Operacijski sustavi. Laboratorijska vježba 3. Petra Lončar, mag. ing. el., asistent FESB, 2016.
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1 Operacijski sustavi Laboratorijska vježba 3 Petra Lončar, mag. ing. el., asistent ploncar@fesb.hr FESB, 2016.
2 Višedretvenost svaki proces ima svoj adresni prostor i jednu kontrolnu dretvu ideja višedretvenog programiranja - program sastavljen od više jedinica koje se samostalno mogu izvoditi princip rada više dretvi koje se izvršavaju unutar jednog procesa je analogan radu više istovremenih procesa na jednom računalu često se nazivaju lightweight procesi operacijski sustav upravlja redoslijedom izvođenja dretvi u višeprocesorskom sustavu dretve se mogu izvoditi i istovremeno komunikacija među dretvama se obavlja preko zajedničkog adresnog prostora, te se može obaviti bez uplitanja operacijskog sustava u situacijama kad koristimo više dretvi u jednom procesu govorimo o višedretvenosti ili multithreading-u sve dretve unutar jednog procesa dijele isti adresni prostor, dakle dijele globalne varijable sve dretve (unutar nekog procesa) dijele isti skup otvorenih datoteka, procesa djece, alarma i signala itd.
3 Proces adresni prostor Dretve adresni prostor
4 SVOJSTVENO POJEDINOM PROCESU adresni prostor globalne varijable procesi djeca tekući alarmi signali i rukovoditelji signalima otvorene datoteke SVOJSTVENO POJEDINOJ DRETVI programski brojač registri stog stanje
5 Prednosti (UNIX) dretvi postoje unutar procesa i koriste njegove resurse imaju svoj nezavisni redoslijed izvršavanja dok god postoji roditeljski proces i dozvoljava operativni sustav repliciraju samo esencijalne resurse one koji su potrebni za nezavisno raspoređivanje jednostavnije stvaranje i uništavanje dretve su lake (eng. lightweight) većina režijskih troškova se ostvari prilikom stvaranja roditeljskog procesa ostatak resursa dijeli zajednički sa ostalim dretvama istog procesa Nedostaci (UNIX) dretvi zbog dijeljenja resursa, ono što jedna dretva obavi nad dijeljenim resursima će biti vidljivo u svim ostalim dretvama tog procesa npr., ukoliko jedna dretva zatvori datoteku, to će vidjeti sve dretve unutar procesa mogućnost istovremenog pristupa podacima zahtijeva eksplicitnu sinkronizaciju u programskom kodu sva čitanja iz istih podatka i sva pisanja po istim podacima
6 kao i procesi dretve se mogu naći u sljedećim stanjima: aktivna blokirana spremna završena
7 POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface Unix) je zajednički naziv za skupinu IEEE standarda kojima se definira sučelje za programiranje (API) softvera usklađenog s različitim izvedenicama operacijskog sustava UNIX službena oznaka je IEEE 1003, a naziv međunarodnog standarda je ISO/IEC 9945 POSIX niti ili Pthreads - biblioteka koja omogućuje jednostavno stvaranje višedretvenog programa današnji sustavi imaju podršku za Pthreads pthreads - skup C tipova podatka i funkcija, opisanih u biblioteci pthread.h pthreads - primjena kod paralelnog programiranja upotreba: #include <pthread.h> prevođenje: gcc/g++ -pthread pogledati man threads
8 Stvaranje dretvi int pthread_create(pthread_t *thread, const pthread_attr_t *attr, void *(*start_routine) (void *), void *arg); - pthread_create kreira novu dretvu i omogućava njeno izvršavanje - argumenti: thread vraća thread ID (pthread_t je predefinirani unsigned long int) attr adresa strukture koja sadrži podatke o atributima s kojima se želi stvoriti dretvu; ukoliko je postavljen na NULL, defaultne vrijednosti (najčešće) void * (*start_routine) pokazivač na thread funkciju koju će novostvorena dretva imati kao početnu *arg adresa parametra koji se prenosi dretvi (može biti NULL ako se ništa ne prenosi); u slučaju potrebe prijenosa više parametara oni se pohranjuju u strukturu te se šalje pokazivač na tu strukturu - funkcija vraća: 0 ako je uspješno izvršena; neki drugi broj ako nije uspješno izvršena (broj označava grešku do koje je došlo tijekom izvršavanja funkcije)
9 Završetak rada dretvi svaka dretva može završiti svoj rad na nekoliko načina: završetkom funkcije nad kojom je pokrenuta dretvu pozivom pthread_exit funkcije - bez obzira da li posao dretve završen ili ne dretva je opozvana od strane druge dretve pozivom pthread_cancel funkcije prekidom procesa, pozivom funkcija exec ili exit zbog završetka funkcije main ako se završi funkcija main, a nije eksplicitno pozvala funkciju pthread_exit void pthread_exit(void *retval); - eksplicitno zaustavlja dretvu - argumenti: pokazivač na status dretve, tako da može signalizirati drugim dretvama da je njezino izvođenje završeno
10 int pthread_join(pthread_t thread, void **retval); - čeka na završetak druge dretve - argumenti: thread ID dretve na čiji završetak treba čekati retval vrijednost koju vraća funkcija thread (NULL) - atributi su objekti kojima se može uticati na: politiku raspoređivanja i prioritiziranja da li je dretva detached ili joinable eksplicitno upravljanje stack-om - atributi se stvaraju i uništavaju sa: pthread_attr_init(attr) pthread_attr_destroy(attr)
11 int pthread_cancel ( pthread_t thread ); - poništava dretvu - funkcija prima: identifikator dretve koju je potrebno poništiti
12 jedna dretva može kreirati proizvoljan broj drugih dretvi ukupan broj dretvi ograničen je samo od strane OS-a ne postoji hijerahijski odnos među dretvama sve dretve su međusobno jednake (eng. peers)
13 Primjer: #include <pthread.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #define NUM_THREADS 5 void *PrintHello(void *threadid) { long tid; tid = (long)threadid; printf("hello World! It's me, thread #%ld!\n", tid); pthread_exit(null); } int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { pthread_t threads[num_threads]; int rc; long t; for(t=0; t<num_threads; t++){ printf("in main: creating thread %ld\n", t); rc = pthread_create(&threads[t], NULL, PrintHello, (void *)t); if (rc){ printf("error; return code from pthread_create() is %d\n", rc); exit(-1); } } pthread_exit(null); }
14 Terminal prozor
15 WIN32 CreateProcess() funkcija za stvaranje procesa CreateThread() funkcija za stvaranje dretvi
16 Zadatak: 1. Napisati program koji računa sumu dva niza i rezultat sprema u treći niz. Broj kreiranih dretvi treba biti jednak broju elemenata niza, svaka dretva treba zbrajati elemente istog indeksa u nizovima. C[i] = A[i] + B[i] npr Dretva 1 Dretva2
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