Kompiuterių diagnostika

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1 Kompiuterių diagnostika

2 Paskaitoje bus apžvelgta: AK architektūra ir vaizdo plokščių vieta joje Vaizdo plokštės sandara Populiariausi ekrano raiškos standartai Šiuolaikinių grafinių procesorių architektūra Vaizdo plokščių tobulėjimo istorija Dabartinės vaizdo plokštės Paskirstytųjų skaičiavimų technologijos DirectX ir OpenGL bibliotekos 2

3 Asmeninių kompiuterių vaizdo posistemė susideda iš dviejų esminių komponentų: 1. Monitoriaus (ekrano, vaizduoklio). 2. Vaizdo procesoriaus (grafinės kortos, vaizdo plokštės, vaizdo adapterio) Vaizdo plokštė AK išplėtimo plokštė, kurios funkcija yra generuoti ir išvesti grafinius arba tekstinius vaizdus į monitorių. 3

4 Pagrindiniai vaizdo plokštės komponentai: Video BIOS Grafikos procesorius (graphics processing unit - GPU) Video atmintis (video memory) Skaitmeninis/analoginis keitiklis (DAC) AK išplėtimo magistralės jungtis Tvarkyklė (video driver) 4

5 Vaizdo plokštės gali būti suskirstytos pagal integracijos lygį asmeniniame kompiuteryje: 1. Atskira, prijungiama vaizdo plokštė: visi komponentai atskiroje plokštėje. Naudoja AK išplėtimo jungtis. 2. Atskira vaizdo plokštė integruota pagrindinėje plokštėje: visi komponentai montuojami AK pagrindinėje plokštėje, jungiama per tą pačią magistralę kaip ir atskira plokštė. 3. Pagrindiniame procesoriuje (CPU) integruotas grafikos procesorius, naudojamas sisteminis RAM. Anksčiau būdavo šiauriniame tilte (northbridge). 5

6 3 CPU SDRAM 1 Vaizdo plokštė PCI Express (AGP) 3 NB 2 Vaizdo procesorius SDRAM 1 Vaizdo plokštė Audio Codec PCI Express (PCI) SB USB SATA LAN NIC PATA BIOS 6

7 Vaizdo plokštės atsirado kartu su AK: pirmajame IBM PC modelyje 1981 m. Year Text Mode (columns/lines) Graphics Mode (resolution/colors) Memory MDA KB CGA / 4 16 KB HGC / 2 64 KB PGA / KB EGA / KB / MCGA / VGA / KB SVGA (VBE 1.x) / / KB+ XGA / MB XGA / 65,536 2 MB SVGA (VBE 3.0) / 16.7M - 7

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10 Pavadinimas Raiška Taškų kiekis Santykis XGA k 4:3 XGA k 4:3 WXGA k 1024k SXGA k 5:4 SXGA k 4:3 16:9 16:10 WXGA k 16:10 WSXGA k 16:10 UXGA k 4:3 Full HD 1920x k 16:9 WUXGA k 16:10 QXGA k 4:3 WQXGA k 16:10 4K 4096x k 16:9 10

11 Bus Width (bits) Clock rate (MHz) Bandwidth (MB/s) Style ISA XT 8 4,77 8 Parallel ISA AT 16 8,33 16 Parallel MCA Parallel EISA 32 8,33 32 Parallel VESA Parallel PCI Parallel AGP 1x Parallel AGP 2x Parallel AGP 4x Parallel AGP 8x Parallel PCIe x Serial PCIe x Serial PCIe x Serial PCIe x Serial PCIe x Serial 11

12 Šiuolaikinių vaizdo plokščių atminčiai yra naudojamas specifinis SDRAM variantas, vadinamas SGRAM. Nuo paprasto DDR DRAM jis skiriasi didele duomenų skaitymo-rašymo sparta. Type Memory clock rate, MTps (MHz) Bandwidth (GB/s) DDR DDR GDDR GDDR GDDR

13 VGA analoginė jungtis DVI skaitmeninė/analoginė VIVO analoginė jungtis HDMI skaitmeninė jungtis DisplayPort skaitmeninė Thunderbolt skaitmeninė (USB Type-C) 13

14 DVI jungčių variantai 2x DVI-D to Dual DVI DVI to HDMI VIVO DVI-I to VGA DVI to DisplayPort 14

15 Šiuolaikinės vaizdo plokštės turi galimybę paspartinti 3D vaizdo skaičiavimus iki 4 kartų, naudojant dvi ir daugiau vaizdo plokštes vienu metu. Ši technologija turi skirtingus pavadinimus ir šiek tiek skirtingas galimybes, priklausomai nuo GPU gamintojo: NVIDIA - SLI ATI - CrossFire/CrossFireX 15

