connections Drain servers during SYN flood DIPs Drained Stateful 0 87±2 148±8 351±21 Beamer
33 Control plane ZooKeeper Cluster MUX MUX MUX MUX Controller A centralized fault-tolerant controller manages the dataplane
34 Control plane DIP PDIP TS D1 D3 TS1 D2 D4 TS2 ZooKeeper Cluster MUX MUX MUX MUX Controller v1 v1 v1 v1 v1
35 Control plane ZooKeeper Cluster MUX MUX MUX MUX Controller v1 v1 v1 v1 v2 DIP PDIP TS D4 D1 NOW D2 D4 TS2
36 Control plane ZooKeeper Cluster MUX MUX MUX MUX Controller v2 v1 v2 v1 v2 Muxes download update Daisy chaining allows for temporarily stale muxes
37 Control plane experiments Tested on Amazon EC2 3 ZooKeeper daemons, 100 muxes Large simulated service: 64K servers, 6.4M buckets Stress-tested controller
38 Control plane experiments When adding servers: Controller takes 1-10s to update ZooKeeper Muxes take 0.5-6s to get new dataplane information Total control traffic: 1GB (10MB/mux)
39 Please see paper for: MPTCP support in Beamer Minimizing # of rules required in muxes 1 rule / server, rather than 1 rule / bucket Avoiding reset connections in corner cases
40 Conclusions Stateless load balancing using daisy chaining 36Gbps of HTTP traffic on 7 cores 540Gbps of downlink traffic Scalable, fault tolerant control plane Beamer is open-source:
Stateless Datacenter Load-balancing with Beamer
Stateless Datacenter Load-balancing with Beamer Vladimir Olteanu, Alexandru Agache, Andrei Voinescu, and Costin Raiciu, University Politehnica of Bucharest https://www.usenix.org/conference/nsdi18/presentation/olteanu
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