This release of Toad for MySQL includes the following new features and enhancements.

Transcription

1 Toad for MySQL 8.0 Release Notes Wednesday, May 03, 2017 Contents About Toad for MySQL New in This Release Resolved Issues and Enhancements Known Issues Third Party Known Issues System Requirements Product Licensing Global Operations Getting Started About Us About Toad for MySQL With Toad for MySQL, developers and database administrators can use a familiar, proven tool to manage databases. Toad empowers developers and administrators, of varying skill levels, to rapidly create and execute queries, automate database object management and develop SQL more efficiently. Toad for MySQL also provides utilities to compare, extract and search for objects, manage projects, import/export data and administer the database, while increasing your productivity and delivering access to an active user community. New Features This release of Toad for MySQL includes the following new features and enhancements. Set Variable Activity Prompt for Variable Value at Run Time. In the Set Variable activity, you can now instruct Toad to prompt for a variable value each time you manually execute the script. 1. To use this feature, specify a named variable and variable value using the Set Variable activity. 2. In the Set Variable activity, select Prompt during run. Toad for MySQL 8.0 1

2 3. Execute the script manually. Toad prompts you for a variable value by opening the Bind Variables dialog. Use the default value or enter a new value. The new value is used in this execution only and the default remains unchanged. If you schedule the script, scheduled execution uses the default value you specified through the Set Variable activity. 4. When you build a script that uses the Set Variable activity to set the value of a bind parameter or variable for SQL located in another activity, this feature allows you to easily modify that value at run time without modifying the script. Send Activity Prompt for Recipient Address at Run Time. In the Send activity, you can now easily instruct Toad to prompt for a recipient address each time the script is manually executed. 1. To use this feature, add a Send activity to your script. Specify a default value in the To field. 2. Then select the Prompt check box. This instructs Toad to treat this field as a variable field and to prompt for a value. 3. Execute the script manually. Toad prompts you for a variable value by opening the Bind Variables dialog. Use the default value or enter a new value. The new value is used in this execution only and the default remains unchanged. If you schedule the script, scheduled execution uses the default value you specified in the To field. Set Variable and Set Variable Value Activities Reorder Variable List. In the Set Variable and the Set Variable Value activities, you can now reorder the list of variables. New Features 2

3 Server Settings You can now select between SSL or TLS when specifying a secure connection. You can specify server settings in the Send activity or in script Settings Compose . Select to File Activity Export File Name Suffix. When appending a suffix to the export file name, you can now only select a date or datetime suffix. To include a variable or expression in the suffix, use the Set Variable activity to define a variable or build an expression. Then use the variable as a suffix in the export file name by entering the hash symbol before and after the variable name (#VariableName#). Script Environment Settings Persist If you specify Test environment and Production environment settings in an script, now when you open a new script window, the previously-specified values are automatically loaded into these fields. This is convenient when you want to use the same values repeatedly. The to and Root path values are retained. Query Development Look Up Database Errors Toad allows you to easily search Toad World whenever you encounter a database error. In the database error message, click Look Up Error to open a page displaying multiple search results from a variety of sources. Toad returns search results from Toad World. In addition, links to searches from a variety of search engines, such as Google, are also provided. Open these Web Search links to display search results from the Web. Use the search results to find more information about the specific database error you encountered. New Features 3

4 You can modify the search string to customize your search results or to remove object names and other internal information. Data Management Data Compare - Compare Excel, CSV, Access You can now select an Excel file, a.csv file, or an Access database to compare in Data Compare. To use this feature, select Excel/CSV/Access as the source and/or target on the Specify Source and Target Databases page of the New Comparison Wizard. Then browse to and select the Excel or.csv file or Access database. Import and Export Default Folder You can now specify a default folder to use each time you export to a file with the. Specify the default folder in the Options dialog (Tools Options Environment Export). Then when you open the to create a new export template, the destination field is pre-populated with the default folder name and path. New Features 4

