Semantic Web. XSLT: XML Transformation. Morteza Amini. Sharif University of Technology Fall 95-96

Transcription

1 ه عا ی Semantic Web XSLT: XML Transformation Morteza Amini Sharif University of Technology Fall 95-96

2 Outline Fundamentals of XSLT XPath extensible Stylesheet Language Cocoon 2

3 XSLT XSLT stands for extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations It is used to transform XML documents into other kinds of documents, e.g. HTML, PDF, XML, XSLT uses two input files: The XML document containing the actual data. The XSL document containing both the framework in which to insert the data, and XSLT commands to do so. 3

4 XSLT Architecture Source XML doc XSL stylesheet XSL processor Target Document 4

5 Some Special Transforms XML to HTML for old browsers XML to LaTeX for TeX layout XML to SVG graphs, charts, trees XML to tab-delimited for db/stat packages XML to plain-text occasionally useful XML to XSL-FO formatting objects 5

6 XSLT Data Model XSLT reads an XML documents as a source tree Transforms the documents into other formats (e.g., HTML) Transformations are specified in a stylesheet To navigate the tree XSLT uses XPath 6

7 Outline Fundamentals of XSLT XPath extensible Stylesheet Language Cocoon 7

8 Introduction to XPath XPath is a syntax for addressing parts of an XML document by describing paths through the document hierarchy, specifying constraints to match against the document's structure. XSL uses XPath expressions to determine which elements match a template, select nodes upon which to perform operations. 8

9 XPath Basics XPath expressions superficially resemble UNIX pathnames, e.g. poem/stanza/line refers to "all line elements which are children of stanza elements which are children of poem elements" XPath expressions are evaluated relative to a "context node", which is analogous to the "current working directory" in UNIX or DOS. The XPath expression for this is "." 9

10 XPath Basics - Selecting Nodes (1) Expression nodename Description Selects all nodes with the name "nodename" / Selects from the root node // Selects nodes in the document (from the current node) that match the selection no matter where they are. Selects the current node.. Selects the parent of the current Selects attributes 10

11 XPath Basics - Selecting Nodes (2) Path Expression bookstore /bookstore bookstore/book //book bookstore//book //@lang Result Selects all nodes with the name "bookstore" Selects the root element bookstore Note: If the path starts with a slash ( / ) it always represents an absolute path to an element! Selects all book elements that are children of bookstore Selects all book elements no matter where they are in the document Selects all book elements that are descendant of the bookstore element, no matter where they are under the bookstore element Selects all attributes that are named lang 11

12 XPath Basics Predicates or Conditions Predicates are used to find a specific node or a node that contains a specific value. Predicates are always embedded in square brackets. Path Expression /bookstore/book[1] /bookstore/book[last()] /bookstore/book[last()-1] /bookstore/book[position()<3] //title[@lang] //title[@lang='eng'] /bookstore/book[price>35.00] /bookstore/book[price>35.00]/title Result Selects the first book element that is the child of the bookstore element. Selects the last book element that is the child of the bookstore element Selects the last but one book element that is the child of the bookstore element Selects the first two book elements that are children of the bookstore element Selects all the title elements that have an attribute named lang Selects all the title elements that have an attribute named lang with a value of 'eng' Selects all the book elements of the bookstore element that have a price element with a value greater than Selects all the title elements of the book elements of the bookstore element that have a price element with a value greater than

13 XPath Basics Wildcards XPath wildcards can be used to select unknown XML elements. Wildcard Description * Matches any element node() Matches any attribute node Matches any node of any kind Path Expression Result /bookstore/* Selects all the child nodes of the bookstore element //* Selects all elements in the document //title[@*] Selects all title elements which have any attribute 13

14 XPath Basics Selecting Several Paths By using the operator in an XPath expression you can select several paths. Path Expression //book/title //book/price //title //price /bookstore/book/title //price Result Selects all the title AND price elements of all book elements Selects all the title AND price elements in the document Selects all the title elements of the book element of the bookstore element AND all the price elements in the document 14

