Basic Statistics And Research Methodology 17 July 2017

Transcription

1 Basic Statistics And Research Methodology 17 July 2017 By; Nurul Azurah Mohd Roni Reference Librarian Perpustakaan Hamdan Tahir / ext. 1478

2

3 Open Shelf Collection Thesis & Dissertations Special Collection Current Journals Electronic Resources Bound Journals 3

4

5 1. Analyze your information need 2. Define your topic 3. Identify main concepts or keywords 4. Develop a search strategy 5. Gather information 6. Evaluate the results

6 Consider: Purpose 5 minutes oral presentation, 2 pages abstract, 10 pages scientific report? Quantity the amount of information needed Format print or non print? Analyze info needs Define topic Identify concepts Develop search strategy Gather info Evaluate result

7 Health Professionals Information Need Reasons for health care information searching: 1. To confirm of disconfirm existing knowledge. 2. To assist in solving a new or unfamiliar health care problem. 3. To update basic knowledge on a topic through a state-of-the-art review. 4. To obtain information from another specialty when dealing with a patient with multiple problems. 5. To highlight particular patient care concerns to another.

8 Continue 3 main types of physician information needs : 1. To locate information on correctly diagnosing and treating a rare or unusual problems, new or current information. 2. To find specific pieces of existing information related to the work that must be accomplished on a daily basis. 3. To do a comprehensive search of all the existing research that has been done on a particular topic.

9 Read background materials to better understand the topic 1. Refer to study guides and reading lists 2. Read research guides in print or on the web 3. Investigate reference sources - encyclopedias - specialized dictionaries - specialized handbooks - statistics Analyze info need Define topic Identify concepts Develop search strategy Gather info Evaluate result

10 State the complete topic: What are some methods/strategies for managing a classroom with an attention deficit hyperactive child? What are the factors that influence the relationship between food intake and children s behaviour? Analyze info need Define topic Identify concepts Develop search strategy Gather info Evaluate result

11 Break the topic into search concepts List alternative keywords for each concept Analyze info need Define topic Identify concepts Develop search strategy Gather info Evaluate result

12 Example 1: What are some methods/strategies for managing a classroom with an attention deficit hyperactive child? Concept 1 ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVE CHILDREN Synonym: ADHD Hyperactive ADD Attention deficit disorder Learning disability Concept 2 CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT Class control Discipline Rewards Punishment

13 Example 2: Discuss factors that influence the relationship between food intake and children s behaviour Concept 1 FOOD Hunger Diet Sugar Chocolate Concept 2 CHILDREN Infants Girls/boys Adolescents Concept 3 BEHAVIOUR Hyperactivity Anxiety Depression Lethargy

14 Example 3: Is there a link between lack of sleep and performance among university students? Concept 1 LACK OF SLEEP Sleep deprivation Insomnia Concept 2 PERFORMANCE Results Achievement Concept 3 UNIVERSITY STUDENTS College students Undergraduates

15 Brainstorm! Use mind mapping

16 Boolean operators And, Or, Not Searching by phrase Truncation nurs*, nurs$, nurs% Wildcards colo?r Proximity operators Near, followed by, within Thesaurus searching Controlled vocabulary Citation searching Using Limit / Refine search result (databases) Analyze info need Define topic Identify concepts Develop search strategy Gather info Evaluate result

17 Combine terms using Boolean connectors: AND, OR, NOT AND to narrow the search OR to broaden the search (use this to combine synonyms, or related terms) NOT to exclude search terms Analyze info need Define topic Identify concepts Develop search strategy Gather info Evaluate result

18 Further narrowing down a search by adding another concept POVERTY Search terms Results poverty 76,342 crime 348,252 poverty AND crime 12,998 poverty AND crime AND gender 1,220 CRIME GENDER The more terms or concepts we combine in a search with AND operator, the fewer results we will retrieve.

