Computer Networks & Security 2016/2017
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1 Computer Networks & Security 2016/2017 Protocol Layering (02) Dr. Tanir Ozcelebi Courtesy: Kurose & Ross TU/e Computer Science Security and Embedded Networked Systems
2 Your typical lunch Slide 2
3 What is a protocol? Definition (Kurose & Ross) A protocol defines the format and the order of messages exchanged between two or more communicating entities, as well as the actions taken on the transmission and/or receipt of a message or other event. A human analogy Hi TCP connection request Hi Got the time? 2:00 time TCP connection response Get <file> All Internet communication is governed by protocols! Slide 3
4 A lot of protocols on different levels Networks are complex! many pieces : hosts routers links of various media applications protocols Question: How to organize the structure of a network? Slide 4
5 Organization of air travel ticket (purchase) ticket (complain) baggage (check) baggage (claim) gates (load) gates (unload) runway (takeoff) runway (land) airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing departure airport intermediate air-traffic control centers arrival airport A series of steps... Slide 5
6 Layering of airline functionality ticket (purchase) ticket (complain) ticket baggage (check) baggage (claim) baggage gates (load) gates (unload) gate runway (takeoff) runway (land) takeoff/landing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing departure airport intermediate air-traffic control centers arrival airport Layers: each layer implements a service via its own internal-layer actions relying on services provided by layer below Slide 6
7 Why layering? Divide and conquer! divide a complex system into simpler pieces with explicit structure Layering makes it easy to maintain and update change in a layer s service transparent to rest of system e.g. change in gate procedure doesn t affect rest of the airline system Slide 7
8 Protocol layer interfaces Courtesy: Forouzan Slide 8
9 Internet protocol stack Application: supporting network apps e.g. FTP, SMTP, HTTP Transport: process-to-process data transfer TCP, UDP Network: source-to-destination data routing IP, routing protocols Link: data transfer between neighboring network elements PPP, Ethernet Physical: bits on the wire, for example: voltage time = Slide 9
10 OSI reference model Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Similar to Internet stack since layer services are chosen based on standardized protocols and their services (Internet s TCP/IP stack is older). Two additional layers Presentation: translate data formats and encryptions of sender and receiver e.g. JPEG, Transport Layer Security (TLS) Session: establish, maintain and close communication sessions e.g. Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) Slide 10
11 Convergence / Divergence Convergence from a large set of physical layers to a limited number of protocols Divergence protocols enabling a huge variety of applications. Slide 11
12 Logical connections within a protocol layer Slide 12
13 Protocol layer service models A service defines what operations can be performed. says nothing about implementation. Not the same as protocols. Protocol determines how the service is implemented a set of rules and packet formats for this purpose. Example (typical) service: Encapsulation Slide 13
14 Data (payload) encapsulation M: message Slide 14
15 datagram frame Encapsulation source message segment H t H NL n H TL H NL H LL H TL H TL M M M M application transport network link physical link physical switch H l H n H n H t H t H t M M M M destination application transport network link physical H TL H NL router M network link physical Slide 15
16 Performance: How do loss and delay occur? Packets queue in router buffers packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link capacity packets queue, wait for turn packet being transmitted (delay) A B packets queueing (delay) free (available) buffers: arriving packets dropped (loss) if no free buffers Slide 16
17 Four sources of packet delay 1. Nodal processing delay: check bit errors determine output link 2. Queuing delay: time waiting at output link for transmission depends on congestion A transmission propagation B nodal processing queueing Slide 17
18 Four sources of packet delay (2) 3. Transmission delay: R=link bandwidth (bps) L=packet length (bits) time to send bits into link = L/R 4. Propagation delay: d = length of physical link s = propagation speed in medium (~2x10 8 m/sec) propagation delay = d/s A transmission Note: s is very different from R! propagation B nodal processing queueing Slide 18
19 Caravan analogy ten-car caravan toll booth 100 km 100 km toll booth Cars propagate at 100 km/hr Toll booth takes 12 sec to service car (transmission time) car~bit; caravan ~ packet Q: How long until the caravan is lined up before the 2nd toll booth? Time to push entire caravan through toll booth onto highway = 12*10 = 120 sec Time for last car to propagate from 1st to 2nd toll both: 100km/ (100km/hr)= 1 hr A: 62 minutes Slide 19
