void (*)(int) NAME signal: signal.h - description of signals SYNOPSIS #include <signal.h>

Transcription

1 NAME signal: signal.h - description of signals SYNOPSIS #include <signal.h> DESCRIPTION The <signal.h> header defines the following symbolic constants, each of which expands to a distinct constant expression of the type: void (*)() whose value matches no declarable function. SIG_DFL Request for default signal handling. SIG_ERR Return value from signal() in case of error. SIG_HOLD Request that signal be held. SIG_IGN Request that signal be ignored. The following data types are defined through typedef: sig_atomic_t Integral type of an object that can be accessed as an atomic entity, even in the presence of asynchronous errupts sigset_t Integral or structure type of an object used to represent sets of signals. pid_t As described in <sys/types.h>. This header also declares the constants that are used to refer to the signals that occur in the system. Signals defined here begin with the letters SIG. Each of the signals have distinct positive egral values. The value 0 is reserved for use as the null signal (see kill(2)). Additional implementation-dependent signals may occur in the system. HP-UX supports multiple signal erfaces (see sigaction (2), signal (2), and sigset (3C)) that allow a process to specify the action taken upon receipt of a signal. The following signals are supported on all implementations. The default actions A (Abort), C (Continue), I (Ignore), S (Stop) and T (Abnormal Termination) are explained after the table. Default Signal Action Description SIGABRT A Process abort signal. Same as SIGIOT. SIGALRM T Alarm clock. SIGBUS A Access to undefined portion of a memory object. SIGCHLD I Child process terminated or stopped. Same as SIGCLD. SIGCLD I Same as SIGCHLD (also see WARNINGS below). SIGCONT C Continue executing, if stopped. SIGEMT A Software generated signal. SIGFPE A Erroneous arithmetic operation. SIGHUP T Hangup. SIGILL A Illegal instruction. SIGIO I Asynchronous I/O signal; see select(2). Same as SIGPOLL. SIGIOT A Process abort signal. Same as SIGABRT. SIGINT T Terminal errupt signal. SIGKILL T Kill (cannot be caught or ignored). SIGLOST A File lock lost (NFS file locking). SIGPIPE T Write on a pipe with no one to read it. SIGPOLL T Pollable event. SIGQUIT A Terminal quit signal. HP-UX 11i Version 3: September Hewlett-Packard Company 1

2 SIGSEGV A Invalid memory reference. SIGSTOP S Stop executing (cannot be caught or ignored). SIGTERM T Termination signal. SIGTSTP S Terminal stop signal. SIGTTIN S Background process attempting read. SIGTTOU S Background process attempting write. SIGUSR1 T User-defined signal 1. SIGUSR2 T User-defined signal 2. SIGPOLL T Pollable event. SIGPROF T Profiling timer expired. SIGPWR I Power fail (see WARNINGS below). SIGSYS A Bad system call. SIGTRAP A Trace/breakpo trap. SIGURG I High bandwidth data is available at a socket. SIGVTALRM T Virtual timer expired. SIGWINCH I Window size change; see termio(7). SIGXCPU A CPU time limit exceeded. SIGXFSZ A File size limit exceeded. SIGRTMIN T First realtime signal. SIGRTMAX T Last realtime signal. The macros SIGRTMIN and SIGRTMAX evaluate to egral expressions, and specify a range that includes at least {RTSIG_MAX} signal numbers that are reserved for application use and for which the realtime signal extensions are supported (see sigaction (2)). The default actions are as follows: A Abnormal termination of the process. Additionally, for some signals having this default action, If the following conditions are met, generate a core image file (see core(4)) in the current working directory of the receiving process: The effective user ID and the real user ID of the receiving process are equal. The effective group ID and the real group ID of the receiving process are equal. A regular file named core does not exist and can be created, or exists and is writable. If the file is created, it has the following properties: The file mode is 0600, modified by the file creation mode mask (see umask(2)). The file user ID is equal to the effective user ID of the receiving process. The file group ID is equal to the effective group ID of the receiving process. C Continue the process, if it is stopped; otherwise ignore the signal. I Ignore the signal. S Stop the process. While a process is stopped, any additional signals sent to the process are suspended until the process is restarted (except SIGKILL, which is processed immediately). However, when the process is restarted, pending signals are processed. When a process that is in an orphaned process group (see glossary (9)) receives a SIGTSTP, SIGTTIN, orsigttou signal, the process is not stopped because a process in an orphaned process group is not allowed to stop. Instead, a SIGHUP signal is sent to the process, and the SIGTSTP, SIGTTIN, orsigttou is discarded. T Abnormal termination of the process. The process is terminated with all the consequences of exit() except that the status made available to wait() and waitpid() indicates abnormal termination by the specified signal. See exit (2), wait(2), waitpid (2). The header provides a declaration of struct sigaction, including at least the following members: void (*sa_handler)() what to do on receipt of signal 2 Hewlett-Packard Company 2 HP-UX 11i Version 3: September 2010