19 Boolean Operators: OR Use the Boolean Operator OR to broaden your search results Example: Search terms Results college 396,482 COLLEGE OR OR UNIVERSITY university 590,791 college OR university 819,214 You will find items with either one of the search words or both words together

20 Boolean Operators: NOT Use the Boolean Operator NOT to limit or better focus your search results Example: RADIATION NUCLEAR You will find items with only the word radiation and your search will exclude any results with the word nuclear

21 Other search tricks SEARCHING BY PHRASE Enables you to search for words that appear together to make a phrase. Should enclose all the words in quotes: e.g. pressure sores, HIV prevalence Only literature containing this phrase will be found

22 Other search tricks USING TRUNCATION Truncation will find variations of words such as plurals and similar words with different endings. E.g.: nurs* to find nurse, nurses, nursed, nursing enzym* to find enzyme, enzymes, enzymology

23 Example: Break down the question into key topic areas and identify keywords, phrases, synonyms and alternative spellings. Discuss the closure of residential care homes for older people. Consept 1 Closure/resettlement Concept 2: Care homes Consept 3: Older people Clos* (close, closing, closure etc) Resettlement Patient transfer Health facility closure Service closures Care home* (care home, care homes, care homes for older people) Care management* Community home* Residential home* Old* (old, older, old age etc) Age (age, aged, ageing etc) Geriatric* Frail elderly people care home closure Residential care* (residential care, residential care for the elderly) Elder* (elderly, elder, elderly people) Very old people

24 Other search tricks USING WILDCARDS Wildcard symbol is used to substitute a single character within the word E.g.: wom?n for woman or women organi?ation for organization or organisation

25 Other search tricks USING PROXIMITY OPERATORS to locate documents that have words occurring near each other Query operators: NEAR, FOLLOWED BY, WITHIN E.g.: pain NEAR morphine drug W/5 addiction 25

26 Other search strategies Thesaurus searching Thesaurus: controlled vocabulary used in indexing the database Yield more accurate results Provide definition of terms Some databases search subject terms automatically, eg. Medline

27 Other search strategies Citation Searching Use a single relevant article to begin (or expand) your research by: Searching the author s name to find related articles Perusing the bibliography for related articles Looking for other articles published in the same journal use the journal title as a search limit

28 Other search strategies Using Limits Make use of available limits to refine your search. Limits in databases: Publication date / year Language Publication type (e.g. Review articles, practice guidelines) Apply one limit at a time for a more controlled result

29 Sample of Boolean searching in Ebscohost

30 TIPS: searching in TITLE gives you very relevant articles

31 Using OR to broaden a search

32 Sample of using limits in ScienceDirect

33 Reviewing search results If too many results are found: choose a more specific or precise keyword e.g. hyperactivity instead of behaviour add another concept to your search, use AND e.g. food and children and behaviour

34 Reviewing search results If only a few results are found: try searching with alternative keywords, use OR choose a broader, less specific terms e.g. food instead of sugar select another information source, book, database, index or encyclopedia

35

36 What kind of information do I need to answer my questions? Where will I find this information? Analyze info need Define topic Identify concepts Develop search strategy Gather info Evaluate result

37 Types of Information Resources Primary the first formal appearance of results in the print or electronic literature. Some examples of primary documents: scientific journal articles reporting experimental research / survey / observation results proceedings of Meetings, Conferences and Symposia. technical reports dissertations or theses patents letters and correspondence original documents Secondary repackage, reorganize, reinterpret, summarize, index or otherwise "add value" to the new information reported in the primary literature. Some examples of second sources: Indexing and abstracting tools used to locate primary sources. Biographies Commentaries Literary criticisms Tertiary the information from secondary sources has been "digested" - reformatted and condensed, to put it into a convenient, easy-to-read form. Some examples of tertiary sources: reviews or editorials dictionaries and encyclopedias guidebooks, manuals textbooks Library databases Reference books Abstracts and indexes Literature reviews Bibliographies Analyze info need Define topic Identify concepts Develop search strategy Gather info Evaluate result

