Contents. List of JumpStarts xxxvii Preface xxxix
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1 000.book Page xiii Thursday, November 20, :55 AM Contents List of JumpStarts xxxvii Preface xxxix Chapter 1: Welcome to Linux 1 Ubuntu Linux 2 The Linux 2.6 Kernel 3 The History of UNIX and GNU Linux 3 The Heritage of Linux: UNIX 3 Fade to Next Scene, The Code Is Free 6 Have Fun! 6 What Is So Good About Linux? 7 Why Linux Is Popular with Hardware Companies and Developers 10 Linux Is Portable 10 The C Programming Language 11 Overview of Linux 12 Linux Has a Kernel Programming Interface 12 Linux Can Support Many Users 13 Linux Can Run Many Tasks 13 Linux Provides a Secure Hierarchical Filesystem 13 The Shell: Command Interpreter and Programming Language 14 A Large Collection of Useful Utilities 16 Interprocess Communication 16 System Administration 17 xiii
2 000.book Page xiv Thursday, November 20, :55 AM xiv Contents Additional Features of Linux 17 GUIs: Graphical User Interfaces 17 (Inter)Networking Utilities 18 Software Development 19 Conventions Used in This Book 19 Chapter Summary 21 Exercises 22 PART I Installing Ubuntu Linux 23 Chapter 2: Installation Overview 25 The Live/Install Desktop CD/DVD 26 More Information 26 Planning the Installation 27 Considerations 27 Requirements 27 Processor Architecture 29 Interfaces: Installer and Installed System 30 Ubuntu Releases 31 Ubuntu Editions 31 Installing a Fresh Copy or Upgrading an Existing Ubuntu System? 32 Setting Up the Hard Disk 33 RAID 39 LVM: Logical Volume Manager 40 The Installation Process 41 Downloading and Burning a CD/DVD 42 The Easy Way to Download a CD ISO Image File 42 Other Ways to Download a CD/DVD ISO Image File 42 Verifying an ISO Image File 45 Burning the CD/DVD 46 Gathering Information About the System 46 Chapter Summary 47 Exercises 48 Advanced Exercises 48 Chapter 3: Step-by-Step Installation 49 Basic Installation from the Live/Install Desktop CD/DVD 50 Booting the System 50 Checking the CD/DVD for Defects 51 Live Session 51
3 000.book Page xv Thursday, November 20, :55 AM Contents xv Graphical Partitioners 58 gparted: The GNOME Partition Editor 58 ubiquity: Setting Up Partitions 61 Upgrading to a New Release 64 Installing KDE 65 Setting Up a Dual-Boot System 66 Creating Free Space on a Windows System 66 Installing Ubuntu Linux as the Second Operating System 67 Advanced Installation 67 The Live/Install Desktop CD: The Initial Install Screen 67 The Alternate CD Initial Install Screen Menu 70 The Server CD Initial Install Screen Menu 71 The DVD 72 The Ubuntu Textual Installer 73 Chapter Summary 81 Exercises 81 Advanced Exercises 81 PART II Getting Started with Ubuntu Linux 83 Chapter 4: Introduction to Ubuntu Linux 85 Curbing Your Power: root Privileges/sudo 86 A Tour of the Ubuntu Linux Desktop 87 Logging In on the System 88 Introduction 88 Launching Programs from the Desktop 90 Switching Workspaces 91 Setting Personal Preferences 92 Mouse Preferences 93 Working with Windows 94 Using Nautilus to Work with Files 94 The Update Notifier 99 Changing Appearance (Themes) 100 Session Management 102 Getting Help 102 Feel Free to Experiment 103 Logging Out 103 Getting the Most out of the Desktop 104 GNOME Desktop Terminology 104 Opening Files 104 Panels 105 The Main Menu 108 Windows 109 The Object Context Menu 112
