4. Cluster Analysis. Francesc J. Ferri. Dept. d Informàtica. Universitat de València. Febrer F.J. Ferri (Univ. València) AIRF 2/ / 1
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1 Anàlisi d Imatges i Reconeixement de Formes Image Analysis and Pattern Recognition:. Cluster Analysis Francesc J. Ferri Dept. d Informàtica. Universitat de València Febrer 8 F.J. Ferri (Univ. València) AIRF /8 1 / 1 Introduction Unsupervised Classification Methods When data is given in a particular representation space and alertano labels are available, we talk about unsupervised methods. Clustering Aims at finding groups in a given data in such a way that patterns grouped together are more similar or closer than patterns in other groups. Clustering is not a well defined task because its goal is partially subjective. F.J. Ferri (Univ. València) AIRF /8 / 1
2 Examples of clustering Examples Clustering Problem Multi Class Problem Feature Feature Feature 1 F.J. Ferri (Univ. València) AIRF /8 3 / 1 Cluster analysis Examples of clustering 1 Representation (vectors, strings, graphs, trees,...) Similarity (different inter- intra-cluster distances) 3 Grouping method (algorithm to effectively partitioning the data) Data abstraction (ways of representing each cluster) 5 Assessment (how good a clustering result is) F.J. Ferri (Univ. València) AIRF /8 / 1
3 Examples of clustering Taxonomy F.J. Ferri (Univ. València) AIRF /8 5 / 1 Hierarchical Clustering Hierarchical Methods Hierarchical means that we obtain a sequence of nested partitions of the data instead of a single clustering result. Most of these algorithms are very intuitive, easy to understand and apply and give a very flexible (adjustable) result. There are basically two kinds: divisive (top-down) and agglomerative (bottom-up). Divisive clustering algorithms start from a unique clustering and look for the best way of splitting it into two blocks. The same procedure will be applied recursively to both block until there is only one pattern in each block. Agglomerative clustering start from one cluster per pattern and keep joining neighboring clusters until one ends up with a unique cluster. F.J. Ferri (Univ. València) AIRF /8 / 1
4 Hierarchical Methods Dendrograms D5 8 D5 (dendrogram) D5 ( clusters) D5 (5 clusters) F.J. Ferri (Univ. València) AIRF /8 7 / 1 Hierarchical Methods Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering General Algorithm Start with one cluster per pattern Repeat find the two closest clusters join them and update Until all patterns are grouped together Distance between clusters Measures how close any two clusters are. F.J. Ferri (Univ. València) AIRF /8 8 / 1
5 Hierarchical Methods The family picture Single linkage clustering minimum distance between particular patterns of each cluster Complete linkage clustering maximum distance between particular patterns of each cluster Average linkage clustering average of distances between pairs of patterns of each cluster Ward s clustering takes into account average distances and their variances F.J. Ferri (Univ. València) AIRF /8 9 / 1 Hierarchical Methods Efficiency of agglomerative clustering O(n 3 ) The recurrence of Lance and Williams allows to compute the distances to a newly created cluster in a recursive fashion. Let k be the new cluster resulting from joining i and j. Then, h d(h, k) = 1 d(h, i) + 1 d(h, j) 1 d(h, i) d(h, j) This computes de minimum and maximum distances, respectively. In general, d(h, k) = A i d(h, i) + A j d(h, j) + Bd(i, j) + C d(h, i) d(h, j) F.J. Ferri (Univ. València) AIRF /8 1 / 1
6 Partitional Criterion-based Methods The greedy approach: c-means The approach consists of establishing a criterion to be optimized. J = c i=1 x X i x m i where m i is the average of the patterns in the i-th cluster X i, m i = 1 X i x X i x The number of clusters, c, needs to be fixed. Otherwise the minimization of J leads to a trivial solution. F.J. Ferri (Univ. València) AIRF /8 11 / 1 The c-means algorithm Partitional Criterion-based Methods Start with an arbitrary c-partition and compute the c means or start with c arbitrary means Repeat Compute the c partition induced by the current c means Compute the the new c means by averaging the patterns at each cluster Until the means do not change This algorithm admits many optimizations and extensions. F.J. Ferri (Univ. València) AIRF /8 1 / 1
7 c-means examples Partitional Criterion-based Methods The c-means (or more correctly, the criterion used) tends to form equally sized hyperspherical clusters. There is an implicit assumption that the patterns in the clusters have to be normally distributed around their average. F.J. Ferri (Univ. València) AIRF /8 13 / 1 Partitional Criterion-based Methods The soft extension: fuzzy c-means The c-means approach can be extended by considering fuzzy memberships to the c clusters. The criterion is now J = c N (u ik ) p x k m i i=1 k=1 where the mean is also generalized as m i = N k=1 (u ik) p x k N k=1 (u ik) p u ik is the degree of membership of x k to cluster i, N is the total number of patterns and p is a parameter that controls fuzziness of the result. F.J. Ferri (Univ. València) AIRF /8 1 / 1
8 Partitional Criterion-based Methods The fuzzy c-means algorithm This criterion can be minimized by using Lagrange multipliers and leads to a well-behaved iterative algorithm. Once the algorithm has converged to a result, u ik, each pattern is assigned to the cluster whose membership is maximum. F.J. Ferri (Univ. València) AIRF /8 15 / 1 Vector Quantization and Extensions Vector quantization and neural networks vector quantization clustering concepts: quantization error, codebook vectors. classical vector quantization: Linde, Buzo and Gray (LBG). F.J. Ferri (Univ. València) AIRF /8 1 / 1
9 Vector Quantization and Extensions Self Organizative Maps (Kohonen) Can be seen as a vector quantization process coupled with imposing a topology to the codebook vectors (prototypes). Imagine a map of neurons with an explicit topology in form of a (usually regular) graph, in such a way that surroundings of increasing size of each neuron can be defined. All neurons are connected to D inputs through D weights. So there is a weight vector attached to each neuron. F.J. Ferri (Univ. València) AIRF /8 17 / 1 Vector Quantization and Extensions SOM: iterative correction rule Neuron activation Correction: w j = w j + η(t)(x w j ) It is possible to see the neurons (its weight vectors) in the same representation space as the input, x. Is it possible also to represent the topology (the graph) in this space.... F.J. Ferri (Univ. València) AIRF /8 18 / 1
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