Michigan Department of Transportation

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1 Michigan Department of Transportation Design Survey Manual Table of Contents Part I: Principles of Surveying 1.1 Surveying, Defined 1.2 Types of Survey Plane Geodetic 1.3 Datums Horizontal Vertical 1.4 Definitions Boundary and Right of Way Survey Control Survey Route Survey Photogrammetric Survey Bridge Survey Litigation Survey Topographic Survey Hydraulic Survey 1.5 Units of Measure Angular Linear (English & Metric) Area & Volume (English & Metric) Part II: Survey Observations & Adjustments 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Planning and Design of the Survey 2.3 Pre-analysis 2.4 Observations and Errors Blunders Systematic Errors Random Errors 2.5 Accuracy and Precision 2.6 Variance, Covariance and Correlation 2.7 Error Ellipses 2.8 Error Propagation TC.1

2 2.9 Quality Checks/Quality Assurances Chi Square (χ 2 ) Student-t Part III: Basic Survey Observation 3.1 Horizontal Distance Odometer, Mileage Recorder, Pacing, etc Taping and Systematic Corrections Electronic Distance Measurement Basic Principles Correction for Ray Path Reduction Using Elevation Differences Reciprocal Vertical Angles 3.2 Vertical Distance Definitions Curvature and Refraction Orthometric Correction Methods of Leveling Direct Single Wire Three Wire Automatic (Bar Code) Use of Wedge Reticle Reciprocal Trigonometric Gravimetric Level Rods 3.3 Direction Meridians True (Astronomic) Grid Magnetic Assumed Bearings and Azimuths Measuring Horizontal Angles by Repetition Measuring Vertical Angles by Repetition 3.4 Collimation (C factor) Determination Application 3.5 Traverse Purpose Types of Traverse Traverse in Two Dimensions TC.2

3 3.5.4 Traverse in Three Dimensions 3.6 Intersections and Re-Section Intersection Resection Part IV: Coordinates and Map Projections 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Types of Map Projections 4.3 Conformal Mapping 4.4 Lambert Conformal Conic Projection 4.5 Universal Transverse Mercator Projection (UTM) 4.6 State Plane Coordinates Using the Lambert Projection 4.7 Point Scale Factors and Elevation Factors on the Lambert Projection 4.8 Azimuths and t-t corrections on the Lambert Projection 4.9 Transformation of Latitude and Longitude to State Plane Coordinates and Vice-Versa 4.10 The Michigan State Plane Coordinate System (PA 9 of 1964) Part V: The Global Positioning System 5.1 Background 5.2 GPS Segments The Space Segment The Control Segment The User Segment 5.3 GPS Reference Systems Geodetic Coordinate System Geocentric Coordinate System Local Space Rectangular Coordinate System Reference Ellipsoids 5.4 GPS Signals 5.5 GPS Observables Pseudo Range Carrier Phase 5.6 GPS Receivers Applications Accuracy Requirements Power Requirements Operational Environment Processing Environments Cost 5.7 GPS Observation Techniques 5.8 Mission Planning 5.9 Classification, Standards of Accuracy and General Specifications for GPS Surveys TC.3

4 5.10 Sources of Error Signal Degradation (Selective Availability and Anti-spoofing) Timing Errors Multipath Atmosphere Antenna Phase Center Variations Height of Instrument Satellite Geometry Dilution of Precision 5.11 Post Processing GPS Data Differencing Single Differencing Double Differencing Triple Differencing Baseline Resolution Network Adjustment Local Accuracy versus Network Accuracy 5.12 Vertical Surveying with GPS Part VI: Boundary Surveying 6.1 U.S. Rectangular Survey System (Overview) 6.2 Units of Measure 6.3 Original Instructions to Deputy Surveyors (Summary) Tiffin s Instructions of Instructions of Instructions of Instructions of Current Instructions 6.5 Private (French) Claims 6.6 Subdivision of Standard Sections Centers of Section Corners of Aliquot Parts 6.7 Subdivision of Fractional Sections Fractional Sections on Township Lines Government Lots and Meander Lines 6.8 Restoration of Lost or Obliterated Corners Existent Corner Obliterated Corners Lost Corners One Point Control Two Point Control Three Point Control TC.4

5 Double Proportionate Measurement Single Proportionate Measurement Collateral Evidence 6.9 Platted Subdivisions 6.10 Order of Conflicting Elements 6.11 Deliverables Part VII: Control Surveying 7.1 Sources of Information Federal MDOT Local 7.2 Minimal Requirements for Horizontal and Vertical Primary Control Primary Horizontal Control Networks Primary Vertical Control Networks Standards of Accuracy G.P.S. Heights 7.3 Reconnaissance and Monumentation Primary Control Stations Monumentation Monument Pairs Visibility Diagrams Witnessing 7.4 Michigan High Accuracy Reference Network (HARN) 7.5 Documentation and Submission of Data to NOAA/NGS 7.6 Geodetic Network Accuracy Standards Standards for Horizontal, Ellipsoid Height and Orthometric Height Accuracy Classification Estimating Positional Accuracy 7.7 Intermediate Project Control Methodology (Horizontal) Standards of Accuracy Classical Traversing GPS Combined Observations Monumentation of Intermediate Control 7.8 Intermediate Vertical Control Standard of Accuracy Methodology TC.5