4 000.book Page xvi Thursday, November 20, :55 AM xvi Contents Updating, Installing, and Removing Software Packages 116 Software Sources Window 116 Add/Remove Applications 118 synaptic: Finds, Installs, and Removes Software 118 Where to Find Documentation 121 Ubuntu Help Center 121 man: Displays the System Manual 122 apropos: Searches for a Keyword 124 info: Displays Information About Utilities 124 The help Option 127 HOWTOs: Finding Out How Things Work 127 Getting Help with the System 128 More About Logging In 130 The Login Screen 130 What to Do If You Cannot Log In 131 Logging In Remotely: Terminal Emulators, ssh, and Dial-Up Connections 132 Logging In from a Terminal (Emulator) 132 Changing Your Password 133 Using Virtual Consoles 134 Working from the Command Line 135 Correcting Mistakes 135 Repeating/Editing Command Lines 137 Controlling Windows: Advanced Operations 138 Changing the Input Focus 138 Changing the Resolution of the Display 139 The Window Manager 139 Chapter Summary 140 Exercises 142 Advanced Exercises 142 Chapter 5: The Linux Utilities 145 Special Characters 146 Basic Utilities 147 ls: Lists the Names of Files 147 cat: Displays a Text File 148 rm: Deletes a File 148 less Is more: Display a Text File One Screen at a Time 148 hostname: Displays the System Name 149 Working with Files 149 cp: Copies a File 149 mv: Changes the Name of a File 150 lpr: Prints a File 151 grep: Searches for a String 152 head: Displays the Beginning of a File 152
5 000.book Page xvii Thursday, November 20, :55 AM tail: Displays the End of a File 153 sort: Displays a File in Order 154 uniq: Removes Duplicate Lines from a File 154 diff: Compares Two Files 154 file: Identifies the Contents of a File 156 (Pipe): Communicates Between Processes 156 Four More Utilities 157 echo: Displays Text 157 date: Displays the Time and Date 158 script: Records a Shell Session 158 todos: Converts Linux and Macintosh Files to Windows Format 159 Compressing and Archiving Files 160 bzip2: Compresses a File 160 bunzip2 and bzcat: Decompress a File 161 gzip: Compresses a File 161 tar: Packs and Unpacks Archives 162 Locating Commands 164 which and whereis: Locate a Utility 164 slocate: Searches for a File 166 Obtaining User and System Information 166 who: Lists Users on the System 166 finger: Lists Users on the System 167 w: Lists Users on the System 169 Communicating with Other Users 170 write: Sends a Message 170 mesg: Denies or Accepts Messages Tutorial: Using vim to Create and Edit a File 172 Starting vim 172 Command and Input Modes 174 Entering Text 175 Getting Help 176 Ending the Editing Session 179 The compatible Parameter 179 Chapter Summary 179 Exercises 182 Advanced Exercises 183 Chapter 6: The Linux Filesystem 185 The Hierarchical Filesystem 186 Directory Files and Ordinary Files 186 Filenames 187 The Working Directory 190 Your Home Directory 190 Contents xvii
6 000.book Page xviii Thursday, November 20, :55 AM xviii Contents Pathnames 191 Absolute Pathnames 191 Relative Pathnames 192 Working with Directories 193 mkdir: Creates a Directory 194 cd: Changes to Another Working Directory 195 rmdir: Deletes a Directory 196 Using Pathnames 197 mv, cp: Move or Copy Files 198 mv: Moves a Directory 198 Important Standard Directories and Files 199 Access Permissions 201 ls l: Displays Permissions 201 chmod: Changes Access Permissions 202 Setuid and Setgid Permissions 204 Directory Access Permissions 206 ACLs: Access Control Lists 207 Enabling ACLs 208 Working with Access Rules 208 Setting Default Rules for a Directory 