Multimedia Standards

Transcription

1 Multimedia Standards SS 2017 Lecture 2 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Karlheinz Brandenburg Karlheinz.Brandenburg@tu-ilmenau.de Contact: Dipl.-Inf. Thomas Köllmer thomas.koellmer@tu-ilmenau.de 1

2 Organisational issues Lectures: Tuesday KHs 1 (regular date) Thursday KHs 2 (alternate date) Seminar: no additional seminar, consultation with T. Köllmer possible (in June or July) Exam: MT & CSP: written exam 90 minutes, 120 minutes for MW Information & Course material: 2

3 Organisational issues Preliminary list of lectures updated version is on the website Tuesday, 17:00, K-Hs1 Thursday, 13:00, K-Hs2 CW* 14 Introduction CW15 Standardization I Standardization II CW16 CW17 CW18 Video Coding I CW19 Video Coding II Video Coding III CW20 CW21 MPEG Systems CW22 Metadata Standards CW23 Psychoacoustic Fundamentals MPEG Audio CW24 Speech Coding CW25 CW26 CW27 MPEG Systems CW28 System Standards I System Standards II Regular Date Alternate Date * ISO 8601 Representation of dates and times ch : calendar week number: ordinal number which identifies a calendar week within its calendar year according to the rule that the first calendar week of a year is that one which includes the first Thursday of t hat year and that the last calendar week of a calendar year is the week immediately preceding the first calendar week of the next calendar year 3

4 What is a Standard and Why Standardization ISO: Standards are documented agreements containing technical specifications or other precise criteria to be used consistently as rules, guidelines, or definitions of characteristics, to ensure that materials, products, processes and services are fit for their purpose. International Standards thus contribute to making life simpler, and to increasing the reliability and effectiveness of the goods and services we use. 4

5 What is a Standard and Why Standardization Quintessence of a survey of TU Dresden and Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI: Economic benefits of standardization The annual benefit of standardization is 15.8 billion Euro Economical growth is influenced more by standardization than by patents and licenses Companies being involved in standardization gain knowledge and time advantages Risks in research and development costs are reduced for companies being involved in standardization 5

6 Examples for Standards ISO/IEC 7810:2003: describes the characteristics of identification cards. It is the purpose of ISO/ IEC 7810:2003 to provide criteria to which cards shall perform and to specify the requirements for such cards used for international interchange, e.g.: ID-000 ID-1 25 mm x 15 mm (SIM cards) 85,60 mm x 53,98 mm (credit cards, etc. ), both 0.76mm thick. 6

7 Binding force of Standards Binding force of standards: standards are no laws standards are mostly not binding Exceptions: Laws are referring to standards Violation of security standards claim for damages 7

8 Standardization Organizations Treaty Organizations Based on international contracts Sub-organizations or approved by the UNO Examples: ISO (International Organization for Standardization) IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) ITU (International Telecommunication Union) 8

9 Standardization Organizations Trade Organizations Consortiums of companies Requirements: Accessible for all interested companies Public discussions within the board Examples: DVD Forum Blu-ray Group 9

10 International vs. National Standards The worldwide standardization regarding media is accomplished by: International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) International Telecommunication Union (ITU) The results of the work of ISO and IEC are published as International Standards The work of these committees are an important prerequisite for global trade and the transfer of technology to third world countries 10

11 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ISO is the abbreviation of the Greek word Formation: Feb. 23rd 1947 Goals: (isos), meaning equal Establishing worldwide harmonized standards to facilitate the international exchange of goods and services To aid the international cooperation in science, technology and economics Members of the ISO are mostly members of national standards bodies as well Within the ISO are cooperating the national standards institutes of nearly 150 countries 11

12 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) International standardization committee for all fields of electrical engineering Formation: Inaugural meetings on June 26th/ 27th 1906 under the chairmanship of Alexander Siemens in London Organized in national committees More than 50 participating countries 12

13 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Goals: Fulfilling the demands of global trade Leading position and worldwide usage of IEC standards Interoperability of complex systems Efficiency of industrial processes Improvement of healthy and security Environmental protection 13

14 International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Comprises three sectors: ITU-R (Radiocommunication) ITU-T (Standardization) ITU-D (Development) Standards of the ITU are called: Recommendations The ITU is an international organization in which governments and private companies are coordinating global telecommunication networks and service 14

15 International Telecommunication Union (ITU) ITU-T is the leading global publisher of information regarding: Technology Guidelines Standards in the field of telecommunication Formation: May, 17th 1865 as International Telegraph Union Nowadays subsidiary organization of the United Nations Organization (UNO) 15

16 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Open standards organization of network designers, operators, vendors, and researchers Open to any interested individual Goals: Evolution and smooth operation of the Internet architecture Main document type: RFC (Request for Comments) RFCs are on different tracks [1]: Standard Track: Proposed Standard Draft Standard Internet Standard Other tracks: Informational (FYI), Experimental, Historic 16 [1] RFC1796: Not All RFCs are Standards (April 1995)

17 European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Non profit organization Headquarters in Sophia Antipolis, France Structure: General Assembly, Board, Technical Bodies, Secretariat About 3500 experts in more than 200 groups In principle every European organization can contribute to the standardization process of ETSI The compliance with ETSI standards is optional. The content of standards can be used for guidelines by the European Commission In general a worldwide standardization is aspired Close cooperation with other standardization organizations, mainly ITU-T and ITU-R 17