20 Caravan analogy (more) 100 km 100 km ten-car caravan toll booth toll booth Cars now propagate at 1000 km/hr Toll booth now takes 1 min to service a car Q: Will cars arrive to 2nd booth before all cars are serviced at the 1st booth? Yes! After 7 min, 1st car at 2nd booth and 3 cars still at 1st booth. Conclusion! 1st bit of packet can arrive at 2nd router before packet is fully transmitted at 1st router! Slide 20
21 Nodal delay d = d + d + d + nodal proc queue trans d prop d proc = processing delay typically a few microsecs or less d queue = queuing delay depends on congestion d trans = transmission delay = L/R, significant for low-speed links d prop = propagation delay a few microsecs to hundreds of msecs Slide 21
22 Queueing delay (revisited) R=link bandwidth (bps) L=packet length (bits) a=average packet arrival rate traffic intensity = La/R La/R ~ 0: average queuing delay small La/R -> 1: delays become very large La/R > 1: more work arriving than can be serviced (Assuming infinite buffer size: average queuing delay goes to infinity!) Slide 22
23 Real Internet delays and routes Traceroute program: provides delay measurement from source to router along end-to-end Internet path towards destination. For all i: send 3 packets that will reach router i on path towards dest. router i will reply to sender sender computes interval between transmission and reply. 3 probes 3 probes 3 probes Slide 23
24 Real Internet delays and routes traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to 1 cs-gw ( ) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu ( ) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu ( ) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms 4 jn1-at wor.vbns.net ( ) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms 5 jn1-so wae.vbns.net ( ) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms 6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms 7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu ( ) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms ( ) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms 9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net ( ) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms 10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net ( ) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms 11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net ( ) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms 12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr ( ) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms 13 nice.cssi.renater.fr ( ) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms 14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr ( ) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms 15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net ( ) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms ( ) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms 17 * * * 18 * * * 19 fantasia.eurecom.fr ( ) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms Three delay measurements from gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu trans-oceanic link * means no response (probe lost, router not replying) Slide 24
25 Packet loss If queue (aka buffer) in preceding link has finite capacity, packet arriving to full queue will be dropped (aka lost). What then? lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, lost packet may be retransmitted by source end system, lost packet may NOT be retransmitted at all A buffer (waiting area) packet being transmitted B packet arriving to full buffer is lost Slide 25
26 Throughput Throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits transferred between sender/receiver instantaneous: rate at given point (very short duration) in time average: rate over a longer period of time server server, sends with bits (fluid) file of into F pipe bits to send to client pipe link that capacity R s bits/sec can carry fluid at rate R s bits/sec pipe link capacity R c bits/sec that can carry fluid at rate R c bits/sec Slide 26
27 Throughput (more) R s < R c What is the average end-to-end throughput? R s bits/sec R c bits/sec R s > R c What is the average end-to-end throughput? R s bits/sec R c bits/sec bottleneck link link on end-to-end path that constrains max throughput Slide 27
28 Throughput: Internet scenario Assume 10 connections (fairly) share backbone link with R bits/sec R s R s R s Per-connection end-to-end throughput: min(r c,r s,r/10) R c R R c R c or R s is often the bottleneck R c Slide 28
29 Summary Protocol layering is a concept to deal with network complexity. It is exemplified by the Internet model and the OSI model (see also the lecture notes) You should now be able to study layered protocol stacks and the service model provided by each layer. Layering is not optimal performance-wise. Vertical protocols give better performance but are much more difficult to work with. Slide 29
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