211 Links 212 Hard Links 214 Symbolic Links 216 rm: Removes a Link 218 Chapter Summary 218 Exercises 220 Advanced Exercises 222 Chapter 7: The Shell 223 The Command Line 224 Syntax 224 Processing the Command Line 226 Executing the Command Line 229 Editing the Command Line 229 Standard Input and Standard Output 229 The Screen as a File 230 The Keyboard and Screen as Standard Input and Standard Output 230 Redirection 231 Pipes 237 Running a Command in the Background 240 Filename Generation/Pathname Expansion 242 The? Special Character 242 The * Special Character 243 The [] Special Characters 245
7 000.book Page xix Thursday, November 20, :55 AM Contents xix Builtins 247 Chapter Summary 247 Utilities and Builtins Introduced in This Chapter 248 Exercises 248 Advanced Exercises 250 PART III Digging into Ubuntu Linux 251 Chapter 8: Linux GUIs: X and GNOME 253 X Window System 254 Using X 256 Desktop Environments/Managers 261 The Nautilus File Browser Window 262 The View Pane 263 The Side Pane 263 Control Bars 264 Menubar 265 GNOME Utilities 269 Font Preferences 269 Pick a Font Window 269 Pick a Color Window 270 Run Application Window 270 Searching for Files 270 GNOME Terminal Emulator/Shell 272 Chapter Summary 272 Exercises 273 Advanced Exercises 274 Chapter 9: The Bourne Again Shell 275 Background 276 Shell Basics 277 Startup Files 277 Commands That Are Symbols 281 Redirecting Standard Error 281 Writing a Simple Shell Script 284 Separating and Grouping Commands 287 Job Control 291 Manipulating the Directory Stack 294 Parameters and Variables 296 User-Created Variables 298 Variable Attributes 301 Keyword Variables 302
8 000.book Page xx Thursday, November 20, :55 AM xx Contents Special Characters 310 Processes 312 Process Structure 312 Process Identification 312 Executing a Command 314 History 314 Variables That Control History 314 Reexecuting and Editing Commands 316 The Readline Library 324 Aliases 330 Single Versus Double Quotation Marks in Aliases 331 Examples of Aliases 332 Functions 333 Controlling bash: Features and Options 336 Command-Line Options 336 Shell Features 336 Processing the Command Line 340 History Expansion 340 Alias Substitution 340 Parsing and Scanning the Command Line 340 Command-Line Expansion 341 Chapter Summary 349 Exercises 351 Advanced Exercises 353 Chapter 10: Networking and the Internet 355 Types of Networks and How They Work 357 Broadcast Networks 358 Point-to-Point Networks 358 Switched Networks 358 LAN: Local Area Network 359 WAN: Wide Area Network 360 Internetworking Through Gateways and Routers 360 Network Protocols 363 Host Address 365 CIDR: Classless Inter-Domain Routing 370 Hostnames 370 Communicate Over a Network 372 finger: Displays Information About Remote Users 373 Sending Mail to a Remote User 374 Mailing List Servers 374
9 000.book Page xxi Thursday, November 20, :55 AM Contents xxi Network Utilities 374 Trusted Hosts 375 OpenSSH Tools 375 telnet: Logs In on a Remote System 375 ftp: Transfers Files Over a Network 377 ping: Tests a Network Connection 377 traceroute: Traces a Route Over the Internet 378 host and dig: Query Internet Nameservers 380 jwhois: Looks Up Information About an Internet Site 380 Distributed Computing 381 The Client/Server Model 382 DNS: Domain Name Service 383 Ports 385 NIS: Network Information Service 385 NFS: Network Filesystem 385 Network Services 386 Common Daemons 386 Proxy Servers 389 RPC Network Services 390 Usenet 391 