15 A Simple Example (1) Consider the following XML document: <poem> <title>roses</title> <author>i m a Poet</author> <stanza> <line>roses are red</line> <line>violets are blue</line> </stanza> <stanza> <line>i'm a poet</line> <punch>and you're not!</punch> </stanza> </poem> 15

16 A Simple Example (2) The XPath "poem/stanza/line" selects <poem> <title>roses</title> <author>i m a Poet</author> <stanza> <line>roses are red</line> <line>violets are blue</line> </stanza> <stanza> <line>i'm a poet</line> <punch>and you're not!</punch> </stanza> </poem> 16

17 Example: Wildcards The XPath "poem/stanza/*" selects <poem> <title>roses</title> <author>i m a Poet</author> <stanza> <line>roses are red</line> <line>violets are blue</line> </stanza> <stanza> <line>i'm a poet</line> <punch>and you're not!</punch> </stanza> </poem> 17

18 Example: Descendants The XPath "poem//punch" selects: <poem> <title>roses</title> <author>i m a Poet</author> <stanza> <line>roses are red</line> <line>violets are blue</line> </stanza> <stanza> <line>i'm a poet</line> <punch>and you're not!</punch> </stanza> </poem> 18

19 Example: Sequencing (1) The XPath "poem/stanza/line[1]" selects: <poem> <title>roses</title> <author>i m a Poet</author> <stanza> <line>roses are red</line> <line>violets are blue</line> </stanza> <stanza> <line>i'm a poet</line> <punch>and you're not!</punch> </stanza> </poem> 19

20 Example: Sequencing (2) The XPath "poem/stanza/line[position() = last()]" selects: <poem> <title>roses</title> <author>i m a Poet</author> <stanza> <line>roses are red</line> <line>violets are blue</line> </stanza> <stanza> <line>i'm a poet</line> <punch>and you're not!</punch> </stanza> </poem> 20

21 Example: Selecting Text Nodes The XPath "poem/author/text()" selects: <poem> <title>roses</title> <author>i m a Poet</author> <stanza> <line>roses are red</line> <line>violets are blue</line> </stanza> <stanza> <line>i'm a poet</line> <punch>and you're not!</punch> </stanza> </poem> 21

22 Example: Conditionals The XPath "poem/stanza[punch]" selects: <poem> <title>roses</title> <author>i m a Poet</author> <stanza> <line>roses are red</line> <line>violets are blue</line> </stanza> <stanza> <line>i'm a poet</line> <punch>and you're not!</punch> </stanza> </poem> 22

23 Example: Conditionals - Equality The XPath //line[text()="i'm a poet"] selects: <poem> <title>roses</title> <author>i m a Poet</author> <stanza> <line>roses are red</line> <line>violets are blue</line> </stanza> <stanza> <line>i'm a poet</line> <punch>and you're not!</punch> </stanza> </poem> 23

24 Outline Fundamentals of XSLT XPath extensible Stylesheet Language Cocoon 24

25 A Simple XSL Example File data.xml: <?xml version="1.0"?> <?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="render.xsl"?> <message>hello World!</message> File render.xsl: <?xml version="1.0"?> <xsl:stylesheet version="1.0 xmlns:xsl=" <!-- one rule, to transform the input root (/) --> <xsl:template match="/"> <html><body> <h1><xsl:value-of select="message"/></h1> </body></html> </xsl:template> </xsl:stylesheet> 25

26 Stylesheet (.xsl file) It is a well-formed XML document It is a collection of template rules A template rule consists of pattern and a template Pattern is specified in XPath and locates the node of the XML tree. The located node is replaced by the template in the result 26

27 Stylesheet (2) An XSLT document has the.xsl extension The XSLT document begins with: <?xml version="1.0"?> <xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl=" Contains one or more templates, such as: <xsl:template match="/">... </xsl:template> And ends with: </xsl:stylesheet> 27