5 Custom Grid Formatting is Retained Any custom formats you specify for the data grid through the Options dialog (Options Environment Grid) are now applied when you export to an Excel file using the Quick Export command. These custom formats are also applied when exporting to Excel using the, but can be overwritten if necessary by applying formatting through the wizard. Installation Microsoft.NET Framework Requirement This release of Toad requires Microsoft.NET Framework version where.net 4.5 was previously required. See the System Requirement in the Toad for MySQL Release Notes for.net requirements for your operating system. During installation, if.net is required and not detected, installation stops, Toad provides a link, and you are prompted to download.net General New 64-bit Version of Toad for MySQL. Beginning with this release, Toad for MySQL is now available in a 64- bit version of the application. Toad World Registration Now you can easily register or sign in to Toad World from within the Toad for MySQL application. To register, click the Toad World link located beside the search box above the main toolbar in Toad. Provide your address and a user name. You will receive an containing your new password. To sign in to Toad World after you are registered, click the Toad World link beside the search box. Then click the Sign In link and enter your Toad World credentials. When you are signed in through Toad, a special toolbar displays beside your user name providing convenient links to Toad World pages. Click the Show Tips button to display helpful tips about Toad for MySQL features. Learn More Remember, you can find blogs, videos, and forums at the Toad for MySQL Community. Learn about new features from product video demos. Find answers to your questions in the forums. Learn tips and tricks from blog posts. Find product documentation New Features 5

6 Resolved Issues and Enhancements The following is a list of issues addressed and enhancements implemented in this release of Toad for MySQL. Feature Resolved Issue or Enhancement Defect ID Select to File activity: Corrected an issue that caused an error when attempting to execute SQL containing a comment in the Preview SQL dialog. When defining Server Settings for a script or in the Send activity, you can now specify to use either the SSL or the TLS protocol for a secure connection. Corrected an issue that caused Toad to delete the log file for a previously scheduled and executed script when the script was subsequently opened in Toad. Execute Script activity: An error is no longer encountered when the SQL query contains valid SQL, but not a SELECT statement. If Condition activity. Corrected an issue that caused a "'False', cannot be converted to boolean" error when executing a script containing an If Condition activity. The Set Variable activity now retains leading zero in variable value, as expected. This issue was discovered when the variable value was set from data collected and stored in the dataset variable in the Loop Dataset activity. Corrected an issue that prevented dynamically generated hyperlinks in the html version of a Toad Data Report from working correctly when this file is used as the body of the in the Send activity. Enhancement: When the Set Variable activity contains multiple variables, you can now easily reorder variables in the list using Up and Down buttons. Corrected an issue that caused an error ("Unable to parse any SELECT statements from the SQL query") when running Select to File activity in an script created in a previous version of Toad. Corrected an issue in which a variable value containing a decimal separator was not handled correctly in a Windows environment with Region and Language set to German. This issue was encountered with the Execute_1_SQL result set variable. Enhancement: In the Set Variable activity, you can instruct Toad to prompt for a variable value each time the script is manually executed. Enhancement: In the Send activity, you can instruct Toad to prompt for the Recipient address each time the script is manually executed. Send activity: Corrected an issue that prevented a datatime variable from displaying correctly when inserted in the Subject line of an . Set Variable activity: Corrected an issue that prevented a SQL type variable from generating the correct date format. QAT-9380 QAT-8902 QAT-9427 QAT-9428 QAT-9543 QAT-8917 QAT-7165 QAT-9505 QAT QAT-9819 QAT-7672 QAT-7672 QAT-3599 QAT-3599 Resolved Issues and Enhancements 6

