Linux. Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology Thammasat University. Linux. Firewalls with iptables. Concepts. Examples
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1 Linux Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology Thammasat University Prepared by Steven Gordon on 14 October 2013 Common/Reports/-introduction.tex, r715 1/14
2 Contents 2/14
3 Linux, netfilter and netfilter: module for filtering packets in Linux kernel : user space application to manipulate packet filters of netfilter Administrator privileges needed for manipulating kernel packet filters Prefix commands with sudo 3/14
4 Linux, netfilter and 4/14
5 : Tables Different tables of filters (depend on kernel configuration) Selected using -t option filter: default table (if no option used) nat: Network Address Translation mangle: Altering packets... Tables contain chains 5/14
6 : Chains Different filtering rules depending on how/where packet processed by kernel INPUT packets destined to this computer OUTPUT packets originating from this computer FORWARD packets being forwarded by this computer PREROUTING altering packets as they come in to this computer (e.g. nat, mangle) POSTROUTING altering packets as they go out of this computer (e.g. nat, mangle) 6/14
7 : Rules Chains contain packet filtering rules Rules consist of: Matching condition(s) desired packet characteristics protocol, source/dest. address, interface many protocol specific extensions Target action to take if packet matches specified conditions ACCEPT, DROP, RETURN,... A packet is checked against rules in chain, from 1st to last If rule does not match, check against next rule in chain If rule matches, take action as specified by target 7/14
8 Common Syntax [-t table] [-operation chain] [-p protocol] [-s srcip] [-d dstip] [-i inif] [-o outif] [ param1 value1... ] -j target table: filter, nat, mangle operation: (first uppercase letter) Append, Delete, Insert, List, Flush, Policy,... chain: INPUT, OUPTUT, FORWARD, PREROUTING, POSTROUTING protocol: tcp, udp, icmp, all,... srcip, dstip: IP address, e.g , /24 inif, outif: interface name, e.g. eth0 param, value: protocol specific parameter and value sport, dport, tcp-flags, icmp-type,... target: ACCEPT, DROP, RETURN,... man to see detailed syntax and parameters 8/14
9 Contents 9/14
10 Example 1: Drop ICMP Packets Aim Drop all ICMP packets sent by this computer Design Assume default policy is ACCEPT Assume filter table empty append a new rule Packets sent OUTPUT chain Protocol is icmp Target is DROP Implementation -A OUTPUT -p icmp -j DROP 10/14
11 Example 2: Allow Access Only to Web Server Aim Prevent others from sending to this computer, except to the local HTTP web server Design Packets received INPUT chain HTTP uses TCP protocol is tcp Web server listens on port 80 destination port 80 Set the default policy to DROP Target is ACCEPT Implementation -P INPUT DROP -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT 11/14
12 Example 3: View Current Rules Aim List the current set of rules, showing actual addresses Design Numeric addresses -n Implementation -L -n Chain INPUT (policy DROP) target prot opt source destination ACCEPT tcp / /0 t Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination 12/14 Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination DROP icmp / /0
13 Example 4: Delete All Previous Rules Aim Delete all (flush) the rules from the default filter table, and reset policy to default accept Implementation -F -P INPUT ACCEPT -L Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination 13/14
14 Example 5: Block Packets Through Router Aim On this router, block all packets arriving on interface eth0 and destined to subnet /24 (and then view the rules) Design Packets forwarded through routers FORWARD chain Verbose output needed to see interfaces -v Implementation -A FORWARD -i eth0 -d /24 -j DROP -L FORWARD -n -v Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 DROP all -- eth0 * / /24 14/14
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