3 sigset_t sa_mask set of signals to be blocked during execution of the signal handling function sa_flags special flags void (*) sa_sigaction poer to signal (, siginfo_t *, void *) handler function or one of the macros SIG_IGN or SIG_DFL The storage occupied by sa_handler and sa_sigaction may overlap, and a portable program must not use both simultaneously. The following are declared as constants: SA_NOCLDSTOP Do not generate SIGCHLD when children stop. SIG_BLOCK The resulting set is the union of the current set and the signal set poed to by the argument set. SIG_UNBLOCK SIG_SETMASK SA_RESETHAND SA_RESTART SA_SIGINFO The resulting set is the ersection of the current set and the complement of the signal set poed to by the argument set. The resulting set is the signal set poed to by the argument set. SA_ONSTACK Causes signal delivery to occur on an alternate stack. Causes signal dispositions to be set to SIG_DFL on entry to signal handlers. Causes certain functions to become restartable. Causes extra information to be passed to signal handlers at the time of receipt of a signal. SA_NOCLDWAIT Causes implementations not to create zombie processes on child death. SA_NODEFER Causes signal not to be automatically blocked on entry to signal handler. SS_ONSTACK Process is executing on an alternate signal stack. SS_DISABLE Alternate signal stack is disabled. MINSIGSTKSZ Minimum stack size for a signal handler. SIGSTKSZ Default size in bytes for the alternate signal stack. The ucontext_t structure is defined through typedef as described in <ucontext.h>. The mcontext_t structure is defined through typedef as described in <ucontext.h>. The <signal.h> header defines the stack_t type as a structure that includes at least the following members: void *ss_sp stack base or poer size_t ss_size stack size ss_flags flags The <signal.h> header defines the sigstack structure that includes at least the following members: ss_onstack non-zero when signal stack is in use void *ss_sp signal stack poer The <signal.h> header defines the sigevent structure that includes at least the following members: sigev_notify Notification type sigev_signo Signal number union sigval sigev_value Signal value. The sigev_notify member specifies the notification mechanism to use when an asynchronous event occurs. The following values are defined for the sigev_notify member: SIGEV_NONE No asynchronous notification will be delivered when the event of erest occurs. HP-UX 11i Version 3: September Hewlett-Packard Company 3

