Networks and Operating Systems Chapter 11: Introduction to Operating Systems
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1 Systems Group Department of Computer Science ETH Zürich Networks and Operating Systems Chapter 11: Introduction to Operating Systems ( ) Donald Kossmann & Torsten Hoefler Frühjahrssemester 2012
2 Last time Virtual circuit switching Packet switching Multiprotocol switching Address Resolution Protocol Spanning tree algorithm Virtual LANs
3 Today: We start on Operating Systems! Introduction: Why? Roles of the OS Referee Illusionist Glue Structure of an OS 3
4 Goals Demystify operating systems themselves What is an OS? What does it do? What is its structure? How do the OS and applications relate to each other? What services does the OS provide? Quintessential systems problem Non-idealizable / non-reducible Scaling, emergent properties Concurrency and asynchrony
5 The Book On the web:
6 Also worth a look Jerome H. Saltzer and M. Frans Kaashoek: Principles of Computer System Design Focus on principles, with illustrative examples
7 Also worth a look Andrew S. Tanebaum: Modern Operating Systems Must be at least 3 rd Edition! Very broad lots of references to recent (2006) research.
8 Introduction to Operating Systems
9 Why learn about Operating Systems? One of the most complex topics in Computer Science! Very few simplifying assumptions Dealing with the real world Intersection of many areas Mainstream OSes are large: Windows 7 ~ 50 million lines of code Linux rapidly catching up in complexity Most other software systems are a subset Games, browsers, databases, servers, cloud, etc.
10 Why learn about Operating Systems? One of the most complex topics in Computer Science! Very few simplifying assumptions Dealing with the real world Intersection of many areas Mainstream OSes are large: Windows 7 ~ 50 million lines of code Linux rapidly catching up in complexity (~15 million LOC) Most other software systems are a subset Games, browsers, databases, servers, cloud, etc.
11 Why learn about Operating Systems? One of the most complex topics in Computer Science! Very few simplifying assumptions Dealing with the real world Intersection of many areas Mainstream OSes are large: Windows 7 ~ 50 million lines of code Linux rapidly catching up in complexity (~15 million LOC) Most other software systems are a subset Games, browsers, databases, servers, cloud, etc.
12 There are lots of operating systems concepts Systems calls Concurrency and asynchrony Processes and threads Security, authorization, protection Memory, virtual memory, and paging Files and file systems, data management I/O: Devices, Interrupts, DMA Network interfaces and protocol stacks
13 There are lots of operating systems
14 Goals: what makes a good OS?
15 Goals: what makes a good OS? Reliability: does it keep working? And availability
16 Goals: what makes a good OS? Reliability: does it keep working? And availability Security: can it be compromised? And isolation: is it fair?
17 Goals: what makes a good OS? Reliability: does it keep working? And availability Security: can it be compromised? And isolation: is it fair? Portability: how easily can it be retargeted?
18 Goals: what makes a good OS? Reliability: does it keep working? And availability Security: can it be compromised? And isolation: is it fair? Portability: how easily can it be retargeted? Performance: how fast/cheap/hungry is it?
19 Goals: what makes a good OS? Reliability: does it keep working? And availability Security: can it be compromised? And isolation: is it fair? Portability: how easily can it be retargeted? Performance: how fast/cheap/hungry is it? Adoption: will people use it?
20 Operating Systems Applications Operating System Hardware
21 Operating Systems Applications Operating System Operating Systems (rest of this course!) Hardware
22 Operating Systems Applications Parallel Programming Operating System Operating Systems (rest of this course!) Hardware
23 Operating Systems Applications Parallel Programming Operating System Operating Systems (rest of this course!) Hardware Computer Architecture and Systems Programming
24 Operating System Roles
25 OS roles Referee Illusionist Glue
26 The Referee: Resource Manager Application Application Application Operating System System calls Hardware
27 The OS as Referee Sharing: Multiplex hardware among applications CPU, memory, devices Applications shouldn t need to be aware of each other Protection: Ensure one application can t r/w another s data In memory, on disk, over network Ensure one application can t use another s resources CPU, storage space, bandwidth, Communication: Protected applications must still communicate
28 The OS as Referee Sharing: Multiplex hardware among applications CPU, memory, devices Applications shouldn t need to be aware of each other Protection: Ensure one application can t r/w another s data In memory, on disk, over network Ensure one application can t use another s resources CPU, storage space, bandwidth, Communication: Protected applications must still communicate
29 The OS as Referee Sharing: Multiplex hardware among applications CPU, memory, devices Applications shouldn t need to be aware of each other Protection: Ensure one application can t r/w another s data In memory, on disk, over network Ensure one application can t use another s resources CPU, storage space, bandwidth, Communication: Protected applications must still communicate
30 Resource management goals Fairness: No starvation, every application makes progress Efficiency: Best use of complete machine resources Minimize e.g. power consumption Predictability: Guarantee real-time performance
31 Resource management goals Fairness: No starvation, every application makes progress Efficiency: Best use of complete machine resources Minimize e.g. power consumption Predictability: All in mutual contradiction Guarantee real-time performance
32 Example: Threads Threads are virtual CPUs Physical resource: CPUs Virtual resource: Threads Mechanism: pre-emption, timeslicing, context switching, scheduling More on this later in the course
33 The Illusionist Virtualization: OS creates illusion of a real resource Processor, storage, network, links, Virtual resource looks a bit like a physical resource However, is frequently quite different Simpler, larger, better,
34 How? 1. Multiplexing Divide resources up among clients 2. Emulation Create the illusion of a resource using software 3. Aggregation Join multiple resources together to create a new one
35 Why? 1. Sharing Enable multiple clients of a single resource 2. Sandboxing Prevent a client from accessing other resources 3. Decoupling Avoid tying a client to a particular instance of a resource 4. Abstraction Make a resource easier to use
36 Example: Virtual Memory Easier memory to manage Physical resource: RAM Virtual resource: Virtual Memory Method: Multiplexing Mechanism: virtual address translation
37 Example: Paged virtual memory More memory than you really have Physical resource: RAM and disk Virtual resource: paged virtual memory Method: multiplexing and emulation Mechanism: virtual memory + paging to/from disk Much more on this later in the course
38 Example: virtual machines Quite popular topic commercially right now: Xen, VMware, HyperV, kvm, etc. Many uses: Run one OS on another Consolidate servers Migrate running machines around datacenter Run hundreds of honeypot machines Deterministic replay of whole machines Etc.