7 Feature Resolved Issue or Enhancement Defect ID Connections Data Compare and Sync Data Compare and Sync Data Compare and Sync Editor activity enhancement: The Import Wizard and activities now include the RowCount variable. Corrected an issue that prevented the execution of SQL in a Loop Dataset activity if the SQL ended with a semicolon which was followed by a new line. Improved the error message written to execution log by an script containing a Throw Error activity. Corrected an issue that caused multiple error messages when the "Logging folder" location was not specified in the script Settings. Corrected several issues related to code completion in the editors for activities, such as Select to File. Corrected an issue in the Set Variable activity involving formatting in the To_date() function. An script now stops after an error in the Set Variable activity as expected, when the Stop on Error option is selected. In the FTP activity, the File Mask value is not case sensitive when uploading or downloading. In the FTP activity, the specified date range is retained after saving the script. Corrected an issue that caused an error in an script that contains a Run Script activity. In this case, the child script also contained a Run Script activity and both scripts had "Embed files into script" selected. In the Connection Manager, if you double-click a connection in which the password is not saved, the Connection Properties dialog now opens with the focus in the Password field. Corrected an issue that caused an "Unknown type found during storing data" error when result sets containing a GUID where compared using the Data Diff Viewer in the SQL Editor. When exporting data comparison results, if the number of exported rows is larger than Excel limit, remaining rows are exported to additional worksheet/worksheets. Corrected an issue that caused a "Query execution was interrupted" error when two or more tables are selected for comparison. Enhancement: You can now select to show or hide the table and column information tool tips in the Editor through the Options dialog (Tools Options Editor Tools). Corrected an issue that prevented Toad from detecting and listing the macros when exporting to a macro-enable Excel file using the. Corrected an issue that caused an error when executing a macro in a macro-enabled Excel file from the. This issue was encountered with Office QAT-7302 QAT-8180 QAT-8205 QAT-9109 QAT-9260 QAT-8143 QAT-8280 QAT-8521, QAT QAT-8543 QAT-8570 QAT-8327 QAT-9540 QAT-9254 QAT-9332 QAT-8559 QAT-8550 QAT-9722 Corrected an issue that caused Toad to hang after selecting a QAT-8401 Resolved Issues and Enhancements 7

8 Feature Resolved Issue or Enhancement Defect ID very large table or a query with a large result set on the Select Objects page of the. FTP FTP FTP Import Wizard Import Wizard Import Wizard Corrected an issue that caused an error (The process cannot access the file <file name> because it is being used by another process) in an script using the activity to export to a macro-enabled Excel file. Corrected an issue that prevented export to the correct cell (specified in the "Start export at" export option) when using an Export template created in a previous version of Toad. This issue was encountered when using the Export template in an script. Resolved an issue in a third party component that cause an Out of Memory error when attempting to export a large amount of data to Excel using an script. Enhancement: You can now specify a default directory to use when exporting with the. Specify your default setting in the Options dialog (Options Environment Export). Performing a Quick Export from the Data tab of the Object Details window in the Editor now works as expected. Corrected an issue that unexpectedly cleared conditional formatting in an existing Excel file after data was exported to the file. Corrected an issue that resulted in an error when attempting to export from a data grid to the SQL Script output format. This issue was discovered when using a MySQL connection. Corrected an issue that exported (to CSV) columns that were excluded on the Select Columns page of the. This issue occurred when using the activity in an script and using a query file to select objects to export. Enhancement: You can now specify a timeout duration for an FTP connection. If you publish an script containing an FTP activity to Intelligence Central, the timeout setting is applied when the script is executed. Corrected an issue that prevented the user from Moving files (Download operation) from a remote FTP connection. Corrected an issue that caused an error when attempting to open a remote nested folder with same name as the parent folder in an FTP connection. When the Import Wizard is loading preview data for a longrunning query, a progress bar is displayed and the Next button is disabled until the process is finished and import can proceed. Corrected an issue in which a long-running query timed out before preview data was loaded. This prevented the import process from proceeding. Corrected an issue that opened the Define Columns page and displayed columns from the previous import target table when importing from a query. QAT QAT-9893 QAT-3842 QAT-8384 QAT-8337 QAT-8482 QAT-8553 QAT-8555 QAT-8196 QAT-8442 QAT-8497 QAT QAT-9539 QAT-9097 Resolved Issues and Enhancements 8