4 SIGEV_SIGNAL The signal specified in sigev_signo will be generated for the process when the event of erest occurs. If SA_SIGINFO is set for that signal number, then the signal will be queued to the process, and the value specified in sigev_value will be the sigev_value component of the generated signal. If SA_SIGINFO is not set for that signal number, it is unspecified whether the signal is queued, and what value, if any, is sent. The sigev_signo member specifies the signal to be generated. The sigev_value member is the applicationdefined value to be passed to the signal-catching function at the time of the signal delivery or to be returned at signal acceptance as the si_value member of the siginfo_t structure. The <signal.h> header defines sigval as a union that includes at least the following members: sival_ Integer signal value void * sival_ptr Poer signal value. The <signal.h> header defines the siginfo_t type as a structure that includes at least the following members: si_signo signal number si_errno if non-zero, an errno value associated with this signal, as defined in <errno.h> si_code signal code union sigval si_value signal value id_t si_pid sending process ID uid_t si_uid real user ID of sending process void *si_addr address of faulting instruction si_status exit value or signal long si_band band event for SIGPOLL The si_code member contains a code identifying the cause of the signal. The following values are defined for si_code : SI_USER The signal was sent by kill(). The si_code may be set to SI_USER also if the signal was sent by raise() (see kill(2)) or similar functions that are provided as implementation extensions of kill(). SI_QUEUE The signal was sent by sigqueue(). SI_TIMER The signal was generated by the expiration of a timer set by timer_settime(). SI_ASYNCIO The signal was generated by the completion of an asynchronous I/O request. SI_MESGQ The signal was generated by the arrival of a message on an empty message queue. If the signal was not generated by one of the functions or events listed above (such as kill(), raise(), sigqueue(), and other functions), the si_code will be set to an implementation-defined value (see the Code column below) that is not equal to any of the values defined above for si_code. If si_code is one of SI_QUEUE, SI_TIMER, SI_ASYNCIO, orsi_mesgq, then si_value will contain the application-specified signal value. Otherwise, the contents of si_value are undefined. The macros specified in the Code column of the following table are defined for use as values of si_code that are signal-specific reasons why the signal was generated. Signal Code Reason SIGILL ILL_ILLOPC illegal opcode ILL_ILLOPN illegal operand ILL_ILLADR illegal addressing mode ILL_ILLTRP illegal trap ILL_PRVOPC privileged opcode 4 Hewlett-Packard Company 4 HP-UX 11i Version 3: September 2010

5 ILL_PRVREG ILL_COPROC ILL_BADSTK privileged register coprocessor error ernal stack error SIGFPE FPE_INTDIV eger divide by zero FPE_INTOVF eger overflow FPE_FLTDIV floating po divide by zero FPE_FLTOVF floating po overflow FPE_FLTUND floating po underflow FPE_FLTRES floating po inexact result FPE_FLTINV invalid floating po operation FPE_FLTSUB subscript out of range SIGSEGV SEGV_MAPERR address not mapped to object SEGV_ACCERR invalid permissions for mapped object SIGBUS BUS_ADRALN invalid address alignment BUS_ADRERR non-existent physical address BUS_OBJERR object specific hardware error SIGTRAP TRAP_BRKPT process breakpo TRAP_TRACE process trace trap SIGCHLD CLD_EXITED child has exited CLD_KILLED child has terminated abnormally and did not create a core file CLD_DUMPED child has terminated and created a core file CLD_KILLED child was killed CLD_DUMPED child has terminated abnormally CLD_TRAPPED traced child has trapped CLD_STOPPED child has stopped CLD_CONTINUED stopped child has continued SIGPOLL POLL_IN data input available POLL_OUT output buffers available POLL_MSG input message available POLL_ERR I/O error POLL_PRI high priority input available POLL_HUP device disconnected Implementations may support additional si_code values not included in this list, may generate values included in this list under circumstances other than those described in this list, and may contain extensions or limitations that prevent some values from being generated. Implementations will not generate a different value from the ones described in this list for circumstances described in this list. In addition, the following signal-specific information will be available: Signal Member Value SIGILL void * si_addr address of faulting instruction SIGFP SIGSEGV void * si_addr address of faulting memory reference SIGBUS SIGCHLD pid_t si_pid child process ID si_status exit value or signal uid_t si_uid real user ID of the process that sent the signal SIGPOLL long si_band band event for POLL_IN, POLL_OUT, orpoll_msg For some implementations, the value of si_addr may be inaccurate. The following are declared as functions and may also be defined as macros: HP-UX 11i Version 3: September Hewlett-Packard Company 5

