Flood Runoff Simulation Using Grid-based Radar Rainfall and Vflo TM Model

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of Cvl Engneeng, Inha Unvesty, Incheon, Koea, naaeme@nave.com 4 Dept. of Cvl Engneeng, Inha Unvesty, Incheon, Koea, soom@nha.ac. (Dated: 29 May 2012) HUI SEONG NOH 1.

1 Flood Runoff Smulaton Usng Gd-based Rada Ranfall and Vflo TM Model HUI SEONG NOH 1, BYUNG SIK KIM 2, NA RAE KANG 3, HUNG SOO KIM 4 1 Dept. of Cvl Engneeng, Inha Unvesty, Incheon, Koea, heesung80@hanmal.net 2 Gaduate School of Dsaste Peventon, Kangwon Natonl Unvesty, Samcheo, Koea, hydobs@angwon.ac. 3 Dept. of Cvl Engneeng, Inha Unvesty, Incheon, Koea, naaeme@nave.com 4 Dept. of Cvl Engneeng, Inha Unvesty, Incheon, Koea, soom@nha.ac. (Dated: 29 May 2012) HUI SEONG NOH 1. Intoducton Flood dsastes fom localzed heavy anfall and flash floods have ecently been an nceasng tend n Koea. In ode to educe flood damage, t s mpotant to obseve and pedct anfall, whch s an mpotant hydologc facto. Theefoe, the use of ada anfall data that can help the tacng of development and movement of anfall's spatal dstbuton s dawng much attenton n hydology. When analyzng unoff n hydology, gd-based dstbuted anfall-unoff model (Vflo TM ) s nceasngly used because t enables moe detaled examnatons of spatal flux changes n the basn as compaed to exstng lumped hydologc models. Especally, the use of ada anfall data that can ceate, coect, o foecast the anfall data wth shot obsevaton peod and the physcal-based dstbuted unoff model usng GIS ae nceasng. It s expected that they wll be vey useful when estmatng unoff n unobseved basns n the feld of hydology. Physcal-based dstbuted model was fst ntoduced by Feeze and Halan (1969). Veux, B. E. et al. (2004), who developed the Vflo model used n ths study, evaluated the physcal-based model fo the applcaton on flash floods; whle Veux, B. E and Koehle, E. (2005) studed the Vflo model usng GIS. Km Byeong-S et al. (2008) suggested a flood estmaton method lned to ada anfall data coected by the dstbuted model and condtonal ntegaton method. They poved that the condtonal ntegaton method can actually be used n the ntepetaton of flood unoff. Based on above studes, ths study ceated a aw-ada data by Mean-Feld Bas (MFB) coecton method and Statstcal Objectve Analyss (SOA) coecton method, whch coect the gd-type ada anfall data usng anfall data on the gound. Then, vaous hydologc paametes had been ceated on GIS to eflect the chaactestcs of the basn. Lastly, the usefulness of ada anfall data and the accuacy of coecton methods wee evaluated by compang the unoffs usng physcal-based dstbuted model (Vflo TM ). 2. Study Method and Theoetcal Bacgound Ths study evaluated the accuacy of coected ada anfall data by way of unoff smulatons befoe coecton and afte coecton by usng aw-ada data, whch had been ceated by applyng Z-R fomula on the anfall data obseved at Bseulsan Ranfall Rada fom August 15 to 17, The ada anfall was coected by Mean-Feld Bas (MFB) and Statstcal Objectve Analyss (SOA). Fg. 1 Study flow dagam 2.1 The Concept and Theoy of the Vflo Model The Vflo model used n ths study s a physcal-based dstbuted model (PBDM), whch povdes hydologc model soluton usng ada anfall system and GIS. Ths model s desgned to pocess the hydologc paametes extacted by

