Geometry of image formation
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- Heather Payne
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1
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3 Geometry of image formation
4 discussing here... mirrors
5 definition of mirror types of mirrors aspects of plane mirror aspects of curved mirrors
6 what is mirror? glass sheet with silvery / metallic coating at the back
7 mirror plane curved
8 curved mirror convex concave
9 explanation: real vs. virtual image (by reflection)
10 real vs. virtual image (by reflection) real image virtual image forms in locations, where the light rays actually reach forms in locations, where the light rays do NOT actually reach emerging rays converge emerging rays diverge no need for extrapolation by extrapolation, the light ray appears to be coming from the image forms on the SAME side as the object forms on the OTHER side can be projected onto a screen can NOT be projected onto a screen
11 image formation by PLANE mirror
12 correct Geometric drawing incident ray reflected ray when the incident ray falls parallel to the normal the ray reflects back along the normal when the incident rays fall at acute angles by backward extrapolation, all reflected rays converge to construct the image
13 N.B. : color codes incident rays emerged rays extrapolations
14 c d object a b image θ i θ r plane mirror θ i = θ r a = b c = d
15 image characteristics (plane mirror) always virtual always behind the mirror always same size as the object always at the same distance as the object always upright always left-right reversal
16 aspects of convex mirror Geometry of convex mirror how to determine the focal point image formation by convex mirror
17 Geometry of convex mirror
18 convex mirror = segment of spherical glass surface, bulging side facing the light source (object)
19 convex mirror segment of spherical glass surface, bulging side facing the light source (object) focus reflecting surface principal axis focal length F center of curvature = 2F
20 how to determine the focal point of a convex mirror
21 determination of focal point in CONVEX mirror parallel incident beam backward extrapolation focus
22 guidelines for reflection by CONVEX mirror
23 correct Geometric drawing (convex mirror) incident ray reflected ray when the incident ray falls along the principal axis the ray is reflected back along the principal axis
24 correct Geometric drawing (convex mirror) incident ray reflected ray when the incident ray falls parallel to the principal axis by backward extrapolation, reflected ray comes from the focus F
25 correct Geometric drawing (convex mirror) incident ray reflected ray when the incident ray is directed towards the focal point the reflected ray emerges parallel to the principal axis F
26 correct Geometric drawing (convex mirror) incident ray reflected ray when the incident ray is directed towards the point of curvature reflected ray follows the same path back C
27 image formation by CONVEX mirror
28 convex mirror object beyond C F C
29 convex mirror object closer then C F C
30 convex mirror object closer than F F C
31 summary (convex mirror) object position image position image size nature of image at infinity at F point virtual between infinity and C between F and mirror diminished virtual and upright at C between F and mirror diminished virtual and upright between C and F between F and mirror diminished virtual and upright at F between F and mirror diminished virtual and upright between F and mirror between F and mirror diminished virtual and upright
32 aspects of concave mirror Geometry of concave mirror how to determine the focal point image formation by concave mirror
33 Geometry of concave mirror
34 concave mirror = segment of spherical glass surface, curved inwards
35 concave mirror segment of spherical glass surface, curved inwards reflecting surface principal axis F center of curvature = 2F
36 how to determine the focal point of a concave mirror
37 determination of focal point in CONCAVE mirror parallel incident beam focus
38 guidelines for reflection by CONCAVE mirror
39 correct Geometric drawing (concave mirror) incident ray reflected ray when the incident ray falls along the principal axis the ray is reflected back along the principal axis
40 correct Geometric drawing (concave mirror) incident ray reflected ray when the incident ray falls parallel to the principal axis the reflected ray passes through the focal point F
41 correct Geometric drawing (concave mirror) incident ray reflected ray when the incident ray falls through the focal point reflected ray emerges parallel to the principal axis F
42 correct Geometric drawing (concave mirror) incident ray reflected ray when the incident ray falls through the point of curvature reflected ray follows the same path back c
43 image formation by CONCAVE mirror
44 concave mirror object beyond C F c
45 concave mirror object at C c F
46 concave mirror object between C and F C F
47 concave mirror object at F F
48 concave mirror object between F and mirror F
49 summary (concave mirror) object position image position image size nature of image at infinity at F point real between infinity and C between C and F diminished real and inverted at C at C same size real and inverted between C and F beyond C enlarged real and inverted at F no image between F and mirror behind mirror magnified virtual and upright
50 useful links
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