User Defined Functions
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1 User Defined Functions CS 141 Lecture 4 Chapter 5 By Ziad Kobti 27/01/2003 (c) 2003 by Ziad Kobti 1 Outline Functions in C: Definition Function Prototype (signature) Function Definition (body/implementation) Function Documentation Examples 27/01/2003 (c) 2003 by Ziad Kobti 2 1
2 Functions Modules in C are called functions Programmers can write their own functions OR Use pre-packaged functions available in the C standard library OR Use custom functions for specialized purposes (eg. Graphics, AI, etc...) 27/01/2003 (c) 2003 by Ziad Kobti 3 Program Modeling Traditionally programs start as a sequential set of statements. Different program ideas are combined into a single program and thereby making the program size extremely large and complex 27/01/2003 (c) 2003 by Ziad Kobti 4 2
3 Modules A module can be viewed as a separate idea used as part of a larger program. The idea is to DIVIDE AND CONQUER! Break down a large complex program into many smaller modules. This simplifies coding, debugging and making changes. 27/01/2003 (c) 2003 by Ziad Kobti 5 Modular Style Programming main() f1() main() One Program Vs. Many Modules f2() f3() 27/01/2003 (c) 2003 by Ziad Kobti 6 3
4 Function Prototype This is the signature of the function It tells the compiler the type of data returned by the function, the number of parameters, and the order in which these parameters are expected. The compiler uses function prototypes to validate function calls. Function prototypes must appear before using or coding the function. Exception: if the function definition appears before it is used, then there is no need for a function prototype (not recommended). 27/01/2003 (c) 2003 by Ziad Kobti 7 Function Prototype: Return type: any valid data type, such as int, void, float if you omit it then it would default to int. Function name is required: it can t be a keyword and can t start with a number. You CANNOT use space in the function name, so we either choose to CapitaliseTheFirstWord or use dash_to_separate_words. return_type FunctionName( param_type1 param_name1, param_type2 param_name2, ); Parameters are optional. But, you must have brackets no matter what! Always specify the data type of each parameter. If you have more than one parameter, then separate them with a comma. It is strongly recommended to provide parameter names in the prototype for clarity. Give a meaningful name to your parameters. 27/01/2003 (c) 2003 by Ziad Kobti 8 4
5 Prototype Example: int Sum(int a, int b); Function named Sum that takes two integer parameters and returns an integer. Max(int, int, int); Function named Max that takes three integer parameters and returns an integer. (if no return type is specified, then it is an int) 27/01/2003 (c) 2003 by Ziad Kobti 9 Prototype Example: void DisplayMenu( ); Function named DisplayMenu that takes no parameters and returns a void (ie: does not return anything equivalent to procedure ). void F(a, b); Invalid Prototype! You may omit the variable name (not recommended) but you MUST have the datatypes. 27/01/2003 (c) 2003 by Ziad Kobti 10 5
6 Function Definition: Every function you claimed you have by writing its prototype you MUST provide its code! Every prototype must have a matching function definition. It is a good idea to write fully qualified prototypes (ie. with return types and parameter names) so you may speed up your typing when you copy/paste your code! 27/01/2003 (c) 2003 by Ziad Kobti 11 Function Definition Example: int Sum(int a, int b); int Sum(int a, int b) { return a + b; } 27/01/2003 (c) 2003 by Ziad Kobti 12 6
7 Function interaction: Keyword: return used to return (exit) from the current function. if the return data type is int, then you MUST return an int. Example: return 0; Function Call / Invocation: Simply write the function name followed by parentheses and any required parameters to call it. When the function exits/returns it substitues its call by its return value if any. 27/01/2003 (c) 2003 by Ziad Kobti 13 Function Documentation REQUIRED for EVERY function you write! Which is easier: Write a brief and accurate description of the function so a reader can learn about what it does and how to use it quickly. Do not describe the function: let the user read the code for hours and have him/her figure out what this function does Hey, that user might be yourself looking at your code 6 months later!!! Proper documentation allows functions to be clear and easier to understand and use. Remember, the goal is to reduce program complexity! 27/01/2003 (c) 2003 by Ziad Kobti 14 7
8 Function Documentation 3 General Documentation Steps: Line 1. Describe the function briefly, any assumptions or catches. Line 2. Describe each input parameter, its expected range or underlying assumption Line 3. Describe the return, or OUTPUT. So what does the function do exactly? 27/01/2003 (c) 2003 by Ziad Kobti 15 Documentation Example: /* Add: Adds two numbers together Input: Two integers of any value Output: The sum of the two integers */ int Add( int a, int b); 27/01/2003 (c) 2003 by Ziad Kobti 16 8
9 Documentation Example: /* Add: Adds the number to itself raised to the power value as provided. Input: a=positive integer; b=the exponent to be used in pow(a, b) Output: if a is positive, the return a+ pow(a, b) else returns 1 */ int Add(int a, int b); 27/01/2003 (c) 2003 by Ziad Kobti 17 Examples: /* Max: calculates the larger of two integers Input: two integers to be tested Output: return the larger integer, or b if they are equal */ int Max(int a, int b); int Max(int a, int b) { if (a > b) return a; else return b; } 27/01/2003 (c) 2003 by Ziad Kobti 18 9
10 Example: #include <stdio.h> int Max(int a, int b); int main() { printf( The max of 7 and 5 is %d, Max(7, 5)); return 0; } int Max(int a, int b) { if (a > b) return a; else return b; } 27/01/2003 (c) 2003 by Ziad Kobti 19 Tracing Function Calls One of the challenges of using functions is to fully understand how they define a program SCOPE and affect the outcome of variables. It helps if we learn about variable scopes at this point 27/01/2003 (c) 2003 by Ziad Kobti 20 10
11 Scopes: it is all relative! Local Scope: Refers to a block scope really, and means that a variable declared inside the block exists only within that block. When the block is exited, then this variable, along with its value, is destroyed automatically. Note that parameters in a function could also be thought of as local variables, defined only within the function block. So when the function exits, these variables no longer exist! 27/01/2003 (c) 2003 by Ziad Kobti 21 11
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