6 void void void (*bsd_signal( sig, void (*func)()))(); kill(pid_t pid, sig); killpg(pid_t pgrp, sig); raise( sig); sigaction( sig, const struct sigaction *act, struct sigaction *oact); sigaddset(sigset_t *set, signo); sigaltstack(const stack_t *ss, stack_t *oss); sigdelset(sigset_t *set, signo); sigemptyset(sigset_t *set); sigfillset(sigset_t *set); sighold( sig); sigignore( sig); sigerrupt( sig, flag); sigismember(const sigset_t *set, signo); sigmask( signum); (*signal( sig, void (*func)()))(); sigpause( sig); sigpending(sigset_t *set); sigprocmask( how, const sigset_t *set, sigset_t *oset); sigqueue(pid_t pid, sig, const union sigval value); sigrelse( sig); *sigset( sig, void (*disp)()))(); sigstack(struct sigstack *ss, struct sigstack *oss); sigsuspend(const sigset_t *sigmask); sigtimedwait(const sigset_t *set, siginfo_t * info, const struct timespec *timeout); sigwait(const sigset_t *set, *sig); sigwaitinfo(const sigset_t *set, siginfo_t * info); APPLICATION USAGE Upon receipt of the signal, if signal() is used to set the action to the address of a signal handler, the action for the signal caught is reset to SIG_DFL (except SKGILL, SIGTRAP, and SIGPWR). Then, the signal-catching function is executed. Signal erface routines other than signal() normally do not reset the action for the signal caught. However, sigaction() provides a way of specifying this behavior. The parameters passed to the signal-catching function where signal() is used are: sig The signal number. code A word of information usually provided by the hardware. struct sigcontext *scp A poer to the machine-dependent structure sigcontext defined in <signal.h>. The parameters passed to the signal-catching function where sigaction() is used and SA_SIGINFO is not specified are: sig The signal number. The parameters passed to the signal-catching function where sigaction() is used and SA_SIGINFO is specified are: sig The signal number. siginfo_t *siginfop Information on why the signal was generated. void *contextp Can be cast to a poer to a ucontext_t 6 Hewlett-Packard Company 6 HP-UX 11i Version 3: September 2010

7 to refer to the thread s context at the time of the erruption. Depending on the value of sig, code can be zero and/or scp can be NULL. The meanings of code and scp and the conditions determining when they are other than zero or NULL are implementation-dependent. It is possible for code to always be zero, and scp to always be NULL. The poer scp, siginfop, and contextp are valid only during the context of the signal-catching function. Optional parameters can be omitted from the signal-catching function parameter list, in which case the signal-catching function is exactly compatible with UNIX System V. Truly portable software should not use the optional parameters in signal-catching routines. Upon return from the signal-catching function, the receiving process resumes execution at the po where it was errupted. When a signal is caught during the execution of system calls such as read(), write(), open(), or ioctl() on a slow device (such as a terminal, but not a file on a local filesystem), during a pause() system call or a wait() system call that does not return immediately because a previously stopped or zombie process already exists, the signal-catching function is executed and the errupted system call returns a 1 to the calling process with errno set to [EINTR]. When any stop signal (SIGSTOP, SIGTSTP, SIGTTIN, SIGTTOU) is generated for a process, pending SIGCONT signals for that process are discarded. Conversely, when SIGCONT is generated for a process, all pending stop signals for that process are discarded. When SIGCONT is generated for a stopped process, the process is continued, even if the SIGCONT signal is blocked or ignored. If SIGCONT is blocked and not ignored, the signal remains pending until it is either unblocked or a stop signal is generated. Note: When any stop signal (SIGSTOP, SIGTSTP, SIGTIN, SIGTTOU) is posted to threads created with process contention scope, using pthread_kill(), pending SIGCONT signals may not be discarded. Similarly, when SIGCONT is posted to threads created with process contention scope, using pthread_kill(), pending stop signals may not be discarded. However, stop and continue signals posted to threads created with system contention scope, using pthread_kill(), will continue to adhere to the semantics described in the preceding paragraph. SIGKILL is sent by the system if an exec() system call is unsuccessful and the original program has already been deleted. Threads Considerations The following summarizes the signal model for threads: A signal mask which specifies the signals blocked from delivery is associated with each thread. The signal disposition, catch/ignore/default, is a process attribute and is shared by all threads in the process. If the signal action for a signal specifies termination, stop or continue, all threads within the process are terminated, stopped or continued, respectively. This is the case regardless of whether the signal was directed at the process or a specific thread within the process. Signals which are generated by some action associated with a particular thread, such as an invalid poer dereference, will be delivered to the thread which caused the generation of the signal. These signals are referred to as synchronously generated signals. Signals that are posted to the process by kill() or some asynchronous event such as terminal activity will be delivered to exactly one thread in the process which does not block delivery of the signal; if there is more than one eligible thread, which thread the signal is delivered to may not be able to be determined by an application. If all threads in the process block the signal, then the signal remains pending on the process until a thread unblocks the signal, issues a sigwait() call for the signal or sets the signal disposition to ignore the signal. These signals are referred to as asynchronously generated signals. A thread can post a signal to a particular thread in the same process using pthread_kill(). If the thread which the signal is posted to blocks delivery of the signal, the signal remains pending on the thread. The sigpending() function returns a union of the set of signals pending on the process and on the calling thread. HP-UX 11i Version 3: September Hewlett-Packard Company 7