WWW: World Wide Web 393 URL: Uniform Resource Locator 394 Browsers 394 Search Engines 395 Chapter Summary 395 Exercises 396 Advanced Exercises 397 PART IV System Administration 399 Chapter 11: System Administration: Core Concepts 401 Running Commands with root Privileges 403 sudo: Running a Command with root Privileges 406 sudoers: Configuring sudo 410 Unlocking the root Account (Assigning a Password to root) 415 su: Gives You Another User s Privileges 415 The Upstart Event-Based init Daemon 416 Software Packages 417 Definitions 417 Jobs 419 SysVinit (rc) Scripts: Start and Stop System Services 423
10 000.book Page xxii Thursday, November 20, :55 AM xxii Contents System Operation 426 Runlevels 426 Booting the System 427 Recovery (Single-User) Mode 428 Going to Multiuser Mode 431 Logging In 432 Logging Out 433 Bringing the System Down 434 Crash 435 Avoiding a Trojan Horse 436 Getting Help 438 Textual System Administration Utilities 438 kill: Sends a Signal to a Process 438 Other Textual Utilities 441 Setting Up a Server 443 Standard Rules in Configuration Files 444 rpcinfo: Displays Information About portmap 446 The inetd and xinetd Superservers 447 Securing a Server 448 DHCP: Configures Network Interfaces 454 nsswitch.conf: Which Service to Look at First 458 How nsswitch.conf Works 458 PAM 461 More Information 462 Configuration Files, Module Types, and Control Flags 462 Example 464 Modifying the PAM Configuration 465 Chapter Summary 466 Exercises 467 Advanced Exercises 467 Chapter 12: Files, Directories, and Filesystems 469 Important Files and Directories 470 File Types 482 Ordinary Files, Directories, Links, and Inodes 482 Device Special Files 483 Filesystems 487 mount: Mounts a Filesystem 488 umount: Unmounts a Filesystem 491 fstab: Keeps Track of Filesystems 492 fsck: Checks Filesystem Integrity 494 tune2fs: Changes Filesystem Parameters 495 RAID Filesystem 497
11 000.book Page xxiii Thursday, November 20, :55 AM Contents xxiii Chapter Summary 497 Exercises 497 Advanced Exercises 498 Chapter 13: Downloading and Installing Software 499 JumpStart: Installing and Removing Packages Using aptitude 501 Finding the Package That Holds a File You Need 503 APT: Keeps the System Up-to-Date 504 Repositories 504 sources.list: Specifies Repositories for APT to Search 505 The APT Local Package Indexes and the APT Cache 506 The apt cron Script and APT Configuration Files 506 aptitude: Works with Packages and the Local Package Index 508 apt-cache: Displays Package Information 512 apt-get source: Downloads Source Files 514 dpkg: The Debian Package Management System 514 deb Files 515 dpkg: The Foundation of the Debian Package Management System 516 BitTorrent 521 Installing Non-dpkg Software 523 The /opt and /usr/local Directories 523 GNU Configure and Build System 524 wget: Downloads Files Noninteractively 525 Chapter Summary 526 Exercises 527 Advanced Exercises 527 Chapter 14: Printing with CUPS 529 Introduction 530 Prerequisites 530 More Information 531 Notes 531 JumpStart I: Configuring a Local Printer 531 system-config-printer: Configuring a Printer 532 Configuration Tabs/Selections 533 Setting Up a Remote Printer 534 JumpStart II: Setting Up a Local or Remote Printer Using the CUPS Web Interface 538 Traditional UNIX Printing 542 Configuring Printers 543 The CUPS Web Interface 543 CUPS on the Command Line 545 Sharing CUPS Printers 548
