Plane Surveying Traverse, Electronic Distance Measurement and Curves. Introduction

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Plane Surveying Traverse, Electronic Distance Measurement and Curves. Introduction"

Rudolph Wade
6 years ago
Views:

Topics in Phase II: ngles and Directions, Traverse, EDM, Total Stations, Curves, and Introduction to Recent and supporting technologies Introduction of the Instructor

1 Plane Surveying Traverse, Electronic Distance Measurement and Curves Civil Engineering Students Year (1) Second semester Phase II Dr. Kamal M. hmed Raw LIDR point cloud, Capitol Forest, W LIDR points colored by orthophotograph FUSIO visualization software developed for point cloud display & measurement Introduction Topics in Phase II: ngles and Directions, Traverse, EDM, Total Stations, Curves, and Introduction to Recent and supporting technologies Introduction of the Instructor (Facebook) ackground, honors, research interests, teaching, etc. Method of teaching: what to expect and not to expect, what is allowed. Language used. reaks Lecture slides: O DISTRIUTIO WITHOUT PERMIT Syllabus Instruments

2 Surveying Measurements Surveyors, regardless of how advanced the technology they are using, measure only two quantities: ngles Distances Coordinates are computed from measured angles and distances Review the following concepts Definition of horizontal and vertical angles Kinds of horizontal angles: Internal and external ngles to the right and to the left zimuth of a line earing of a line Relationship between bearing and azimuth zimuth of successive lines Tables of horizontal and vertical angles Surveying Measurements Surveyors, for civil engineering applications, mainly do two things Map Set-out توقیع رفع They map by measuring angles and distances They set-out by marking where a computed angle and distance leads. Surveying Measurements Distances are measured in the Vertical: that is called leveling using میزانیھ levels Sloped or horizontal using ماي ل قیاس المسافھ EDMs اجھزه الالكرونیھ ngles are measured in the vertical or horizontal OLY (why?), using a theodolite تیودولیت

), using a theodolite تیودولیت Surveying Measurements surveying instrument that includes: Electronic (digital) theodolite for angle

3 Surveying Measurements Distances are measured in the Vertical: that is called leveling using میزانیھ levels Sloped or horizontal using ماي ل قیاس المسافھ EDMs اجھزه الالكترونیھ ngles are measured in the vertical or horizontal OLY (why?), using a theodolite تیودولیت Surveying Measurements surveying instrument that includes: Electronic (digital) theodolite for angle measurements EDM: for distance measurements Processor (computer) to run a software and perform functions Is called a TOTL STTIO Major Parts of a Total Station LEIC TOTL STTIO

Major axis of a total station ngles and Directions

Horizontal and Vertical ngles Horizontal ngle: The angle

4 Major axis of a total station ngles and Directions الزوایا و الاتجھات ngle Measurement Theodolites Horizontal and Vertical ngles Horizontal ngle: The angle between the projections of the line of sight on a horizontal plane. Vertical ngle: The angle between the line of sight and a horizontal plane. Zenith ngle السمت) angle from :(زاویھ Zenith

5 Kinds of Horizontal ngles ngles to the Left: counterclockwise, from the rear to the forward station. Polygons are labeled clockwise. Right (clockwise) and Left (counterclockwise) Polygons ngles to the Right: clockwise, from the rear to the forward station, Polygons are labeled counterclockwise. Interior (measured on the inside of a closed polygon), and Exterior ngles (outside of a closed polygon). Types of Theodolites Older Theodolites Electronic Theodolites

6 Installtion التسامت Pluming and Centering ضبط افقیھ التودولیت Leveling a Theodolite Optical Plummet

7 DEFIITIOS

Geometric Conditions between the xis FLالوضعین and FR المتایمن و المتایسر If the vertical circle is to your left as you observe, this is called متایسر FL وضع If the vertical circle is to

difference between the horizontal readings is 180 The sum of the vertical readings is 360 For the horizontal average angles: Compute the mean of FL and FR: keep the degrees of either FL or

8 Geometric Conditions between the xis FLالوضعین and FR المتایمن و المتایسر If the vertical circle is to your left as you observe, this is called متایسر FL وضع If the vertical circle is to your right as you observe, this is called متایمن FR وضع Relationships between readings FL and FR Relationships between readings FL and FR iming at the same target FL and then FR: The difference between the horizontal readings is 180 The sum of the vertical readings is 360 For the horizontal average angles: Compute the mean of FL and FR: keep the degrees of either FL or FR and take the average of minutes and seconds Subtract the mean angle by subtracting the mean readings For the vertical: for each point add or subtract half- if possible- of the difference to 360

Vertical angles 28 13 2 49 2 54 2 1 2 =360 0 0 +41 36 19-249 55 02 41 20 2 32 34-2 -2 2- Directions : الاتجھات Direction of a line is the horizontal angle

We will use north or south as a meridian مرجع Types of meridians: Magnetic: defined by a magnetic needle ابرة Geodetic meridian: connects the جیودیسى mean

Obtained by astronomical observations. Grid : lines parallel to a central شبكى meridian Distinguish between angles, directions, and readings.

9 Vertical angles = Directions : الاتجھات Direction of a line is the horizontal angle between the line and an arbitrary chosen reference line called a meridian. We will use north or south as a meridian مرجع Types of meridians: Magnetic: defined by a magnetic needle ابرة Geodetic meridian: connects the جیودیسى mean positions of the north and south poles ب. اقطا stronomic : الفلكى instantaneous, the line لحظى that connects the north and south poles ب at اقطا that instant. Obtained by astronomical observations. Grid : lines parallel to a central شبكى meridian Distinguish between angles, directions, and readings. zimuth :الانحراف ngles and zimuth الزوایا والانحرافات Horizontal angle measured clockwise from a meridian (north) to the line, at the beginning of the line -The line starts at, the line starts at. الانحراف -ack-azimuth is measured at الخلفى the end of the line.