8 Each PTHREAD_SCOPE_SYSTEM thread may define an alternate signal handling stack. Use of alternate signal stacks in PTHREAD_SCOPE_PROCESS threads will result in indeterminate behavior. Threadsafe Considerations Refer to thread_safety(5) for a list of libc and libpthread erfaces which are not thread-safe, cancellation pos, cancel safe, async signal safe, and async cancel safe. WARNINGS The signals SIGCLD and SIGPWR behave differently than those described above in the list of signals in DESCRIPTION. The actions for these signals is modified as follows: SIGCLD Setting the action for SIGCLD to SIG_IGN in a parent process prevents exiting children of the calling process from creating a zombie process. If the parent process executes the wait() function, the calling process blocks until all of the child processes of the calling processes terminate. The wait() function then returns a value of 1 with errno set to [ECHILD] (see wait(2)). If one of the signal erface routines is used to set the action for SIGCLD to be caught (that is, a function address is supplied) in a process that currently has terminated (zombie) children, a SIGCLD signal is delivered to the parent process immediately. Signal-catching functions set by signal() are reset when the signal is caught. These functions generally reinstall themselves. If the function associated with SIGCLD reinstalls itself before it has called one of the child wait functions (such as wait(), wait3(), orwaitpid()), another SIGCLD signal will be delivered and the handler immediately invoked again (unless the signal is masked). Thus, a signal-catching function for SIGCLD should reinstall itself only after it has called one of the child wait functions. (This similarly applies to signal-catching functions set with sigaction() where SA_RESETHAND or SV_RESETHAND has been specified.) SIGPWR The SIGPWR signal is sent to all processes after a power erruption when power is restored and the system has done all necessary reinitialization. Processes restart by catching (or ignoring) SIGPWR. Applications that wish to recover from power failures should catch SIGPWR and take whatever necessary steps to reinitialize itself. Some implementations do not generate SIGPWR. Only systems with nonvolatile memory can recover from power failures. The hardware program counter is not advanced when a trap occurs. If the signal generated by a hardware trap is received by a signal-catching function in the user program, the instruction that caused the trap is re-executed upon return from the signal-catching function, causing the trap again, unless program flow is altered by the signal-catching function. For example, the longjmp() routine (see setjmp (3C)) can be called. Using longjmp() ensures software portability across different hardware architectures. If the signal generated by a hardware trap is not received by a signal-catching function, that is, if the signal is masked or ignored, there may be one of two results: 1. The instruction causing the trap is executed again, resulting in an infinite program loop 2. The system detects the situation and causes the program to terminate. AUTHOR signal was developed by HP, AT&T, and the University of California, Berkeley. SEE ALSO kill(1), init(1m), alarm(2), exit(2), ioctl(2), kill(2), lseek(2), pause(2), select(2), sigaction(2), sigaltstack(2), sigerrupt(2), signal(2), sigpending(2), sigprocmask(2), sigsuspend(2), sigwait(2), umask(2), wait(2), waitid(2), abort(3c), setjmp(3c), sigset(3c), core(4), thread_safety(5), termio(7), glossary(9). 8 Hewlett-Packard Company 8 HP-UX 11i Version 3: September 2010

9 STANDARDS CONFORMANCE <signal.h>: AES, SVID2, SVID3, XPG2, XPG3, XPG4, FIPS 151-2, POSIX.1, ANSI C HP-UX 11i Version 3: September Hewlett-Packard Company 9

10 (Notes) (Notes) 10 Hewlett-Packard Company 1 HP-UX 11i Version 3: September 2010