12 000.book Page xxiv Thursday, November 20, :55 AM xxiv Contents Printing from Windows 550 Printing Using CUPS 550 Printing Using Samba 550 Printing to Windows 552 Chapter Summary 552 Exercises 552 Advanced Exercises 553 Chapter 15: Building a Linux Kernel 555 Prerequisites 556 Downloading the Kernel Source Code 557 aptitude: Downloading and Installing the Kernel Source Code 557 git: Obtaining the Latest Kernel Source Code 558 Read the Documentation 559 Configuring and Compiling the Linux Kernel 559.config: Configures the Kernel 559 Customizing a Kernel 561 Cleaning the Source Tree 562 Compiling a Kernel Image File and Loadable Modules 563 Using Loadable Kernel Modules 564 Installing the Kernel, Modules, and Associated Files 566 Rebooting 567 grub: The Linux Boot Loader 567 menu.lst: Configures grub 568 update-grub: Updates the menu.lst file 571 grub-install: Installs the MBR and grub Files 573 dmesg: Displays Kernel Messages 575 Chapter Summary 576 Exercises 576 Advanced Exercises 576 Chapter 16: Administration Tasks 577 Configuring User and Group Accounts 578 users-admin: Manages User Accounts 578 useradd: Adds a User Account 580 userdel: Removes a User Account 581 usermod: Modifies a User Account 581 groupadd: Adds a Group 581 groupdel: Removes a Group 581 Backing Up Files 582 Choosing a Backup Medium 583 Backup Utilities 583
13 000.book Page xxv Thursday, November 20, :55 AM Contents xxv Performing a Simple Backup 585 dump, restore: Back Up and Restore Filesystems 586 Scheduling Tasks 588 cron and anacron: Schedule Routine Tasks 588 at: Runs Occasional Tasks 591 System Reports 591 vmstat: Reports Virtual Memory Statistics 591 top: Lists Processes Using the Most Resources 592 parted: Reports on and Partitions a Hard Disk 593 Keeping Users Informed 597 Creating Problems 598 Solving Problems 599 Helping When a User Cannot Log In 599 Speeding Up the System 600 lsof: Finds Open Files 601 Keeping a Machine Log 601 Keeping the System Secure 602 Log Files and Mail for root 603 Monitoring Disk Usage 603 logrotate: Manages Log Files 604 Removing Unused Space from Directories 606 Disk Quota System 607 syslogd: Logs System Messages 608 Chapter Summary 610 Exercises 610 Advanced Exercises 611 Chapter 17: Configuring a LAN 613 Setting Up the Hardware 614 Connecting the Computers 614 Routers 615 NIC: Network Interface Card 615 Tools 615 Configuring the Systems 617 nm-connection-editor: Configures Network Connections 618 nm-applet: Configures Network Connections Automatically 618 iwconfig: Configures a Wireless NIC 620 Setting Up Servers 622 More Information 623 Chapter Summary 623 Exercises 624 Advanced Exercises 624
14 000.book Page xxvi Thursday, November 20, :55 AM xxvi Contents PART V Using Clients and Setting Up Servers 625 Chapter 18: OpenSSH: Secure Network Communication 627 Introduction to OpenSSH 628 How OpenSSH Works 628 Files 629 More Information 630 Running the ssh, scp, and sftp OpenSSH Clients 631 Prerequisites 631 JumpStart: Using ssh and scp to Connect to an OpenSSH Server 631 Configuring OpenSSH Clients 632 ssh: Connects to or Executes Commands on a Remote System 634 scp: Copies Files to and from a Remote System 636 sftp: A Secure FTP Client 638 ~/.ssh/config and /etc/ssh/ssh_config Configuration Files 638 Setting Up an OpenSSH Server (sshd) 640 Prerequisites 640 Note 640 JumpStart: Starting an OpenSSH Server 641 Authorized Keys: Automatic Login 641 Command-Line Options 642 /etc/ssh/sshd_config Configuration File 643 Troubleshooting 644 Tunneling/Port Forwarding 645 Chapter Summary 648 Exercises 648 Advanced Exercises 649 Chapter 19: FTP: Transferring Files Across a Network 651 Introduction to FTP 652 Security 652 FTP Connections 652 FTP Clients 653 More Information 653 Running the ftp and sftp FTP Clients 654 Prerequisites 654 JumpStart I: Downloading Files Using ftp 654 Anonymous FTP 658 Automatic Login 658 Binary Versus ASCII Transfer Mode 658 ftp Specifics 659