10 zimuth and earing الانحراف و الانحراف المختصر earing (reduced azimuth): : acute حادة horizontal angle, less than 90, measured from the north or the south direction to the line. Quadrant is shown by the letter or S before and the letter E or W after the angle. For example: 30W is in the fourth quad الرابع. الربع zimuth and bearing: which quadrant ربع اى? 4 th QUD. 1 ST QUD. Z = Z = E ew Material 3 rd QUD. 2 nd QUD. Z = Z = 180 -

11 Departures and Latitudes المركبات السینیة و الصادیة ΔΧ ΔΥ ΔE L* Δ L* sin(z) cos(z E tan(z ) = zimuth Equations How to know which quadrant from the signs of departure and latitude? For example, what is the azimuth if the departure was (- 20 m) and the latitude was (+20 m)? The following are important equations to memorize and understand E E Departure Latitude E L * sin( L * cos( Z ) Z ) E = E + E = + zimuth C = zimuth +? Z C = Z Z C = Z C Z C Z Z Z Z C Z C

12 انحراف خط = انحراف الخط قبلھ ± الزاویھ الداخلھ Easting and orthing C P (E,) α L zimuth of a line such as C = zimuth of ± The angle +180 Sign is + if the polygon is to the right clockwise : angles measured clockwise, letters are in a counterclockwise sequence. C In many parts of the world, a slightly different form of notation is used. instead of (x,y) we use E, (Easting, orthing). In Egypt, the Easting comes first, for example: (100, 200) means that easting is 100 In the US, orthing might be mentioned first. It is a good practice to check internationally produced coordinate files before using them. E Polar Coordinates +P (r, u ) r u E Examples -The polar coordinate system describes a point by (angle, distance) instead of (X, Y) -We do not directly measure (X, Y in the field -In the field, we measure some form of polar coordinates: angle and distance to each point, then convert them to (X, Y)

13 Example (1) Calculate the reduced azimuth of the lines and C, then calculate the reduced azimuth (bearing) of the lines D and E Line zimuth C D S W Reduced zimuth (bearing) E W Example (1)-nswer Line zimuth Reduced zimuth (bearing) S E C W D S W E W Example (2) ote: The angle computed using a calculator is the reduced azimuth (bearing), from 0 to 90, from north or Compute the azimuth of the line : - if Ea = 520m, a = 250m, Eb = 630m, and b = 420m - C if Ec = 720m, c = 130m - D if Ed = 400m, d = 100m - E if Ee = 320m, e = 370m south, clock or anti-clockwise directions. You Must convert it to the azimuth α, from 0 to 360, measured clockwise from orth. ssume that the azimuth of the line is (α ), the bearing is = tan -1 (ΔE/ Δ) If we neglect the sign of as given by the calculator, then, 1st Quadrant : α =, 2nd Quadrant: α = 180, 3rd Quadrant: α = 180 +, 4th Quadrant: α = 360 -

14 - For the line (ab): calculate ΔE ab = E b E a and Δ ab = b a - If both Δ E, Δ are - ve, (3rd Quadrant) α ab = = If bearing from calculator is 30 & Δ E is ve& Δ is +ve α ab = = 330 (4th Quadrant) - If bearing from calculator is 30& ΔE is + ve& Δ is ve, α ab = = 150 (2nd Quadrant) - If bearing from calculator is 30, you have to notice if both ΔE, Δ are + ve or ve, If both ΔE, Δ are + ve, (1st Quadrant) α ab = 30 otherwise, if both ΔE, Δ are ve, (3 rd Quad.) α ab = = 210 Example (2)-nswer Line ΔE Δ Quad. Calculated bearing tan-1( 1(ΔE/ Δ) zimuth st C nd D rd E th Example (3) The coordinates of points,, and C in meters are (120.10, ), (214.12, ), and (144.42, 82.17) respectively. Calculate: a) The departure and the latitude of the lines and C b) The azimuth of the lines and C. c) The internal angle C d) The line D is in the same direction as the line, but 20m longer. Use the azimuth equations to compute the departure and latitude of the line D. Example (3) nswer a) Dep = ΔE = 94.02, Lat = Δ = 68.13m Dep C = ΔE C = , Lat C = Δ C = m b) z = tan-1 (ΔE/ Δ) = z C = tan-1 (ΔE/ Δ) = c) clockwise : zimuth of C = zimuth of - The angle +180 ngle C = Z - Z C = = = C

15 d) Z D : The line D will have the same direction (ZIMUTH) as = LD = (94.02)2 + (68.13)2 = m Calculate departure = ΔE = L sin (Z) = 94.02m latitude = Δ= L cos (Z)= 68.13m Example (4) In the right polygon CDE, if the azimuth of the side CD = 30 and the internal angles are as shown in the figure, compute the azimuth of all the sides and check your answer C 30 E 110 D Example (4) - nswer E CHECK : earing of CD = earing of C + ngle C D 30 = = (subtracted from 360), O. K. earing of DE = earing of CD + ngle D = = 320 earing of E = earing of DE + ngle E = = 245 (subtracted from 360) earing of = earing of E + ngle = = 180 (subtracted from 360) earing of C = earing of + ngle = = 120 (subtracted from 360) C 110

Angles and Directions الزوایا و الاتجھات

Section I Surveying Measurements Leveling, horizontal and slope distance, angles and directions 2. Angles and Directions Angles and Directions الزوایا و الاتجھات Angles and Directions 1- Angles: Horizontal