28 Stylesheet (3) The template <xsl:template match="/"> says to select the entire file You can think of this as selecting the root node of the XML tree Inside this template, <xsl:value-of select="message"/> selects the message child Alternative XPath expressions that would also work:./message /message/text()./message/text() 28

29 Stylesheet (4) The XSL was: <xsl:template match="/"> <html><body> <h1><xsl:value-of select="message"/></h1> </body></html> </xsl:template> The <xsl:template match="/"> chooses the root The <html> <body> <h1> is written to the output file The contents of message is written to the output file The </h1> </body> </html> is written to the output file 29 The resultant file looks like: <html><body> <h1>hello World!</h1> </body></html>

30 How XSLT Works The XML text document is read in and stored as a tree of nodes. The <xsl:template match="/"> template is used to select the entire tree. The rules within the template are applied to the matching nodes, thus changing the structure of the XML tree. If there are other templates, they must be called explicitly from the main template. Unmatched parts of the XML tree are not changed. After the template is applied, the tree is written out again as a text document. 30

31 Where XSLT Can be Used Server side: A server can use XSLT to change XML files into HTML files before sending them to the client. Client side: A modern browser can use XSLT to change XML into HTML on the client side. This is what we will mostly be doing in this class. Most users seldom update their browsers. If you want everyone to see your pages, do any XSL processing on the server side. 31

32 xsl:value-of <xsl:value-of select="xpath expression"/> selects the contents of an element and adds it to the output stream. The select attribute is required. Notice that xsl:value-of is not a container, hence it needs to end with a slash. Example (from an earlier slide): <h1> <xsl:value-of select="message"/> </h1> 32

33 xsl:for-each xsl:for-each is a kind of loop statement The syntax is <xsl:for-each select="xpath expression"> Text to insert and rules to apply </xsl:for-each> Example: to select every book (//book) and make an unordered list (<ul>) of their titles (title), use: <ul> <xsl:for-each select="//book"> <li> <xsl:value-of select="title"/> </li> </xsl:for-each> </ul> 33

34 Filtering Output (1) You can filter (restrict) output by adding a criterion to the select attribute s value: <ul> <xsl:for-each select="//book"> <li> <xsl:value-of select="title[../author='terry Pratchett']"/> </li> </xsl:for-each> </ul> This will select book titles by Terry Pratchett 34

35 Filtering Output (2) Here is the filter we just used: <xsl:value-of select="title[../author='terry Pratchett']"/> author is a sibling of title, so from title we have to go up to its parent, book, then back down to author. This filter requires a quote within a quote, so we need both single quotes and double quotes. Legal filter operators are: =!= < > Numbers should be quoted, but apparently don t have to be. 35

36 Filtering Output (3) Here s what we did: <xsl:for-each select="//book"> <li> <xsl:value-of select="title[../author='terry Pratchett']"/> </li> </xsl:for-each> It doesn t work right! This will output <li> and </li> for every book, so we will get empty bullets for authors other than Terry Pratchett. There is no obvious way to solve this with just xsl:value-of 36

37 xsl:if xsl:if allows us to include content if a given condition (in the test attribute) is true Example: <xsl:for-each select="//book"> <xsl:if test="author='terry Pratchett'"> <li> <xsl:value-of select="title"/> </li> </xsl:if> </xsl:for-each> This does work correctly! 37

38 xsl:choose The xsl:choose... xsl:when... xsl:otherwise construct is XML s equivalent of Java s switch... case... default statement The syntax is: <xsl:choose> <xsl:when test="some condition">... some code... </xsl:when> <xsl:when test="some condition">... some code... </xsl:when> <xsl:otherwise>... some code... </xsl:otherwise> </xsl:choose> xsl:choose is often used within an xsl:for-each loop. 38

39 xsl:sort You can place an xsl:sort inside an xsl:for-each. The attribute of the sort tells what field to sort on. Example: <ul> <xsl:for-each select="//book"> <xsl:sort select="author" order= descending"/> <li> <xsl:value-of select="title"/> by <xsl:value-of select="author"/> </li> </xsl:for-each> </ul> This example creates a list of titles and authors, sorted by author. 39