15 000.book Page xxvii Thursday, November 20, :55 AM Contents xxvii Setting Up an FTP Server (vsftpd) 663 Prerequisites 663 Notes 663 JumpStart II: Starting a vsftpd FTP Server 664 Testing the Setup 664 Configuring a vsftpd Server 665 Chapter Summary 675 Exercises 676 Advanced Exercises 676 Chapter 20: exim4: Setting Up Mail Servers, Clients, and More 677 Introduction to exim4 678 Alternatives to exim4 679 More Information 679 Setting up a Mail Server (exim4) 679 Prerequisites 679 Notes 680 JumpStart I: Configuring exim4 to Use a Smarthost 680 JumpStart II: Configuring exim4 to Send and Receive Mail 682 Working with exim4 Messages 684 Mail Logs 684 Working with Messages 685 Aliases and Forwarding 686 Related Programs 687 Configuring an exim4 Mail Server 688 Using a Text Editor to Configure exim4 688 The update-exim4.conf.conf Configuration File 688 dpkg-reconfigure: Configures exim4 690 SpamAssassin 691 How SpamAssassin Works 691 Prerequisites 692 Testing SpamAssassin 692 Configuring SpamAssassin 694 Additional Tools 695 Webmail 695 Mailing Lists 697 Setting Up an IMAP or POP3 Mail Server 699 Authenticated Relaying 700 Chapter Summary 702 Exercises 702 Advanced Exercises 703
16 000.book Page xxviii Thursday, November 20, :55 AM xxviii Contents Chapter 21: NIS and LDAP 705 Introduction to NIS 706 How NIS Works 706 More Information 708 Running an NIS Client 708 Prerequisites 709 Notes 709 Configuring an NIS Client 710 Testing the Setup 711 yppasswd: Changes NIS Passwords 712 Setting Up an NIS Server 714 Prerequisites 714 Notes 715 Configuring the Server 715 Testing the Server 720 yppasswdd: The NIS Password Update Daemon 721 LDAP 722 More Information 724 Setting Up an LDAP Server 724 Prerequisites 724 Notes 724 Step-by-Step Setup 725 Other Tools for Working with LDAP 731 Evolution Mail 731 Konqueror 733 gq: An LDAP Client 733 Chapter Summary 734 Exercises 735 Advanced Exercises 735 Chapter 22: NFS: Sharing Filesystems 737 Introduction to NFS 738 More Information 740 Running an NFS Client 740 Prerequisites 740 JumpStart I: Mounting a Remote Directory Hierarchy 741 mount: Mounts a Directory Hierarchy 742 Improving Performance 744 /etc/fstab: Mounts Directory Hierarchies Automatically 745 Setting Up an NFS Server 746 Prerequisites 746 Notes 746 JumpStart II: Configuring an NFS Server Using shares-admin 747 Manually Exporting a Directory Hierarchy 749 Where the System Keeps NFS Mount Information 753
17 000.book Page xxix Thursday, November 20, :55 AM exportfs: Maintains the List of Exported Directory Hierarchies 755 Testing the Server Setup 756 automount: Mounts Directory Hierarchies on Demand 756 Chapter Summary 759 Exercises 759 Advanced Exercises 760 Chapter 23: Samba: Linux and Windows File and Printer Sharing 761 Introduction to Samba 762 More Information 763 Notes 763 Samba Users, User Maps, and Passwords 763 Setting up a Samba Server 764 Prerequisites 764 JumpStart: Configuring a Samba Server Using shares-admin 765 swat: Configures a Samba Server 766 