Give a man an exploit and you make him a hacker for a day; teach a man to exploit bugs and you make him a hacker for a lifetime.
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1 Give a man an exploit and you make him a hacker for a day; teach a man to exploit bugs and you make him a hacker for a lifetime. Felix FX Lindner Seemingly simple bugs can have drastic consequences, allowing attackers to compromise systems, escalate local privileges, and otherwise wreak havoc on a system. A Bug Hunter s Diary follows security expert Tobias Klein as he tracks down and exploits bugs in some of the world s most popular software, like Apple s ios, the VLC media player, web browsers, and even the Mac OS X kernel. In this one-of-a-kind account, you ll see how the developers responsible for these flaws patched the bugs or failed to respond to them at all. Along the way you ll learn how to: * Use field-tested techniques to find bugs, like identifying and tracing user input data and reverse engineering * Exploit vulnerabilities like NULL pointer dereferences, buffer overflows, and type conversion flaws * Develop proof-of-concept code that verifies the security flaw * Report bugs to vendors or third party brokers A Bug Hunter s Diary is packed with real-world examples of vulnerable code and the custom programs used to find and test bugs. Whether you re hunting bugs for fun, for profit, or to make the world a safer place, you ll learn valuable new skills by watching over the shoulder of a professional bug hunter in action. About The Author Tobias Klein is a security researcher and founder of NESO Security Labs, an information security consulting and research company. He is the author of two information security books published in the German language by dpunkt.verlag. I LAY FLAT. This book uses RepKover a durable binding that won t snap shut. T H E F I N E ST I N G E E K E N T E RTA I N M E N T w w w.nostarch.com $39.95 ($41.95 CDN) Shelve In: Computer Security/Programming
2 Index Numbers 4.4BSD, 130 4X movie file format, 53 A AAC (Advanced Audio Coding), 136 ActiveX, 71 Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR), 19 21, Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), 136 ALWIL Software, 87 antivirus products, 87 Apache webserver, 137 Apple GNU Debugger version, 173 iphone, 133 MacBook, 113 ARM CPU, 7, 140, 146 assembly syntax AT&T, 124, 173 Intel, 93, 140, 173 ASLR (Address Space Layout Randomization) 19 21, Audio Toolbox (Apple ios audio framework), 134 avast! antivirus product, 87 B Blue Screen of Death (BSoD), 109 brute force technique, 63, 125 BSoD (Blue Screen of Death), 109 buffer overflows, 5, 9, 81, 142, 149, 180, 183 bug hunting, definition of, 3 C Celestial (Apple ios audio framework), 134 checksec.sh, Cisco, 71, 84 Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures Identifiers (CVE-IDs), 23 CVE , 130 CVE , 49 CVE , 110 CVE , 84 CVE , 22 CVE , 69 CVE , 147
3 COMRaider, 72 coordinated disclosure, 18 Core Audio (Apple ios audio framework), 134 cross-site scripting (XSS), 75 CTL_CODE, 97 CurrentStackLocation, 95 CVE-IDs. See Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures Identifiers Cygwin environment, 21 D Data Execution Prevention (DEP), 19 21, data transfer type, 97 debuggers, 6 The GNU Debugger (gdb), 7, 121, 140, Immunity Debugger, 7, 16 The Modular Debugger (mdb), 7, 37, OllyDbg, 7 WinDbg, 7, 76 77, 92 95, 99, 107, demuxer, 10, 52 DEP (Data Execution Prevention), 19 21, DeviceIoControl(), 90 Direct Kernel Object Manipulation (DKOM), 110 disassemblers, 7 DispCallFunc(), 76 DKOM (Direct Kernel Object Manipulation), 110 double frees, 6 DRIVER_OBJECT, 90 DriverView, 88 dynamic analysis, 4 E ELF (Executable and Linkable Format), 61, 157 Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit (EMET), 22 Executable and Linkable Format (ELF), 61, 157 exploit, 3 for avast! antivirus product vulnerability, 110 development of, 8 for FFmpeg vulnerability, 65 for Mac OS X kernel vulnerability, 129 for Sun Solaris kernel vulnerability, 48 for VLC media player vulnerability, 18 for WebEx vulnerability, 83 F FFmpeg multimedia library, 51, 155 FreeBSD, 130 full disclosure, 18, 84 fuzzing, 4, 134 G gdb (The GNU Debugger), 7, 121, 140, Global Offset Table (GOT), 61, 67, 157, 183 GNU Debugger, The (gdb), 7, 121, 140, GOT overwrite, 67, /GS, 19, 152, H heap buffer overflows, 149. See also buffer overflows heap-memory management, 6 heap mitigation techniques, 179 heap spraying techniques, 83, 129 I IDA Pro (Interactive Disassembler Professional), 7, 78, 88, 181 Immunity Debugger, 7, Index
4 input/output controls (IOCTL), 26, 88, 113 ioctl(), 115 instruction alignment, 146 instruction pointer, 7, 150 Intel, 7, 149 Interactive Disassembler Professional (IDA Pro), 7, 78, 88, 181 Internet Explorer, 71 IoCreateDevice(), 88 IOCTL (input/output controls), 26, 88, 113 ioctl(), 115 I/O request packet (IRP), 95 _IO_STACK_LOCATION, 96 iphone, 133 IRP (I/O request packet), 95 IRP_MJ_DEVICE_CONTROL, 90 J jmp reg technique, 18, 19 K kernel debugging, 7, 37, 88, 121, 167, 173 Kernel Debug Kit, 174 kernel driver, 87 kernel panic, 32, 37 38, 120, 165 kernel space, 39, 102 KeSetEvent(), 107 L Linux Debian, 157, 183 debugging the Mac OS X kernel with, 121, 173 and exploit mitigation techniques, 180, 183 fuzzing the iphone with, 134 gdb, debugger for, 7 Red Hat, 173 stack buffer overflows under, 151 Ubuntu, 56, 63, 151 little-endian, 17, 143 LookingGlass, 21 M Mac OS X, 7, 113, 173 mdb (The Modular Debugger), 7, 37, mediaserverd, 134 memcpy(), 101, 142 memory corruption, 6, 140, 149, 157 memory errors, 6 memory leak, 129, 140 METHOD_BUFFERED, 99 MindshaRE, 76 mmap(), 44 MobileSafari, 133 Modular Debugger, The (mdb), 7, 37, Most Significant Bit (MSB), 156 movie header atom, 144 movsx, 5 MSB (Most Significant Bit), 156 N non-maskable interrupt (NMI), 122 NULL pointer dereference, 6, 32, 51, O objdump, 63, 161, 184 OS X, 7, 113, 173 P parser, 9 PLT (Procedure Linkage Table), privilege escalation, 110, 129 Procedure Linkage Table (PLT), program counter, 7, 150 Python, 74 Q QuickTime (File Format Specification), 144 Index 193
5 R readelf, 161 RELRO, 67 69, rep movsd, 101 responsible disclosure, 18 return address (RET), 150 runtime link editor (rtld), 157, 159 S saved frame pointer (SFP), security advisories TKADV , 131 TKADV , 111 TKADV , 85 TKADV , 24 TKADV , 50 TKADV , 70 TKADV , 148 security cookie, 19, 152, SFP (saved frame pointer), sign bit, 156 sign-extension vulnerabilities, 5 SiteLock, 84 Solaris kernel, 25 mdb, debugger for, 7 Solaris Zones, 39, sprintf(), 80 stack buffer overflows, 149. See also buffer overflows stack canary, 151, 180 stack frame, 150 static analysis, 4 STREAMS, 27 T Tipping Point, Zero Day Initiative (ZDI), 18 TiVo file format, 10 type conversion, 51, 117, 154 U uninitialized variables, 6 user space, 27, 39, 51, 90, 129 V VBScript, 74 VCP (Vulnerability Contributor Program), 18, 84 Verisign idefense Labs, Vulnerability Contributor Program (VCP), 18, 84 VideoLAN, 9 VirusTotal, 87 VLC media player, 9, 51, 65 VMware, 88, vulnerability brokers, 18 Tipping Point, 18 Verisign idefense Labs, 18, 84 Vulnerability Contribution Program (VCP), 18, 84 vulnerability rediscovery, 84 W WebEx Meeting Manager, 71 WinDbg, 7, 76 77, 92 95, 99, 107, Windows I/O manager, 95 Windows Vista, 10, 19, 152, 156, 181 Windows XP, 71, 88, 107, 167, 180 WinObj, 90 X XNU kernel, 113, 174 XSS (cross-site scripting), 75 xxd, 136 Z Zero Day Initiative (ZDI), 18 zero page, 39 46, Index
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