2 lnng vaous hydologc paametes wth GIS. It can be sad that ths model emoved the empcal facto, whch became an ssue n the estmaton of paametes. Fg. 2 Confguaton and concept of the Vflo model Vflo model expesses the wate flow n the basn as the govenng equaton usng nematc wave equaton. Ths concept, consstng of smplfed momentum equaton and contnuty equaton, expesses the gound unoff caused by excess anfall n the fom of one-dmenson contnuty equaton. It calculates the ve flow by usng fnte element method on the nput data of sol map, vegetaton/land-use map, topogaphy map, and anfall data ceated n the fomat of gd-based numecal map whle assumng the flow of dect unoff as unfom flow. ( vh) h + = R I t x 1 2 / 3 1 / 2 v = h S o n h S 1 / 2 o h 2 / = R I t n x : One dmenson contnuty equaton of gound suface flow : Empcal fomula of Mannng assumng the gound suface flow as unfom flow : Govenng equaton to tac the gound suface flow 2.2 Rada Ranfall Data Coecton Method usng Ranfall on Gound 1) The Mean-Feld Bas (MFB) method s also called the G/R method. It coects the ada anfall data by unfomly applyng the coecton facto calculated by compang the anfall on gound and ada anfall on the whole aea, on whch the ada anfall data s to be estmated. The basc fomula used n ths study s the followng: R = f f = R g / R ) c R ( Hee, f : Coecton coeffcent of each gd, pont R c : Ranfall at coected ada cell. R g : Ranfall at anfall on gound gd pont, R : Ranfall at ada gd 2) Statstcal Objectve Analyss (SOA) had been suggested by Peea et al. (1998) based on the optmum ntepolaton method of Gandn (1963). It accuately estmates the anfall of an aea that does not have obseved data fo anfall on gound usng the anfall on gound data and ada anfall data. It adds the obseved data and ada data usng the weght value calculated fom the eo ange of each. P a K ( x, y ) = P ( x, y ) + w [ P ( x, y ) P ( x, y ) w a = K f 1 ( d ) f ( d 1 ), g f 1 d ( d ) = a Hee, P ( x, y ) : Ranfall coected at the gd pont ( ), P ( x, y ) : Rada anfall at gd pont ( ), ( x y ) a a ] P, : g

Obseved anfall at the anfall staton, ( x y ) P, : Rada anfall of gd pont elevant to the locaton of anfall staton ( ), w : Weght value, K : Numbe of anfall statons, ( x, y) : Coodnate, d : Dstance

3 Rada and Object Basn fo Ths Study Bseulsan Ranfall Rada Staton gves out dual-polametc ada data fo the fst tme n Koea. The specfcaton s n Table 1.

3 Obseved anfall at the anfall staton, ( x y ) P, : Rada anfall of gd pont elevant to the locaton of anfall staton ( ), w : Weght value, K : Numbe of anfall statons, ( x, y) : Coodnate, d : Dstance between the ponts (, ). The coe dea of Statstcal Objectve Analyss (SOA) method s applyng the optmum weght value, whch used the coelaton functon between the anfall statons. 2.3 Rada and Object Basn fo Ths Study Bseulsan Ranfall Rada Staton gves out dual-polametc ada data fo the fst tme n Koea. The specfcaton s n Table 1. The object basn s Gamcheon ve basn (md-wateshed), whch s a tbutay of the Nadong Rve. Ths basn has good topogaphy spatal data, whch can be used n the ntepetaton of anfall-unoff. The basn also has ts hydologc data avalable and has elatvely small mpact of bac wate effect. The basn aea of Gamcheon ve basn s m2 and wateway length s m. Thee ae a natonal ve (Gamcheon), 17 local ves, and seven standad basns n Gamcheon basn. Locaton (lattude/longtude) / Alttude of antenna 1,085 m Fequency 2,795 MHz (S-band) Tansmsson method Smultaneous H/V Maxmum tansmsson output 750 KW Calculaton vaables Z, V, SW, ZDR, ΦDP, KDP, ρhv Obsevaton stategy (anfall ada) cycle adus alttude Openng date of obsevaton staton 2.5 mnutes 100 m -0.5 ~1.6 (low alttude, fve alttudes) June 10, 2009 Ranfall staton Gmcheon, Jye, Buhang-1, Buhang-2, Seonsan (fve locatons) Wate level staton Gmcheon, Seonsan (two locatons) Table 1. Specfcaton of Bseusan Ranfall Rada Staton Fg. 3 Basn status 3. Rada and Vflo Data 3.1 Rada Ranfall Data Geneaton and Bass Analyss Rada anfall data was ceated by applyng the Z-R fomula on the ealy stage UF data obseved at Bseulsan Ranfall Rada fom 10:30 of August 15 to 09:00 of August 17, z = 231R The aw-ada data befoe coecton calculated fom above Z-R fomula n the fom of anfall ntensty had been conveted to cumulated anfall. The data fom 182 abovegound anfall statons n the obsevaton ange of Bseulsan Ranfall Rada had been used. Mean-Feld Bas (MFB) and Statstcal Objectve Analyss (SOA) methods that wee pevously explaned had been appled. Fg. 4 Examples of each coected ada mage