40 Creating Tags from XML Data Suppose the XML contains <name>semantic Web Course Home Page</name> <url> And you want to turn this into <a href=" Semantic Web Course Home Page</a> We need additional tools to do this! 40

41 Creating Tags--solution 1 Suppose the XML contains <name>semantic Web Course Home Page</name> <url> <xsl:attribute name="..."> adds the named attribute to the enclosing tag. The value of the attribute is the content of this tag. Example: <a> <xsl:attribute name="href"> <xsl:value-of select="url"/> </xsl:attribute> <xsl:value-of select="name"/> </a> Result: <a href=" Semantic Web Course Home Page</a> 41

42 Creating Tags--solution 2 Suppose the XML contains <name>semantic Web Course Home Page</name> <url> An attribute value template (AVT) consists of braces { } inside the attribute value. The content of the braces is replaced by its value. Example: <a href="{url}"> <xsl:value-of select="name"/> </a> Result: <a href=" Semantic Web Course Home Page</a> 42

43 Modularization Modularization--breaking up a complex program into simpler parts--is an important programming tool. In programming languages modularization is often done with functions or methods. In XSL we can do something similar with xsl:apply-templates. For example, suppose we have a DTD for book with parts titlepage, tableofcontents, chapter, and index. We can create separate templates for each of these parts. 43

44 Book Example <xsl:template match="/"> <html> <body> <xsl:apply-templates/> </body> </html> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="tableofcontents"> <h1>table of Contents</h1> <xsl:apply-templates select="chapternumber"/> <xsl:apply-templates select="chaptername"/> <xsl:apply-templates select="pagenumber"/> </xsl:template> Etc. 44

45 xsl:apply-templates The <xsl:apply-templates> element applies a template rule to the current element or to the current element s child nodes. If we add a select attribute, it applies the template rule only to the child that matches. If we have multiple <xsl:apply-templates> elements with select attributes, the child nodes are processed in the same order as the <xsl:apply-templates> elements 45

46 Applying templates to children <book> <title>xml</title> <author>gregory Brill</author> </book> With this line: XML by Gregory Brill <xsl:template match="/"> <html> <head></head> <body> <b><xsl:value-of select="/book/title"/></b> <xsl:apply-templates select="/book/author"/> </body> </html> </xsl:template> <xsl:template match="/book/author"> by <i><xsl:value-of select="."/></i> </xsl:template> Without this line: XML 46

47 Tools for XSL Development There are a number of free and commercial XSL tools available. XSLT processors: MSXML, which currently supports the latest XSLT specification (native Win32). Xalan from Apache (C++, Java). Editors and browsers Internet Explorer 6.0 and uppers XML Spy (commercial) XML Spear (Free) XML Fox (Free) 47

48 Outline Fundamentals of XSLT XPath extensible Stylesheet Language Cocoon 48

49 Cocoon Cocoon is Apache s dynamic XML Publishing Framework. Cocoon uses XSLT. Cocoon allows separation of content, logic and presentation. Making sure people can interact and collaborate on a project, without stepping on each other toes, and component-based web development. Cocoon is a web-application that runs using Apache Tomcat (Cocoon.war). 49

50 What Cocoon can do browser HTML/PDF/... request WML request XML document (static or dynamic) request? New Device 50

51 Cocoon Pipeline Cocoon introduced the idea of a pipeline to handle a request. A pipeline is a series of steps for processing a particular kind of content. XML Document SAX SAX HTML File File Generator XSLT Transformer HTML serializer 51

52 Cocoon Processing 52

53 Separating Content and Layout 53

54 Sitemap Centralized configuration file in XML Sub-sitemaps possible Contains set of ready-to-use components Use them to build functions Write and drop-in your own Contains collection of pipelines (functions) One generator 0-n transformer One serializer 54

55 Sitemap (2) 55

56 References Specifications: An excellent XSLT tutorial: Another tutorial: Cocoon: 56

57 Any Question... 57