38 Potential source of information Books Newspapers Magazine articles Journal articles Online resources databases, e-journals, websites Thesis in-house database, subscribed database Analyze info need Define topic Identify concepts Develop search strategy Gather info Evaluate result

39 Which search tools do you use? Books Online catalogue News Paper cutting, online news archive Journal articles Databases, journal collection, A-Z e-journals, in-house databases Thesis In-house database, Proquest Dissertation, institutional repositories Analyze info need Define topic Identify concepts Develop search strategy Gather info Evaluate result

40 Searching for books Online Catalogue / OPAC: A list of books, journals, audiovisual materials and other resources held in the library, arranged according to a standard system

41 Searching for materials in the Library collection Search here

42 inflammation Specify which library Specify where keyword should appear

43 Specify where keyword should appear Inflammation Specify which library Advanced search

44 Searching for articles in journals Database: A large, regularly updated file of digitized information (bibliographic records, abstracts, full-text documents, directory entries, images, statistics, etc.) related to a specific subject or field, consisting of records of uniform format organized for ease and speed of search and retrieval and managed with the aid of Database Management System (DBMS) software. Source: Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science Select a proper database 44

45 To access databases subscribed by the Library To access electronic journals subscribed by the Library To access subscribed databases outside the campus To access the online book collection

46 List of institutional repositories in Malaysia and abroad USM institutional repository To check the lists of Library collection To check the impact factor of journals

47 Access to subscribed online database doesn t require user ID and password if connected to USMNet

48 Subscribed online databases can be accessed through EzProxy if you are outside the campus or using a broadband within the campus

49 Enter your USM official address and password to gain access

50 Professional and education: E-learning modules, e-books Clinical solutions: Point-of-care databases Medical Research: Full text vs. index/abstract multidisciplinary vs. subject-oriented

51 Professional and education: E-learning modules, e-books

52 BMJ Learning

53 Clinical solutions: Point-of-care databases

54 BMJ Best Practice

55 BMJ BP browsing conditions

56 BMJ BP searching keywords

57 Medical Research: Full text vs. index/abstract multidisciplinary vs. subject-oriented

58 SpringerLink

59 ScienceDirect

60 EbscoHost

61 ProQuest

62 Wiley

63

64

65 Finding articles from the Internet

66 To access electronic journals subscribed by the Library

67 E-journals: individual online journals subscribed by the library

68 Virtual Subject Libraries Relevant websites compiled by librarians: Virtual Subject Libraries

69

70 To check the lists of Library collection

71 PHT In-house database : list of thesis for USM Health Campus

72 Currency - refers to how up-to-date the information is. Coverage - determines whether the information is an overview or in depth, international or local, etc. Authority - determines the author's credentials or publisher's reputation and the accuracy of the information Analyze info need Define topic Identify concepts Develop search strategy Gather info Evaluate result

73 Accuracy - ensures the information is correct. Objectivity - determines the degree to which information is based on observation and presented factually. Usefulness - refers to the appropriateness of the information Analyze info need Define topic Identify concepts Develop search strategy Gather info Evaluate result

74 Citation is very important in an academic paper How to cite? Use a standard format (APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian, Harvard etc.) Use a bibliographic software to better manage your references

75 Mind your Ps and Qs - P : print materials make notes on another paper & staple on the printed materials - Q : quoted materials avoid plagiarism by writing in your own words & indicating sources Successful scientific writing (3 rd ed.) by Janice R. Matthews & Robert W. Matthews

76 References: Jones, L. V. & Smyth, R. L. (2004). How to perform a literature search. Current Paediatrics, 14(6), Liverman, C. T., Ingalls, C. E., Fulco, C. E. & Kipen, H. M. (1997). Toxicology and environmental health information resources: the role of the National Library of Medicine: National Academies Press. Martin, S., Hussain, Z. & Boyle, J. (2017). A beginner s guide to the literature search in medical education. Scottish Medical Journal

77 Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information upon it. - Samuel Johnson -