smb.conf: Manually Configuring a Samba Server 769 Working with Linux Shares from Windows 776 Browsing Shares 776 Mapping a Share 777 Working with Windows Shares from Linux 777 smbtree: Displays Windows Shares 777 smbclient: Connects to Windows Shares 778 Browsing Windows Networks 778 Mounting Windows Shares 779 Troubleshooting 779 Chapter Summary 782 Exercises 782 Advanced Exercises 782 Chapter 24: DNS/BIND: Tracking Domain Names and Addresses 783 Introduction to DNS 784 Nodes, Domains, and Subdomains 784 Zones 786 Queries 787 Servers 788 Resource Records 789 DNS Queries and Responses 792 Reverse Name Resolution 793 How DNS Works 795 More Information 795 Notes 795 Contents xxix
18 000.book Page xxx Thursday, November 20, :55 AM xxx Contents Setting Up a DNS Server 796 Prerequisites 796 JumpStart: Setting Up a DNS Cache 796 Configuring a DNS Server 798 Setting Up Different Types of DNS Servers 811 A Full-Functioned Nameserver 811 A Slave Server 815 A Split Horizon Server 816 Chapter Summary 821 Exercises 821 Advanced Exercises 822 Chapter 25: firestarter, ufw, and iptables: Setting Up a Firewall 823 Introduction to firestarter 824 Notes 824 More Information 826 firestarter: Setting Up and Maintaining a Firewall 826 Prerequisites 826 JumpStart: Configuring a Firewall Using the firestarter Firewall Wizard 827 Maintaining a Firewall using firestarter 828 ufw: The Uncomplicated Firewall 834 Introduction to iptables 836 More Information 839 Prerequisites 839 Notes 839 Anatomy of an iptables Command 840 Building a Set of Rules Using iptables 841 Commands 841 Packet Match Criteria 843 Display Criteria 843 Match Extensions 843 Targets 846 Copying Rules to and from the Kernel 847 Sharing an Internet Connection Using NAT 848 Connecting Several Clients to a Single Internet Connection 850 Connecting Several Servers to a Single Internet Connection 852 Chapter Summary 852 Exercises 853 Advanced Exercises 853 Chapter 26: Apache: Setting Up a Web Server 855 Introduction 856 More Information 857 Notes 857
19 000.book Page xxxi Thursday, November 20, :55 AM Contents xxxi Running a Web Server (Apache) 858 Prerequisites 858 JumpStart: Getting Apache Up and Running 859 Configuring Apache 861 Configuration Directives 865 Directives I: Directives You May Want to Modify as You Get Started 866 Contexts and Containers 871 Directives II: Advanced Directives 875 Configuration Files 888 The Ubuntu apache2.conf File 888 The Ubuntu default Configuration File 890 Advanced Configuration 891 Redirects 891 Content Negotiation 891 Server-Generated Directory Listings (Indexing) 893 Virtual Hosts 893 Troubleshooting 896 Modules 897 mod_cgi and CGI Scripts 898 mod_ssl 899 Authentication Modules and.htaccess 901 Scripting Modules 902 Multiprocessing Modules (MPMs) 903 webalizer: Analyzes Web Traffic 904 MRTG: Monitors Traffic Loads 904 Error Codes 904 Chapter Summary 905 Exercises 906 Advanced Exercises 906 PART VI Programming Tools 907 Chapter 27: Programming the Bourne Again Shell 909 Control Structures 910 if...then 910 if...then...else 914 if...then...elif 917 for...in 923 for 924 while 926 until 930 break and continue 932 case 933 select 939 Here Document 941