9 Feature Resolved Issue or Enhancement Defect ID Installation Job Manager Object Explorer Pivot Grid Project Manager Query Builder Query Builder Quick Export SQL Editor SQL Editor SQL Editor SQL Editor Toad Data Reports User Interface User Interface When performing a normal install using the.msi file, the user is now informed if the installation of Visual C++ Redistributable for Visual Studio 2015 is required. Note: If performing a silent install using the.msi file, the user must manually check for this required software. If installing using the.exe file, the software is included in the installation. Enhancement: The Task List now includes a "Toad" column which indicates whether or not the task is a Toad task. Use this column to easily filter out non-toad tasks. The default filter specified in Options Explorer General is now retained between Toad sessions, as expected. Toad Sample Database: Corrected an issue that caused an error in the Pivot & Chart tab after modifying the layout of the window and then re-executing the query. Corrected an issue that caused a "Could not resolve connection" error when attempting to open an ER Diagram file included in the Sample Project in the Project Manager. When adding an IN clause using the Where Condition editor, values are no longer trimmed. Corrected an issue that prevented the "Current year" Fiscal Calendar date range from working correctly when the date is the first day of the month. Enhancement: Any custom formats you specify for the data grid through the Options dialog (Options Environment Grid) are now applied when you export to an Excel file using the Quick Export command. These custom formats are also applied when exporting to Excel using the, but can be overwritten if necessary in the wizard. Corrected an issue that caused Toad to hang when attempting to open or execute a sql file if the "Show information pop-ups for Objects" option is selected (Options Editor Tools). Enhancement: You can now select text vertically in the Editor using ALT+click. When executing a query, if there is not sufficient free space in the user's temporary drive, Toad displays an informative message and terminates execution. These temp files are deleted when Toad closes. Corrected an issue that prevented some users from successfully opening a.sql file while Toad had an open connection. In this case, Toad would unexpectedly hang. The default format for decimal data types is now number instead of currency. In the Save As dialog, Toad now provides a file extension (selected) in the File Name field to help the user provide a file name. Corrected an issue that prevented Toad from successfully saving the application settings file when the file is located in a network directory. QAT-8573 QAT-8488 QAT-9128 QAT-8520 QAT-8502 QAT-9410 QAT-8438 QAT-4153 QAT-9826 TDB-2343 QAT QAT QAT-9836 QAT-8966 QAT-8967 Resolved Issues and Enhancements 9

10 Feature Resolved Issue or Enhancement Defect ID User Interface The Bind Variables dialog now displays correctly when using the Sharp Plus skin. QAT-8436 Known Issues The following is a list of issues known to exist at the time of this release. Feature Known Issue Defect ID Schema Compare The timestamp column does not show differences when tables are updated. ST95642 Data Compare Views do not display in the New Comparison Wizard. ST95575 Debugger Import Wizard Library When you debug a stored procedure, Toad inserts its own statement in the user's Declare Cursor in both Procedure and Function causing a SQL error. There are some problems with Toad for MySQL running as administrator on Windows 7/Vista systems with UAC turned on and Outlook running. Workaround: Either run Toad not as administrator or turn UAC off or close Outlook while opening and also every time you add Send activity in the designer. Attempting to import data that was exported to an Excel instance where the fractional seconds were truncated results in an error. A UAC setting at the highest level might interfere with the ability to drag a file to the Library window (from Windows Explorer) to add it to the Library. Workaround: Set UAC to the default level to enable adding a file by dragging it to the Library window. ST93716 ST80857 N/A N/A Known Issues 10

11 Third Party Known Issues The following is a list of third party issues known to exist at the time of this release. Feature Known Issue Defect ID in Toad for MySQL 7.0 (or later) requires.net Framework 4.5 (or later). If you are using.net Framework 4.0 without.net Framework 4.5 (such as in Windows XP), you may encounter the following: After running a scheduled script, Toad generates an error message even though the script executes successfully. Workaround: Upgrade your Windows OS to Windows 7 and install.net Framework 4.5. For release 8.0 or later, install.net Framework N/A Data Currently, Korean characters are not supported. ST41612 Import Wizard If the value of a TIME data type is greater than 24-hours, the value does not display correctly. Currently, geometry data types are not supported. Importing large data sets from Excel (approximately 650,000 rows) is not recommended because of the amount of time it may take. This issue occurs because the Excel import component maintains the output in memory until the import completes. This can cause performance issues depending on the available system resources. To export to an Office 2003 or 2007 Excel instance, the Office Primary Interop Assemblies (PIAs) must be installed. You can install the PIAs from one of the following locations: 2003 PIAs: 2007 PIAs: BED A28C-B864D8BFA513&displaylang=en Avoid using Excel for exporting if your data has numeric values that require a high precision because Excel's precision is limited to 15 digits. If you export numbers with more precision, the values are rounded. If you export boundary numbers (max, min), rounded numbers will exceed the data type limit. N/A ST70327 ST ST N/A Third Party Known Issues 11