16 SLI reiškia Scalable Link Interface Reikalingas SLI Bridge, pagreitinam duomenų apsikeitimui tarp master ir slave plokščių Galima skirtingų gamintojų plokštes, tačiau jos turi būti tos pačios kartos ir GPU tipo, pvz.: GF 8800 GT netinka su 8800 GTS 16

17 SLI veikia ne visose pagrindinėse plokštėse. SLI gali veikti ne tik su 2 bet ir su 3 ar 4 vaizdo plokštėmis. SLI turi tris režimus: Split Frame Rendering Alternate Frame Rendering SLI Antialiasing. 17

18 Privalumai lyginant su NVIDIA SLI: Gali veikti su skirtingais tos pačios kartos GPU modeliais Palaikymas galimas visose pagrindinėse plokštėse, kurios turi du PCIe 16x lizdus Kaip ir SLI, kartais kadrų skaičius per sekundę gali būti mažesnis nei naudojant vienintelę vaizdo plokštę 18

19 Bloga kadrų sinchronizacija... Daugiau info 19

20 G-Sync yra NVIDIA sukurta ir licencijuojama technologija, kuri leidžia dinamiškai keisti video įrenginių (pvz. monitorių) vaizdo atnaujinimo dažnį, sinchronizuojant jį su vaizdo procesoriaus kadrų paruošimo dažniu. Tikslas - atsisakyti vadinamo v-sync (kadrų generavimo dažnio) limito GPU pusėje. V-sync sulėtina GPU generuojamų kadrų dažnį iki ekrano palaikomo vaizdo atnaujinimo dažnio (LCD atveju tai dažniausiai 60 Hz). G-Sync tuo tarpu leidžia monitoriui atnaujinti kadrus tiksliai tokiu dažniu kokiu juos generuoja GPU ir tiksliai tais momentais, kai GPU juos sugeneruoja. Tokiu būdu gaunamas tolygesnis judančių objektų vaizdas ekrane ir mažesnis vėlinimas nuo GPU sugeneruoto kadro ir jo atvaizdavimo ekrane. 20

21 G-Sync taikymas: 3D žaidimai virtualios realybės technologijos energijos taupymas mažinant kadrų perdavimo dažnį kai vaizdas ekrane nesikeičia G-Sync reikalavimai: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 650Ti BOOST GPU arba naujesnis. OS: Windows 7, 8, 8.1, 10, Linux Vaizdo išvedimas turi palaikyti DisplayPort 1.2 tiesiogiai per GPU. Monitorius (televizorius) privalo turėti specialų NVIDIA gamybos modulį. 21

22 AMD sukūrė FreeSync technologiją kaip atsaką NVIDIA G- Sync. Skirtingai nei G-Sync, FreeSync yra atvira technologija, kurią kiti gamintojai gali naudoti be licencijavimo. VESA organizacija 2015 m. į DisplayPort standarto versiją 1.2a įtraukė Adaptive-Sync funkciją, paremtą būtent FreeSync technologija. Šiuo metu FreeSync/Adaptive-Sync palaiko tik nauji AMD integruoti ir išoriniai GPU ir tik nesenai rinkoje atsiradę monitoriai. Tačiau Intel anonsavo, kad sekančios kartos GPU palaikys VESA Adaptive-Sync standartą, todėl panašu kad ateityje tai taps universalia daugelio gamintojų naudojama technologija. 22

23 DirectX ir OpenGL yra dvi pagrindinės trimatės grafikos programavimo bibliotekos. Jos tobulinamos kartu su grafiniais procesoriais tam, kad palaikytų naujausias aparatūros funkcijas. 23

24 DirectX yra kuriamas Microsoft firmos ir veikia AK Windows OS ir XboX žaidimų konsolėse. Trimatės grafikos modulis vadinamas Direct3D, tačiau dažniausiai naudojamas bendras pavadinimas DirectX. Microsoft griežtai standartizuoja funkcijas, todėl gamintojai stengiasi jas kuo tiksliau įgyvendinti aparatūroje. Kiekvienas naujas DirectX versijos numeris reikalauja naujų funkcijų palaikymo GPU aparatūroje. Naujausia versija yra 11.2 (integruota Windows 8.1). Anonsuota versija 12 bus didelis patobulinimas. 24

25 OpenGL yra kuriamas koordinuotai konsorciumo, kurį sudaro įvairios grafinės programinės įrangos ir aparatūros industrijos įmonės. OpenGL palaiko daugelį operacinių sistemų, įskaitant Windows, Linux, Solaris, FreeBSD ir kitas. OpenGL vystosi lėčiau nei DirectX, nes naujos vaizdo procesorių funkcijos pirmiau įgyvendinamos kaip nestandartiniai bibliotekos išplėtimai. Naujausia versija yra