20 000.book Page xxxii Thursday, November 20, :55 AM xxxii Contents File Descriptors 943 Parameters and Variables 946 Array Variables 946 Locality of Variables 948 Special Parameters 950 Positional Parameters 952 Expanding Null and Unset Variables 957 Builtin Commands 958 type: Displays Information About a Command 959 read: Accepts User Input 959 exec: Executes a Command or Redirects File Descriptors 962 trap: Catches a Signal 965 kill: Aborts a Process 968 getopts: Parses Options 968 A Partial List of Builtins 971 Expressions 972 Arithmetic Evaluation 972 Logical Evaluation (Conditional Expressions) 973 String Pattern Matching 974 Operators 975 Shell Programs 980 A Recursive Shell Script 981 The quiz Shell Script 984 Chapter Summary 990 Exercises 992 Advanced Exercises 994 Chapter 28: Perl 997 Introduction to Perl 998 More Information 998 Terminology 1000 Running a Perl Program 1001 Syntax 1003 Perl Help 1004 Variables 1004 Scalar Variables 1006 Array Variables 1007 Hash Variables 1010 Control Structures 1011 if/unless 1012 if...else 1014 if...elsif...else 1014 foreach/for 1015 while/until 1018 last and next 1019 Working with Files 1020
21 000.book Page xxxiii Thursday, November 20, :55 AM Contents xxxiii Sort 1023 Subroutines 1025 Regular Expressions 1027 Syntax and the =~ Operator 1027 CPAN Modules 1033 Examples 1035 Chapter Summary 1038 Exercises 1039 Advanced Exercises 1039 PART VII Appendixes 1041 Appendix A: Regular Expressions 1043 Characters 1044 Delimiters 1044 Simple Strings 1044 Special Characters 1044 Periods 1045 Brackets 1045 Asterisks 1046 Carets and Dollar Signs 1046 Quoting Special Characters 1047 Rules 1047 Longest Match Possible 1047 Empty Regular Expressions 1048 Bracketing Expressions 1048 The Replacement String 1048 Ampersand 1049 Quoted Digit 1049 Extended Regular Expressions 1049 Appendix Summary 1051 Appendix B: Help 1053 Solving a Problem 1054 Finding Linux-Related Information 1055 Documentation 1055 Useful Linux Sites 1056 Linux Newsgroups 1057 Mailing Lists 1057 Words 1058 Software 1058 Office Suites and Word Processors 1060 Specifying a Terminal 1060
22 000.book Page xxxiv Thursday, November 20, :55 AM xxxiv Contents Appendix C: Security 1063 Encryption 1064 Public Key Encryption 1065 Symmetric Key Encryption 1066 Encryption Implementation 1067 GnuPG/PGP 1067 File Security Security 1069 MTAs (Mail Transfer Agents) 1069 MUAs (Mail User Agents) 1070 Network Security 1070 Network Security Solutions 1071 Network Security Guidelines 1071 Host Security 1073 Login Security 1074 Remote Access Security 1075 Viruses and Worms 1076 Physical Security 1076 Security Resources 1078 Appendix Summary 1081 Appendix D: The Free Software Definition 1083 Appendix E: The Linux 2.6 Kernel 1087 Native Posix Thread Library (NPTL) 1088 IPSecurity (IPSec) 1088 Asynchronous I/O (AIO) 1088 O(1) Scheduler 1089 OProfile 1089 kksymoops 1089 Reverse Map Virtual Memory (rmap VM) 1089 HugeTLBFS: Translation Look-Aside Buffer Filesystem 1090 remap_file_pages Network Stack Features (IGMPv3, IPv6, and Others) 1090 Internet Protocol Virtual Server (IPVS) 1091 Access Control Lists (ACLs) GB-4GB Memory Split: Physical Address Extension (PAE) 1091 Scheduler Support for HyperThreaded CPUs 1091 Block I/O (BIO) Block Layer 1091 Support for Filesystems Larger Than 2 Terabytes 1092 New I/O Elevators 1092 Interactive Scheduler Response Tuning 1092
23 000.book Page xxxv Thursday, November 20, :55 AM Contents xxxv Glossary 1093 JumpStart Index 1143 File Tree Index 1145 Utility Index 1149 Main Index 1155
24 000.book Page xxxvi Thursday, November 20, :55 AM
Contents. xxxvi. Preface. Chapter 1: Welcome to Linux 1
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