12 System Requirements Client Requirements Before installing Toad, ensure that your client system meets the following minimum hardware and software requirements: Requirement Platform Memory Hard Disk Space Operating System.NET Framework Details 1 GHz minimum 512 MB of RAM minimum, 1 GB recommended Note: The memory required may vary based on the following: Applications that are running on your system when using Toad for MySQL Size and complexity of the database Amount of database activity Number of concurrent users accessing the database 800 MB to install Toad for MySQL Windows Server 2008 R2 (64-bit) Windows 7 (32-bit or 64-bit) Windows 8 (32-bit and 64-bit) Windows 8.1 (32-bit and 64-bit) Windows 10 Important: Toad uses the Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator (DTC) when opening a SQL file to get Full-Text Search status, but DTC is disabled by default on Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008 and Windows 7. If you are using either operating system, ensure that Network DTC access is enabled on the Toad client. See for more information about enabling DTC access. The Microsoft.NET Framework is required. The version is dependent on the operating system..net or later.net NET 4.0 Windows 10 Windows Vista SP2, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows Server 2008 (SP2 or earlier), Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2012 Windows XP, Windows Vista (SP1 or earlier), Windows Server 2003 Notes: This information is provided to aid installation. Toad for MySQL is not tested on Windows XP. Windows Vista (SP1 or earlier), and Windows Server The.NET Framework 4 Client Profile is not supported. Additional Requirements Web Browser Microsoft Internet Explorer 6.0 or later Screen Toad supports screen resolutions up to 3200 x 1800 and display DPI settings up to 150%. System Requirements 12

13 Server Requirements Before installing Toad, ensure that your server meets the following minimum hardware and software requirements: Requirement Details Database Server MySQL 4.1, 5.0, 5.1, 5.5, 5.6 Clustrix 5.2 MariaDB Cloud Database Service Toad for MySQL can manage Amazon RDS and any other cloud or service offering compatible with MySQL, including Amazon Aurora. Virtualization Support Requirement Application Virtualization Details Limited testing has been performed for Citrix XenApp 5.0 on Windows Server 2003 and Citrix XenApp 6.5 on Windows Server 2008 R2. Limited testing has been performed for Citrix support on Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Server (Service Pack 2) using the MetaFrame Presentation Server 5.0 and Citrix Presentation Server Clients See "Install Toad on Citrix Systems" (page 1) for more information. Note: Toad may work in virtualization environments other than the ones in which it was tested. User Requirements User Requirements to Install Toad Only Windows Administrators and Power Users can install Toad. If an Administrator installs Toad, the Administrator can share the Toad shortcut icon on the desktop and menu items with any user a Power User, Restricted User, Vista standard user on the computer. If a Power User installs Toad, a Restricted User cannot do the following: Associate file extensions. View the Toad shortcut icon on the desktop or the Toad menu options in the Windows Start menu. As a workaround, Restricted Users can create a shortcut to Toad from the install directory and place the shortcut on their desktop. User Requirements and Restrictions for Running Toad The following describes the requirements and restrictions for users who launch and run Toad: To create or modify the QuestSoftware.ToadSecurity table to enable Toad Security, the user who maintains this table must have privileges to create, insert, update, and delete it. All other users need only the ability to read the QuestSoftware.ToadSecurity table to use Toad Security features. Product Licensing This product does not require licensing. Product Licensing 13