26 Paprastai grafinės plokštės naudoja trijų tipų shader ius: Vertex shaders Geometry shaders Pixel shaders Pirmieji vaizdo procesoriai turėjo fiksuotas 3D vaizdų skaičiavimo galimybes, t.y. turėjo specialią aparatūrą kiekvienam iš šių shader ių. Vėliau vaizdo procesoriuose tai atliekanti aparatūra tavo universalesnė. Shader model (SM) versija nusako vaizdo procesoriaus programavimo lankstumą. Kuo didesnis SM skaičius, tuo universalesnes operacijas gali atlikti grafinis procesorius. Šiuo metu naudojama DX ir OpenGL palaiko SM 5.0 versiją. 26

27 Šiuolaikiniai vaizdo procesoriai (GPU) turi daug slankaus kablelio skaičių programuojamos skaičiavimo aparatūros, kuri naudojama shader ių operacijoms. Tačiau šią aparatūrą galima panaudoti ne tik grafikos operacijoms. Trys pagrindinės priemonės NVIDIA CUDA (naujausia versija 5.5) OpenCL (naujausia versija 2.0) DirectCompute (DirectX dalis, naujausia versija 11.2) 27

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31 HBM High Bandwidth Memory. Daugiau info: 31

32 Intel gamina tik lustų rinkiniuose integruotus grafikos procesorius kompiuteriams AMD ir NVIDIA gamina atskirus ir integruotus grafikos lustus Intel akivaizdus rinkos lyderis, nors jų vaizdo procesoriai yra patys lėčiausi Gamintojas Rinkos dalis Intel 72,8% NVIDIA 15,7% AMD 11,5% Kiti 0,0% 32

33 Model: S3 ViRGE Date Released: 1995 Interface: PCI Shader Model: N/A DirectX: 6 Manufacturing Process: 0.35 micron Core Clockspeed: 66MHz Memory Bus: 64-bit 33

34 ATI Rage II Date Released: 1995 Interface: PCI Shader Model: N/A DirectX: 5 Manufacturing Process: 0.25 micron Core Clockspeed: 25-60MHz Memory Clockspeed: 66-83MHz Memory Bus: 64-bit 34

35 3Dfx Voodoo 1 Date Released: 1996 Interface: PCI Shader Model: N/A DirectX: 3 Manufacturing Process: 0.5 micron Core Clockspeed: 50MHz Memory Clockspeed: 50MHz Memory Bus: 64-bit Transistors: 1M 35

36 NVIDIA Riva 128 Date Released: 1997 Interface: AGP/PCI Shader Model: N/A DirectX: 5 Manufacturing Process: 0.35 micron Core Clockspeed: 100MHz Memory Clockspeed: 100MHz Memory Bus: 128-bit Transistors: 3.5M 36

37 Rendition Verite 2100 Date Released: 1997 Interface: AGP/PCI Shader Model: N/A DirectX: 5 Manufacturing Process: 0.35 micron Core Clockspeed: 50MHz Memory Clockspeed: 100MHz Memory Bus: 64-bit 37

38 Matrox Millennium G200 Date Released: 1998 Interface: AGP Shader Model: N/A DirectX: 6 Manufacturing Process: 0.35 micron Core Clockspeed: 85MHz Memory Clockspeed: 112MHz Memory Bus: 64-bit 38

39 Intel i740 Date Released: 1998 Interface: AGP/PCI Shader Model: N/A DirectX: 6 Manufacturing Process:? Core Clockspeed: 55MHz Memory Clockspeed: 100MHz Memory Bus: 64-bit Transistors: 3.5M 39

40 3Dfx Voodoo 2 Date Released: 1998 Interface: AGP/PCI Shader Model: N/A DirectX: 3 Manufacturing Process: 0.35 micron Core Clockspeed: 90MHz Memory Clockspeed: 90MHz Memory Bus: 64-bit Transistors: 4M 40

41 3Dfx Voodoo Banshee Date Released: 1998 Interface: AGP/PCI Shader Model: N/A DirectX: 6 Manufacturing Process: 0.35 micron Core Clockspeed: 100MHz Memory Clockspeed: 100MHz Memory Bus: 128-bit Transistors: 4M 41

42 NVIDIA Riva TNT Date Released: 1998 Interface: AGP/PCI Shader Model: N/A DirectX: 6 Manufacturing Process: 0.35 micron Core Clockspeed: 90MHz Memory Clockspeed: 110MHz Memory Bus: 128-bit Transistors: 7M 42

43 ATI Rage 128 Pro Date Released: 1999 Interface: AGP/PCI Shader Model: N/A DirectX: 6 Manufacturing Process: 0.25 micron Core Clockspeed: 125MHz Memory Clockspeed: 143MHz Memory Bus: 128-bit Transistors: 8M 43