Fgue 5 (a) s the compason of 30-mnute cumulated anfall fo each anfall staton n the

It was possble to confm that the aw-ada data was undeestmated than the anfall on gound

In addton, the SOA-coected anfall was close to 1:1 lnea fom wth anfall on gound n Fgue

(a) Compason of cumulated anfall by locaton (b) Q-Q plot compason by locaton Fg.

2 Geneaton of Vflo paamete data usng GIS Vflo model gd netwo was ceated based on vaous

chaactestcs such as Dgtal Elevaton Model (DEM), vegetaton/land-use map and sol map, ()

4 Fgue 5 (a) s the compason of 30-mnute cumulated anfall fo each anfall staton n the Gamcheon basn. It was possble to confm that the aw-ada data was undeestmated than the anfall on gound and the SOA-coected anfall appoached the anfall on gound. In addton, the SOA-coected anfall was close to 1:1 lnea fom wth anfall on gound n Fgue 5(b), whch s the Q-Q plot of each locaton befoe coecton and afte coecton. (a) Compason of cumulated anfall by locaton (b) Q-Q plot compason by locaton Fg. 5 Cumulated anfall (30 mnutes) and Q-Q plot compason by locaton 3.2 Geneaton of Vflo paamete data usng GIS Vflo model gd netwo was ceated based on vaous Vflo model nput data ceated by applyng () thee basc topogaphy spatal data elated to basn chaactestcs such as Dgtal Elevaton Model (DEM), vegetaton/land-use map and sol map, () the typcal lumnous ntensty coeffcent on the land use classfcaton suggested by Veux, and () Geen-Ampt penetaton paametes. (Fg. 6) (a) Gamcheon basn and buldng of the Vflo model (b) Vflo paamete nput data Fg. 6 Model buldng and paamete nput data

4. Results In ode to evaluate whethe the coected ada aw-ada data by Mean-Feld Bas (MFB) method and Statstcal Objectve Analyss (SOA) method ealstcally expess the anfall dstbuton wth cetan anfall