14 Getting Started Contents of the Release Package The Toad for MySQL release package contains the following products: 1. Toad for MySQL 2. Product Documentation, including: Online Help Release Notes Installation Instructions For installation instructions, see the "Toad for MySQL Installation Guide" found at: Toad for MySQL Community on Toad World. Globalization This section contains information about installing and operating this product in non-english configurations, such as those needed by customers outside of North America. This section does not replace the materials about supported platforms and configurations found elsewhere in the product documentation. This release is Unicode-enabled and supports any character set. It supports simultaneous operation with multilingual data. This release is targeted to support operations in the following regions: North America, Western Europe and Latin America, Central and Eastern Europe, Far-East Asia, Japan. This release has the following known capabilities or limitations: No known limitations. Getting Started 14

15 About Us We are more than just a name We are on a quest to make your information technology work harder for you. That is why we build communitydriven software solutions that help you spend less time on IT administration and more time on business innovation. We help you modernize your data center, get you to the cloud quicker and provide the expertise, security and accessibility you need to grow your data-driven business. Combined with Quest s invitation to the global community to be a part of its innovation, and our firm commitment to ensuring customer satisfaction, we continue to deliver solutions that have a real impact on our customers today and leave a legacy we are proud of. We are challenging the status quo by transforming into a new software company. And as your partner, we work tirelessly to make sure your information technology is designed for you and by you. This is our mission, and we are in this together. Welcome to a new Quest. You are invited to Join the Innovation. Our brand, our vision. Together. Our logo reflects our story: innovation, community and support. An important part of this story begins with the letter Q. It is a perfect circle, representing our commitment to technological precision and strength. The space in the Q itself symbolizes our need to add the missing piece you to the community, to the new Quest. Contact Quest For sales or other inquiries, visit or call Technical Support Resources Please be advised before installing: Toad for MySQL is an official Quest Software Inc. Freeware Product. This license does not entitle Licensee to receive technical support from Quest Software. Get the latest product information and find helpful resources at the Toad for MySQL Community at To view Release Notes for previous versions, visit Toad for MySQL Community on Toad World. About Us 15

16 2017 Quest Software Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This guide contains proprietary information protected by copyright. The software described in this guide is furnished under a software license or nondisclosure agreement. This software may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of the applicable agreement. No part of this guide may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording for any purpose other than the purchaser s personal use without the written permission of Quest Software Inc. The information in this document is provided in connection with Quest Software products. No license, express or implied, by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property right is granted by this document or in connection with the sale of Quest Software products. EXCEPT AS SET FORTH IN THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS AS SPECIFIED IN THE LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR THIS PRODUCT, QUEST SOFTWARE ASSUMES NO LIABILITY WHATSOEVER AND DISCLAIMS ANY EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY WARRANTY RELATING TO ITS PRODUCTS INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL QUEST SOFTWARE BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, SPECIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF PROFITS, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION OR LOSS OF INFORMATION) ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS DOCUMENT, EVEN IF QUEST SOFTWARE HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. Quest Software makes no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this document and reserves the right to make changes to specifications and product descriptions at any time without notice. Quest Software does not make any commitment to update the information contained in this document. If you have any questions regarding your potential use of this material, contact: Quest Software Inc. Attn: LEGAL Dept 4 Polaris Way Aliso Viejo, CA Refer to our web site ( for regional and international office information. Patents Quest Software is proud of our advanced technology. Patents and pending patents may apply to this product. For the most current information about applicable patents for this product, please visit our website at Trademarks Quest, Quest Software, SQL Navigator, vworkspace, Toad, and the Quest logo are trademarks of Quest Software Inc. in the U.S.A. and other countries. For a complete list of Quest Software trademarks, please visit our website at Microsoft, Windows, Windows Server, Windows Vista, Visual Studio, SharePoint, Access and Excel are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Oracle is a trademark or registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries. Citrix and XenApp are trademarks of Citrix Systems, Inc. and/or one or more of its subsidiaries, and may be registered in the United States Patent and Trademark Office and in other countries. MySQL is a registered trademark of MySQL AB in the United States, the European Union and other countries. Subversion is a trademark of the Apache Software Foundation. All other trademarks, servicemarks, registered trademarks, and registered servicemarks are property of their respective owners. About Us 16