44 S3 Savage 2000 Date Released: 1999 Interface: AGP Shader Model: N/A DirectX: 7 Manufacturing Process: 0.18 micron Core Clockspeed: 120MHz Memory Clockspeed: 120MHz Memory Bus: 128-bit 44

45 3Dfx Voodoo Date Released: 1999 Interface: AGP Shader Model: N/A DirectX: 7 Manufacturing Process: 0.25 micron Core Clockspeed: 125MHz Memory Clockspeed: 125MHz Memory Bus: 128-bit Transistors: 8.2M 45

46 NVIDIA GeForce 256 Date Released: 1999 Interface: AGP Shader Model: N/A DirectX: 7 Manufacturing Process: 0.22 micron Core Clockspeed: 120MHz Memory Clockspeed: 166MHz Memory Bus: 128-bit Transistors: 23M 46

47 3Dfx Voodoo Date Released: 2000 Interface: AGP Shader Model: N/A DirectX: 7 Manufacturing Process: 0.22 micron Core Clockspeed: 166MHz Memory Clockspeed: 166MHz Memory Bus: 128-bit Transistors: 14M x2 47

48 NVIDIA GeForce3 Ti500 Date Released: 2001 Interface: AGP Shader Model: 1.1 DirectX: 8 Manufacturing Process: 0.15 micron Core Clockspeed: 240MHz Memory Clockspeed: 250MHz Memory Bus: 128-bit Transistors: 57M 48

49 ATI Radeon 8500 Date Released: 2001 Interface: AGP Shader Model: 1.4 DirectX: 8.1 Manufacturing Process: 0.15 micron Core Clockspeed: 275MHz Memory Clockspeed: 275MHz Memory Bus: 128-bit Transistors: 60M 49

50 ATI Radeon 9700 Pro Date Released: 2002 Interface: AGP Shader Model: 2.0 DirectX: 9 Manufacturing Process: 0.15 micron Core Clockspeed: 325MHz Memory Clockspeed: 310MHz Memory Bus: 256-bit Transistors: 107M 50

51 NVIDIA GeForce FX 5800 Date Released: 2003 Interface: AGP Shader Model: 2.1 DirectX: 9 Manufacturing Process: 0.13 micron Core Clockspeed: 400MHz Memory Clockspeed: 800MHz Memory Bus: 128-bit Transistors: 150M 51

52 NVIDIA GeForce 6800 Date Released: 2004 Interface: PCI Express Shader Model: 3 DirectX: 9 Manufacturing Process: 0.13 micron Core Clockspeed: 325MHz Memory Clockspeed: 600MHz Memory Bus: 256-bit Transistors: 222M 52

53 ATI Radeon X1950 XTX Date Released: 2006 Interface: PCI Express Shader Model: 3 DirectX: 9 Manufacturing Process: 90 nm Core Clockspeed: 650MHz Memory Clockspeed: 1000MHz Memory Bus: 256-bit Transistors: 384M 53

54 NVIDIA GeForce 8800 GTX Date Released: 2006 Interface: PCI Express Shader Model: 4.0 DirectX: 10 Manufacturing Process: 90 nm Core Clockspeed: 575MHz Memory Clockspeed: 1800MHz Memory Bus: 384-bit Transistors: 484M 54

55 ATI Radeon HD 2900 XT Date Released: 2007 Interface: PCI Express Shader Model: 4.1 DirectX: 10 Manufacturing Process: 80 nm Core Clockspeed: 743MHz Memory Clockspeed: 1000MHz Memory Bus: 512-bit Transistors: 720M 55

56 ATI Radeon HD 5870 Date Released: 2009 Interface: PCI Express Shader Model: 4.1 DirectX: 11 Manufacturing Process: 40 nm Core Clockspeed: 850MHz Memory Clockspeed: 1200MHz Memory Bus: 256-bit Transistors: 2.1B 56

57 NVIDIA GeForce GTX 580 Date Released: 2010 Interface: PCI Express Shader Model: 5.0 DirectX: 11 Manufacturing Process: 40 nm Core Clockspeed: 772/1544MHz Memory Clockspeed: 1002MHz Memory Bus: 384-bit Transistors: 3B 57

58 Namų darbo tema: metų grafiniai procesoriai ir jų pagrindu pagamintos vaizdo plokštės 58

59 AMD Radeon HD 7970 Date Released: 2011 Interface: PCI Express Shader Model: 5.0 DirectX: 11.1 Manufacturing Process: 28 nm Core Clockspeed: 925MHz Memory Clockspeed: 1375MHz Memory Bus: 384-bit Transistors: 3B 59

60 Šaltiniai Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 20th Edition Šias skaidres ir kitą paskaitos medžiagą galima rasti adresu: 60

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