5 4. Results In ode to evaluate whethe the coected ada aw-ada data by Mean-Feld Bas (MFB) method and Statstcal Objectve Analyss (SOA) method ealstcally expess the anfall dstbuton wth cetan anfall accuacy, unoff had been estmated fo two wate level obsevaton locatons usng the dstbuton Vflo model. When the obseved unoff and smulated unoff had been examned aganst pea dschage, the smulated unoff by aw-ada data was sgnfcantly smalle than the obseved unoff. The smulated unoff by ada anfall data appled wth Mean-Feld Bas (MFB) and Statstcal Objectve Analyss (SOA) methods n ths study faly appoached the obseved unoff. Especally, t was possble to fnd that the coected ada anfall appled wth Statstcal Objectve Analyss (SOA) ageed wth the pea dschage, pea dschage occung tme, and oveall unoff geneaton patten at the two locatons elatvely bette n geneal. (Fg. 7) Fg. 7 Compason of unoff gaphs by coecton method In ode to examne the unoff compason esult fo each ada anfall n moe detal, eo and model effcency analyss had been done. Fo the eo analyss, Mean Absolute Eo (MAE), Root Mean Squae Eo (RMSE), Nomalzed Pea Eo (NPE), and Pea Tmng Eo (PTE) had been used (Km Byeong-S et al., 2008). Accodng to the analyss esult of eo and model effcency, the eo values of MAE and RMSE had not been sgnfcantly satsfyng because of the dffeences n the ealy stage of unoff caused by pevous anfall. Howeve, the NPE on pea dschage had been on the level of 20% afte coecton, whch had been 40-60% befoe coecton. The model effcency (ME) wee 70-80% (Table 2). Especally n most eo compasons, the smulated unoff by Statstcal Objectve Analyss (SOA) showed the best esult. Gmcheon locatons Seonsan locatons aw-ada data MFB SOA aw-ada data MFB SOA MAE MAE RMSE RMSE NPE NPE ME ME PTE PTE Aveage (unoff) Aveage (unoff) Table 2. Eo analyss and model effcency esults fo each coecton method 5. Summay and Conclusons Ths study ceated aw-ada data of object basn usng ada anfall and anfall on gound data. The dstbuton Vflo model had been used n the evaluaton of coecton method accuacy and the usefulness of ada anfall, ceated by Mean-Feld Bas (MFB) and Statstcal Objectve Analyss (SOA) methods. (1) In ths study, the aw-ada data anfall showed the tendency of undeestmaton as compaed to obseved locaton anfall and unoff. (2) The locaton anfall and unoff had been examned by ada anfall data coected by Mean-Feld Bas (MFB) and Statstcal Objectve Analyss (SOA). Both methods showed bette esults when aw-ada data was used. Especally, the unoff and unoff patten smulated by Statstcal Objectve Analyss (SOA) wee vey close to the obseved unoff

6 and patten. SOA showed the best esults n most eo analyses and model effcency values. (3) It was possble to confm that the ada anfall data coected by Statstcal Objectve Analyss (SOA) have hydologc usefulness as nput mateal to unoff model. Acnowledgment Ths study was fnancally suppoted by the Constucton Technology Innovaton Pogam(08-Tech-Inovaton-F01) though the Reseach Cente of Flood Defence Technology fo Next Geneaton n Koea Insttute of Constucton & Tanspotaton Technology Evaluaton and Plannng(KICTEP) of Mnsty of Land, Tanspot and Matme Affas(MLTM) Refeences Anagonostou, E. N., Kajews, W. F., Seo, D.-J., and Johnson, E. R. (1998). Mean feld anfall bas studes fo WSR-88D. Jounal of Hydologc Engneeng, ASCE, Vol. 3(3), pp Osca Anthony Kalnga, Than Yew Gan. (2006). Sem-dstbuted modellng of basn hydology wth ada and gauged pecptaton, Hydologcal Pocesses, Volume 20 Issue 17, pp B.S. Km, B.K. Km, H.S. Km(2008) Flood smulaton usng the gauge-adjusted ada anfall and physcs-based dstbuted hydologc model, Hydologcal Pocesses, Volume 22 Issue 22, pp Bandes, E. A. (1975). Optmzng anfall estmates wth the ad of ada, Jounal of Appled Meteoology, Vol.14, pp Feeze, R.A. and Halan, R.L. (1969). Bluepnt fo a physcally-based dgtally-smulated hydologcal esponse model, Jounal of Hydology, Vol. 9, pp Gandn, L. S., 1963: Objectve Analyss of Meteoologcal Felds. Tanslated by R. Hadng, Isael Pogam fo Scentfc Tanslaton, 242 pp. Pea Fo, A. J., Cawfod, K. C. & Hatzell, C. L. (1998) Impovng WSR-88D houly anfall estmates. Weathe Foecastng 13, Veux, B.E. (2001), Dstbuted Hydology Modelng usng GIS, Wate Scence and Technology Lbay, Kluwe Academc Publshes, Dodecht. Veux, B.E. Dstbuted Hydologc Modelng Usng GIS, 2nd ed., Kluwe Academc Publshes, Veux, B.E. and Koehle, E. (2005). Vflo TM Model Advanced Tanng Veux & Assocates, Inc. Vflo TM 4.0 Use's Gude, 2008.

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