CS32 - Week 4. Umut Oztok. Jul 15, Umut Oztok CS32 - Week 4

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1 CS32 - Week 4 Umut Oztok Jul 15, 2016

2 Inheritance Process of deriving a new class using another class as a base. Base/Parent/Super Class Derived/Child/Sub Class

3 Inheritance class Animal{ Animal(); ~Animal(); int getage() const; void speak() const; int m_age; Dog inherits Animal. class Dog : public Animal{ Dog(); ~Dog(); string getname() const; void setname(string name); string m_name;

4 Inheritance When to use? If there exists an is-a relationship. Dog is an Animal. Student is a Person. SpeedShip is a Ship. What is inherited? All member variables. All member funtions except assignment operator, constructors and destructor.

5 Inheritance What is accessable? A derived class cannot access private member variables of its base class. A derived class cannot access private member functions of its base class. A derived class can access public member variables of its base class. A derived class can access public member functions of its base class. What if we want to access private functions of the base class? Use keyword protected instead of private. Making private member variables protected violates encapsulation!!

6 Inheritance How to implement Constructor? Dog objects are Animal objects. So, when we create a Dog object, we also create an Animal object. In general, when a class object is constructed: 1 Base class s constructor is called. 2 Data members of the object are created. 3 Body of the constructor is executed.

7 Inheritance Is Dog s constructor valid? class Animal{ Animal(){... int m_age; class Dog : public Animal{ Dog(int age, string name){ m_age = age; m_name = name;... int m_name; NO, m age cannot be accessed by Dog.

8 Inheritance This one works for now. class Animal{ Animal(){ void setage(int age);... int m_age; class Dog : public Animal{ Dog(int age, string name){ setage(age); m_name = name;... int m_name;

9 Inheritance What if Animal s constructor takes one argument? class Animal{ Animal(int age){ m_age = age; void setage(int age):... int m_age; class Dog : public Animal{ Dog(int age, string name){ setage(age); m_name = name;... int m_name; Does not work anymore!

10 Inheritance Solution is to use initializer list. class Animal{ Animal(int age){ m_age = age;... int m_age; class Dog : public Animal{ Dog(int age, string name) : Animal(age){ m_name = name;... int m_name;

11 Inheritance Destructor : reverse order of constructor 1 Body of the destructor is executed. 2 Member variables are removed. 3 Base class s destructor is called. We will revisit destructors!!

12 Overriding Assume speak() is implemented as follows: void Animal::speak() const{ cout << "..." << endl; Dog inherits this function. But we expect a dog to make a specific sound. What to do?

13 Overriding We can override member functions. class Dog : public Animal{... void speak() const; string m_name; void Dog::speak() const{ cout << "Woof!" << endl; Example: Animal a1; a1.speak(); Output:... Dog d1; d1.speak(); Output: Woof!

14 Overriding We can still call the base class s speak() function on a Dog object. Dog d1; d1.animal::speak();

15 Polymorphism Is the following allowed?: Animal* ani = new Dog; Yes, as Dog is an Animal. Does the following output Woof!?: ani->speak(); No, because ani is a pointer to an Animal instance. But, I really want ani to say Woof!. Solution: insert the virtual keyword in front of both the original and the replacement functions! Polymorphism: using a base pointer/reference to access any variable that is of a type derived from the base class.

16 Polymorphism class Animal{ Animal(); virtual ~Animal(); int getage() const; virtual void speak() const; int m_age; class Dog : public Animal{ Dog(); virtual ~Dog(); string getname() const; void setname(string name); virtual void speak() const; string m_name; Compiler figures out which object ani points to and calls the corresponding function.

17 Polymorphism Virtual functions allow late binding or dynamic binding: Appropriate version of a method is decided at execution time (runtime), instead of at compilation time. Called as polymorphism as ani is allowed to have multiple forms.

18 Polymorphism Animal* ani; int x; cin >> x; switch (x){ case 1: ani = new Dog; break; case 2: ani = new Cat; break; default: ani = new Animal; break; ani->speak();

19 Polymorphism class Animal{ void tickle () { speak(); virtual void speak() { cout << "..."; main() { Animal* ani= new Dog; ani->tickle(); delete ani; What is the output? class Dog: public Animal { virtual void speak() { cout << "Woof!";

20 Virtual Destructor Always make destructors virtual if you use inheritance. Otherwise, when you use polymorphism, only base class s destructor will be called.

21 Pure Virtual Functions virtual void speak() { cout << "..."; speak function of Animal class doesn t make sense. Make it pure virtual by putting =0 in declaration of base class. virtual void speak() = 0; You don t implement pure virtual functions in base class. However, derived classes should implement pure virtual functions to be able to be instantiated.

22 Abstract Base Classes If a base class has at least one pure virtual function, it is called abstract base class (ABC). An ABC cannot be instantiated. So, Animal ani; is not allowed.

23 Abstract Base Classes Why do we use pure virtual functions? Avoid implementing dummy functions when it doesn t make sense. Force the programmer to implement functions in a derived class to prevent bugs.

24 Slides Slides will be available at

Introduction to Programming

Introduction to Programming SS 2010 Adrian Kacso, Univ. Siegen adriana.dkacsoa@duni-siegena.de Tel.: 0271/740-3966, Office: H-B 8406 Stand: June 21, 2010 Betriebssysteme / verteilte Systeme Introduction