39 Example: Files (or database!) Virtual resource: persistant memory Physical resource: disk Method: multiplexing, emulation Mechanism: block allocation, metadata Again, more later
40 Example: Windows (not the Microsoft OS) Physical resource: Frame buffer and/or GPU Method: Multiplexing and emulation Mechanism: Windows as separate bitmaps/textures
41 Example: virtual circuits Physical resource: network link Virtualization method: multiplexing Mechanism: VC identifiers, VC switching Virtual circuits VCI=346 VCI= Real circuits VCI=1044 VCI=56
42 Example: VLANs Methods: multiplexing Mechanisms: port assignment, tags A B C D I J K S1 S2 S1 S2 M N N E G H F 42
43 Glue: the OS as Abstract Machine Applications Virtual machine interface Operating System Hardware Physical machine interface
44 The OS as Glue Provides high-level abstractions Easier to program to Shared functionality for all applications Ties together disparate functions and services Extends hardware with added functionality Direct programming of hardware unnecessary Hides details of hardware Applications decoupled from particular devices
45 Services provided by an OS Program execution Load program, execute on 1 or more processors Access to I/O devices Disk, network, keyboard, screen, Protection and access control For files, connections, etc. Error detection and reporting Trap handling, etc. Accounting and auditing Statistics, billing, forensics, etc.
46 Operating System Structure
47 General OS structure Application System Library Application System Library System calls Kernel Server process (daemon) System Library User mode Privileged mode CPU CPU Device Device
48 Privileged Mode and User Mode As we saw in Computer Architecture, most CPUs have a privileged mode : ia32 protection rings VAX kernel mode Etc. Most Operating Systems use this for protection In particular, protecting the OS from applications!
49 General OS structure Application System Library Application System Library System calls Kernel Server process (daemon) System Library User mode Privileged mode CPU CPU Device Device
50 Kernel That part of the OS which runs in privileged mode Large part of Unix and Windows (except libraries) Small part of L4, Barrelfish, etc. (microkernels) Does not exist in some embedded systems Also known as: Nucleus, nub, supervisor,
51 The kernel is a program! Kernel is just a (special) computer program. Typically an event-driven server. Responds to multiple entry points: System calls Hardware interrupts Program traps May also include internal threads.
52 General OS structure Application System Library Application System Library System calls Kernel Server process (daemon) System Library User mode Privileged mode CPU CPU Device Device
53 System Libraries Convenience functions strcmp(), etc. Common functionality System call wrappers Create and execute system calls from high-level languages See man syscalls on Linux
54 General OS structure Application System Library Application System Library System calls Kernel Server process (daemon) System Library User mode Privileged mode CPU CPU Device Device
55 Daemons Processes which are part of the OS Microkernels: most of the OS Linux: increasingly large quantity Advantages: Modularity, fault tolerance Easier to schedule
56 Entering and exiting the kernel
57 When is the kernel entered? Startup Exception: caused by user program Interrupt: caused by something else System calls
58 Recall: System Calls RPC to the kernel Kernel is a series of syscall event handlers Mechanism is hardware-dependent User mode Privileged mode System calls
59 Recall: System Calls RPC to the kernel Kernel is a series of syscall event handlers Mechanism is hardware-dependent User process runs User mode Privileged mode System calls
60 Recall: System Calls RPC to the kernel Kernel is a series of syscall event handlers Mechanism is hardware-dependent User process runs Execute syscall User mode Privileged mode System calls
61 Recall: System Calls RPC to the kernel Kernel is a series of syscall event handlers Mechanism is hardware-dependent User process runs Execute syscall User mode Privileged mode System calls
62 Recall: System Calls RPC to the kernel Kernel is a series of syscall event handlers Mechanism is hardware-dependent User process runs Execute syscall User mode Privileged mode Execute kernel code System calls
63 Recall: System Calls RPC to the kernel Kernel is a series of syscall event handlers Mechanism is hardware-dependent User process runs Execute syscall Process resumes User mode Privileged mode Execute kernel code System calls
64 System call arguments Syscalls are the way a program requests services from the OS kernel. Implementation varies: Passed in processor registers Stored in memory (address in register) Pushed on the stack System library (libc) wraps as a C function Kernel code wraps handler as C call
65 When is the kernel exited? Creating a new process Including startup Resuming a process after a trap Exception, interrupt or system call User-level upcall Much like an interrupt, but to user-level Switching to another process
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