6 7.9 Deliverables Annex A Visibility Diagram (A) Visibility Diagram (B) Annex B GPS Data Sheet Annex C NGS Software Bibliography Part VIII: Route Surveying 8.1 Alignment Existing Proposed Standards of Accuracy Monumentation Stationing 8.2 Route Curves for Horizontal and Vertical Alignment Horizontal Simple Horizontal Curves Reversed Curves Compound Curves Spirals and Superelevation Vertical Curves By Equation of the Parabola By Vertical Offsets for the Grade Line 8.3 Terrain Data Topographic Features Digital Terrain Modeling Codes 8.4 Specifications for Vertical and Horizontal Accuracy 8.5 Deliverables Part IX: Photogrammetric Control Surveying 9.1 Basic Concepts Camera Systems Photographic Scale Flying Heights and Altitudes Relief Displacement Flight lines and Photograph Overlap Stereoscopic Viewing and Parallax Photogrammetric Mapping Orthophotos TC.6

7 9.2 Ground Control Control Point Identification Target Configuration Target Replacement and Use of Substitute Points Specifications for Vertical and Horizontal Accuracy 9.3 Deliverables Part X: Bridge Surveying 10.1 New Bridge Site Alignment Baselines/Traverses Benchmarks and Elevation Datum Cross Sections Structures Utilities Drainage 10.2 Major Bridge Repair Horizontal Control Vertical Control Alignment Elevations and Benchmarks 10.3 Mapping Planimetric Detail Elevations Utilities Drainage Photographs 10.4 Deliverables Portfolios Sections Data Formats Part XI: Litigation Surveys 11.1 Definition The Surveyor as Fact Finder The Surveyor as Expert Witness The Surveyor as Communicator 11.2 Coordination 11.3 Deliverables Part XII: Topographic Surveys 12.1 Purpose and Scope 12.2 Vertical and Horizontal Control TC.7

8 12.3 Feature Identification Planimetrics Terrain Elevations 12.4 Drainage 12.5 Public and Private Utilities Surface Underground 12.6 Deliverables Part XIII: Hydraulic/Hydrology Surveys 13.1 Purpose and Scope 13.2 Verical Datums 13.3 Horizontal Control 13.4 Soundings 13.5 Currents 13.6 Water Levels 13.7 Cross Section Locations and Orientation 13.8 HEC - 2 Formats 13.9 Quantifying the Flood Plain Deliverables Portfolios Sections Data Formats Appendix A: The Professional Surveyor A.1 Definition A.2 Rights and Responsibilities A.3 Continuing Competence A.4 Quality Assurance/ Quality Control. Appendix B: The Project B.1 Design Surveys B.2 Research B.3 Safety B.4 Relationships With Property Owners B.5 The Surveyor s Report B.6 Project Submittal B.6.1 Section I. Administrative Data B.6.2 Section II. Control B.6.3 Section III. Alignment B.6.4 Section IV. Property B.6.5 Section V. Mapping TC.8

9 B.6.6 Section VI. Miscellaneous B.7 QA/QC Checklist B.8 Summary Appendix C: Safety C.1 Safety Guidelines C.2 Employer Responsibility C.3 Supervisor Responsibility C.4 Employee Responsibility C.5 Safety Equipment C.5.1 Eye Protection C.5.2 Head Protection C.5.3 Foot Protection C.5.4 Hand Protection C.5.5 Hearing Protection C.5.6 Safety Vests C.5.7 Chain Saw Chaps or Leggings C.5.8 Respirators C.5.9 Protective Clothing C.6 Permits C.6.1 How to Obtain Annex A Regional Map MDOT Regions and TSC Locations Annex B Signing Diagrams Appendix D: Instrument Calibration and Testing Procedures D.1 Leveling Instruments D.1.1 Level Bubble Test D.1.2 Collimation Error (Peg Test) D.1.3 Compensator Test D.2 Theodolites (Stand Alone or Incorporated into Total Stations) D.2.1 Optical Plummet Check D.2.2 Theodolite Plate Level Check D.2.3 Circular Bubble of Tribrach D.2.4 Horizontal Collimation Check D.2.5 Vertical Collimation Check D.3 Electronic Distance Measuring Check D.3.1 Determining Prism Constant D.4 Checking and Adjusting Survey Rod Leveling Devices Appendix E: Monumentation TC.9

10 E.1 Primary Control Monuments E.2 Secondary Control Monuments E.3 Public Land Survey Corners E.4 Alignment Points E.5 MDOT Rights of Way E.6 Mapping Points E.7 Benchmarks E.8 PK Nails E.9 Exceptions Appendix F: CAICE F.1 File Naming Conventions F.2 Additional Tips F.2.1 Creation of CAiCE Project F.2.2 Attaching CELL Library and Feature Table F.2.3 Survey Data Summary F.3 Graphic Review F.3.1 The SELECT OBJECT BOX F.3.2 Chains F.3.3 Editing Data F.3.4 Creating a DTM Surface F.3.5 Preparing Alignments F.3.6 Prepare Misc Reports F.3.7 Creating MicroStation File F.3.8 Selecting a Seed File F.3.9 Selecting a CELL Library Annex A Guide for Placement of Elements in CDG file Annex B Feature Codes Appendix G: Statutes Affecting the Michigan Surveyor G.1 Statutes by Title in Alphabetical Order G.2 Statutes Indexed by Act and Date Appendix H: Integrating GPS Observations with Classical Surveying Measurements H.1 The Model H.2 Coordinate Systems H.2.1 Geodetic Coordinate System (Longitude, Latitude, Height) H.2.2 Geocentric Coordinate System (X,Y,Z) H.2.3 Topocentric Coordinate System (Ν,E,U) H.3 Conversion Strategies Appendix J: Acronyms and Abbreviations TC.10

TxDOT Survey Manual. Manual Notice Archive. by Texas Department of Transportation (512) - all rights reserved

TxDOT Survey Manual. Manual Notice Archive. by Texas Department of Transportation (512) - all rights reserved TxDOT Survey Manual Manual Notice Archive by Texas Department of Transportation (512) - all rights reserved Manual Notice 2011-1 From: Manual: Judy Skeen, P. E., Director, Technology Services Division