Science of Appearance
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- Herbert Franklin
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1 Science of Appearance Color Gloss Haze Opacity ppt Three Key Elements Object Observer Light Source ppt
2 What happens when light interacts with an Object? Reflection Refraction Absorption Transmission Scattering ppt Reflection Angle of Incidence Angle of Reflection Specular (Mirror-Like) Reflection ppt
3 Gloss Specular Reflection Diffuse Reflection Mirror-like surface Maximum Gloss Rough surface Minimum Gloss high gloss Semi-gloss matte or flat ppt Gloss Vs Haze Gloss is determined by the difference between specular and diffuse reflection Object appears hazy when this difference is large ppt
4 Gloss Ranges High Gloss (e.g., Auto Finish) 60 o Best 20 o Semi Gloss (e.g., Architectural) 10 to 60 o Best 60 o Low Gloss (e.g., Aircraft Camouflage) 60 o Best 85 o Gloss Meter ppt DOI Distinctness of Image ppt
5 ppt Absorption & Transmission If all light is absorbed object appears black If some light is absorbed object appears gray If a given color is absorbed object appears to have complementary color ppt
6 Color Intensity: Beer s Law A = εcb Where: A = Absorbance ε = absorption coefficient C = concentration b = pathlength For particles, this reduces to A = C' Where C is a constant and is particle thickness ppt Flop Lighter color at small viewing angle Darker color at large viewing angle Increased path length Greater absorption ppt
7 Coloring Efficiency versus Size ppt Spectral Reflectance Curve Green Pigment ppt
8 Spectral Reflectance Curve Blue Pigment ppt Spectral Reflectance Curve White Pigment ppt
9 Spectral Reflectance Curve Black Pigment ppt Carbon Black Produced from burning of hydrocarbon fuels Different grades from different manufacturing processes 10% of carbon black produced used in paints; 70% used in tires (0.5 lb of carbon black per 1 lb rubber) Very small particle size down 0.01 μm Very high specific surface area up to 1000 m 2 / gr Form aggregates, difficult to disperse Greatly enhance mechanical properties ppt
10 Refraction A - Incident light beam B - Reflected light beam C- Refracted light beam Angle of Incidence Angle of Refraction A B 100% 10% 90% C = Refractive Index Higher the refractive index, higher the degree of bending of incident beam ppt Refraction Air RI Water RI Critical Angle Only internal reflection occurs above critical angle Scattering is essential in achieving good hiding (opacity ) with white or light colors Binder RI TiO RI ppt
11 Refraction air air air water binder TiO 2 Refractive Index Increases Air Binders Silica Calcium carbonate Clay Zinc oxide Titanium dioxide (anatase) Titanium dioxide (rutile) R.I Refractive Index Difference is the Key ppt Effect of Pigment Refractive Index on Hiding CALCIUM CLAY CARBONATE ZINC OXIDE ANATASE TiO 2 RUTILE TiO 2 R.I % PIGMENT VOLUME IN ACRYLIC BINDER WITH REFRACTIVE INDEX OF 1.6 ppt
12 How to Increase Light Scattering & Hiding Pigment volume concentration are high enough so that there are air voids Choose the optimum particle size for each hiding pigment Increase the difference in refractive index (R.I.) between pigments and binders and air voids ppt Hiding The ability of a coating to hide a substrate Coating Coating Substrate Light "sees" the substrate The substrate color shows through Substrate Light does not "see" the substrate The substrate color is hidden ppt
13 Hiding is measured by, Hiding power the area covered by a unit volume of paint at a film thickness sufficient to produce a contrast ratio of The units are m 2 /litre. ppt00 25 Contrast ratio the ratio between the reflectance of a paint film over a black substrate to its reflectance over a white substrate. 25 Contrast Ratio White: 80% Reflectance Light is reflected Black: < 5% Reflectance Some light is absorbed Y W Y B Coating Coating Contrast Ratio = Y B the closer to 1, Y W the better the hiding ppt
14 Scattering Efficiency versus Size Small is good, but ppt Effect of Particle Size on Light Scattering d >> λ Mie Theory d << λ..too small is bad. ppt00 28 Rayleigh Scattering d [weak - goes as ( ) 4 ] λ 28 14
15 For light scattering (opacity)... Distance between particles is also important light Light scatters at each interface This is like a particle of resin - It scatters light, too! Color Measurement Munsell System Collection of samples to represent equal intervals of visual perception (linear scale) between adjacent samples Hue - red, yellow, green, blue,... Value - light, dark,... Chroma - depth, saturation,... ppt
16 CIE System Color Measurement (Commission International de L'Eclairge) Mathematical system based on interaction of light source, object, and observer r, g, b values X,Y,Z tristimulus values x,y,z chromaticity coordinates ppt Color Measurement L = 100 CIELAB System (Opponent color system) -a -b +b +a L = 0 ppt
17 Color Measurement CIELAB System Opponent color system +delta L* -delta L* +delta a* -delta a* +delta b* -delta b* = Sample lighter = Sample darker = Sample redder (or less green) = Sample greener (or less red) = Sample yellowier (or less blue) = Sample bluer (or less yellow) delta E* = (delta L*) + (delta a*) + (delta b*) ppt Color Specification ΔE* of 1.0 is visual detection limit of untrained observer Example L = 93.5 a = -0.2 b = 2.55 Measured with Illuminant D65 Small Area View at 10 Degrees Observer ACS with dual beam ΔE* = (ΔL*) 2 + (Δa*) 2 + (Δb*) 2 ppt
18 Standard Light Sources ppt Effect of Colored Pigment Properties on Tint Molar absorption coefficient very important Particle size and dispersion are important Smaller, well separated particles absorb light more efficiently than large or flocculated particles. ppt
19 Effect of Colored Pigment Dispersion on Tint dispersed Flocculated less total light absorption ppt Coloring Efficiency versus Dispersion ppt
20 Effect of White Pigment on Tint ppt00 39 strong scattering short path length weak scattering long path length 39 Effect of Pigment Flocculation on Tint If the white pigment flocculates: Color darkens because path length of light increases. If the colored paint flocculates: Color lightens because flocculated particles do not absorb light as efficiently as dispersed particles. ppt
21 Flare ppt Metamerism ppt
22 ppt
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