Interconnecting Networks with TCP/IP
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1 Chapter 8 Interconnecting s with TCP/IP 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 8-1
2 Introduction to TCP/IP Internet TCP/IP Early protocol suite Universal 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-2
3 TCP/IP Protocol Stack Application Presentation Session Transport Data Link Physical Application Transport Internet Data Link Physical 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-3
4 Application Layer Overview Application Transport Internet Data Link Physical File Transfer - TFTP * - FTP * -NFS -SMTP Remote Login -Telnet * - rlogin * Management -SNMP * Name Management - DNS* *Used by the router 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-4
5 Transport Layer Overview Application Transport Internet Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Connection- Oriented Connectionless Data Link Physical 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-5
6 TCP Segment Format Bit 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31 Source port (16) Destination port (16) Sequence number (32) Header length (4) Acknowledgement number (32) Reserved (6) Code bits (6) Window (16) Checksum (16) Urgent (16) 20 Bytes Options (0 or 32 if any) Data (varies) 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-6
7 Port Numbers Application Layer F T P T E L N E T S M T P D N S T F T P S N M P R I P Transport Layer TCP UDP 520 Port Numbers 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-7
8 TCP Port Numbers Source Port Dest. Port Telnet Z A Z SP DP Dest. port = 23. Send packet to my Telnet application. 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-8
9 TCP Three Way Handshake/Open Connection A B 1 3 Send SYN (seq=100 ctl=syn) SYN received Established (seq=101 ack=301 ctl=ack) SYN received Send SYN, ACK (seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack) , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-9
10 TCP Simple Acknowledgment Sender Send 1 Receive ACK 2 Send 2 Receive ACK 3 Send 3 Receive ACK 4 Receiver Receive 1 Send ACK 2 Receive 2 Send ACK 3 Receive 3 Send ACK 4 Window size = , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-10
11 TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers Source Port Dest. Port Sequence # Acknowledgement # I just sent #11. I just got #11, now I need #12. Source Dest Source Dest. Seq. 10 Seq. Ack. 1 Ack. Source Dest Seq. 1 Ack Source Dest Seq. 2 Ack , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-11
12 TCP Windowing Sender Window size = 3 Send 1 Window size = 3 Send 2 Receiver Window size = 3 Send 3 Window size = 3 Send 3 Window size = 3 Send 4 ACK 3 Window size = 2 ACK 5 Window size = 2 Packet 3 is Dropped 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-12
13 UDP Segment Format Bit 1 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31 Source port (16) Destination port (16) Length (16) Checksum (16) 8 Bytes Data (if any) No sequence or acknowledgment fields 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-13
14 Internet Layer Overview Application Transport Internet Data Link Physical Internet Protocol (IP) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) OSI network layer corresponds to the TCP/IP internet layer 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-14
15 IP Datagram Bit 1 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31 Version (4) Header Length (4) Identification (16) Priority & Type of Service (8) Total Length (16) Flags (3) Fragment offset (13) Time to live (8) Protocol (8) Header checksum (16) Source IP Address (32) 20 Bytes Destination IP Address (32) Options (0 or 32 if any) Data (varies if any) 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-15
16 Protocol Field Transport Layer TCP UDP Internet Layer 6 IP 17 Protocol Numbers Determines destination upper-layer protocol 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-16
17 Internet Control Message Protocol Application Transport 1 ICMP Internet Data Link Destination Unreachable Echo (Ping) Other Physical 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-17
18 Address Resolution Protocol I need the Ethernet address of I heard that broadcast. The message is for me. Here is my Ethernet address Map IP IP: =??? IP: Ethernet: Local ARP Ethernet 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-18
19 Reverse ARP What is my IP address? I heard that broadcast. Your IP address is Ethernet: IP =??? Ethernet: IP: Map Ethernet IP 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-19
20 Introduction to TCP/IP Addresses HDR SA DA DATA Unique addressing allows communication between end stations Path choice is based on location Location is represented by an address 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-20
21 IP Addressing Dotted Decimal 32 bits Maximum Binary Example Decimal Example Binary , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-21
22 IP Address Classes Class A: 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits Class B: Class C: Class D: Multicast Class E: Research 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-22
23 IP Address Classes Bits: Class A: Bits: Class B: Bits: Class C: Bits: Class D: 1 0NNNNNNN Range (1-126) 1 10NNNNNN Range ( ) NNNNN Range ( ) MMMM Range ( ) Multicast Group Multicast Group Multicast Group 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-23
24 Addresses E E Routing Table Interface E0 E1 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-24
25 Determining Available Addresses N -2 = = N , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-25
26 IP Address Classes Exercise Answers Address Class A B C C B Nonexistent 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-26
27 Addressing without Subnets , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-27
28 Addressing with Subnets , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-28
29 Subnet Addressing E1 E New Routing Table Interface E E1 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-29
30 Subnet Addressing E1 E New Routing Table Interface Subnet E0 E1 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-30
31 Subnet Mask IP Address Default Subnet Mask 8-bit Subnet Mask Also written as /16 where 16 represents the number of 1s in the mask. Subnet Also written as /24 where 24 represents the number of 1s in the mask. 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-31
32 Decimal Equivalents of Bit Patterns = = = = = = = = , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-32
33 Subnet Mask without Subnets Number Subnets not in use the default 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-33
34 Subnet Mask with Subnets Subnet Number number extended by eight bits 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-34
35 Subnet Mask with Subnets (cont.) Subnet Number number extended by ten bits 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-35
36 Subnet Mask Exercise Answers Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet B A A , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-36
37 Broadcast Addresses (Directed broadcast) X (Local network broadcast) (All subnets broadcast) , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-37
38 Addressing Summary Example Mask Subnet 5 Broadcast First Last , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-38
39 Class B Subnet Example IP Address: Subnet Mask: Subnet : : Subnet: Broadcast: Subnet Address = Addresses = Broadcast Address = Eight bits of subnetting 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-39
40 Subnet Planning 20 subnets 5 hosts per subnet Class C address: Other subnets , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-40
41 Class C Subnet Planning Example IP Address: Subnet Mask: Subnet : : Subnet: Broadcast: Subnet Address = Addresses = Broadcast Address = Five Bits of Subnetting 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-41
42 Broadcast Addresses Exercise Answers Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet Broadcast C A B B , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND 8-42
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