18 ETSI Organization chart (Overview) 18 Image taken from

19 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standardization organization for electrical and electronic procedures Formed by the merger of AIEE (American Institute of Electrical Engineers) and IRE (Institute of Radio Engineers) in 1963 IEEE is divided into ten worldwide geographic regions, about 2000 chapters, 38 societies, four councils, 334 sections and about 3000 student branches More than members in more than 160 countries Has more than 1300 standards and project under development Sponsors over 1800 conferences in 95 countries (April 2017)

20 Deutsches Institut für Normung e.v. (DIN) (engl. German Institute for Standardization) Technical scientific registered association (e.v.) Founded in 1917 Headquarters in Berlin 74 standards committees, external experts (2016) Germany s national standards body and ISO member body 20

21 Development of ISO/IEC standards ISO standards are developed to the following principles: Consensus The view of all interests are taken into account: manufacturers, vendors and users, consumer groups, testing laboratories, governments, engineering professions and research organizations. Industry wide Global solutions to satisfy industries and customers worldwide Voluntary International standardization is market driven and therefore based on voluntary involvement of all interests in the marketplace 21

22 Overview: ISO/IEC Stages of development (1/2) 22

23 Overview: ISO/IEC Stages of development (2/2) 23

24 ISO/IEC Stages of development ISO standards are developed by ISO technical committees (TC) and Subcommittees (SC) in 6 stages: Stage 1: Proposal stage: Confirming that a particular International Standard is needed A new work item proposal (NP) is submitted for vote by the members of the relevant TC or SC Stage 2: Preparatory stage A working group of experts is set up by the TC/SC for the preparation of a working draft Successive working drafts may be considered until the working group is satisfied that it has developed the best technical solution to the problem being addressed The draft is forwarded to the working group s parent committee for the consensus building stage 24

25 ISO/IEC Stages of development Stage 3: Committee stage As soon as a first committee draft is available, it is registered by the ISO Central Secretariat It is distributed for comment and, if required, voting, by the P-members of the TC/SC Successive committee drafts may be considered until consensus is reached on the technical content Once consensus has been attained, the text is finalized for submission as a draft International Standard (DIS) 25

26 ISO/IEC Stages of development Stage 4: Enquiry stage The draft International Standard (DIS) is circulated to all ISO member bodies by the ISO Central Secretariat for voting and comment within a period of five months It is approved for submission as a final draft International Standard (FDIS) if a two-thirds majority of the P-members of the TC/SC are in favour and not more than one-quarter of the total number of votes cast are negative If the approval criteria are not met, the text is returned to the originating TC/SC for further study and a revised document will again be circulated for voting and comment as a draft International Standard 26

27 ISO/IEC Stages of development Stage 5: Approval stage The final draft International Standard (FDIS) is circulated to all ISO member bodies by the ISO Central Secretariat for a final Yes/No vote within a period of two months If technical comments are received during this period, they are no longer considered at this stage, but registered for consideration during a future revision of the International Standard The text is approved as an International Standard if a two-thirds majority of the P-members of the TC/SC is in favour and not more than one-quarter of the total number of votes cast are negative If these approval criteria are not met, the standard is referred back to the originating TC/SC for reconsideration in light of the technical reasons submitted in support of the negative votes received 27

28 ISO/IEC Stages of development Stage 6: Publication stage Once a final draft International Standard has been approved, only minor editorial changes, if and where necessary, are introduced into the final text The final text is sent to the ISO Central Secretariat which publishes the International Standard Review of International Standards (Confirmation, Revision, Withdrawal) All International Standards are reviewed at the least three years after publication and every five years after the first review by all the ISO member bodies A majority of the P-members of the TC/SC decides whether an International Standard should be confirmed, revised or withdrawn 28

29 ITU-T Recommendations Nomenclature A-series: Organization of the work of ITU-T B-series: Means of expression: definitions, symbols,classification C-series: General telecommunication statistics D-series: General tariff principles E-series: Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation and human factors F-series: Non-telephone telecommunication services G-series: Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks H-series: Audiovisual and multimedia systems H.200-H.499: Infrastructure of audiovisual services H.260-H.279: Coding of moving video H.265 High efficiency video coding 29

30 ITU-T Recommendations Nomenclature I-series: Integrated services digital network (ISDN) J-series: Transmission of television, sound programme and other multimedia signals K-series: Protection against interference L-series: Construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant M-series: Telecommunication management, including TMN and network maintenance N-series: Maintenance: international sound programme and television transmission circuits O-series: Specifications of measuring equipment P-series: Terminals and subjective and objective assessment methods [ ] Z-series: Languages and general software aspects for telecommunication systems 30

31 Overview of Multimedia Standards Image Coding Standards: GIF - Graphics Interchange Format (1987) No official standard Industry driven standard introduced by CompuServe PNG - Portable Network Graphics (1996) IETF RFC 2083 Specification: ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG1 Coding of Still Pictures JPEG (ISO/IEC IS ) (1992) JPEG2000 (ISO/IEC IS ) (2000) 31

32 Overview of Multimedia Standards Video Coding Standards: ISO/IEC IS (MPEG-1 Video) ISO/IEC IS (MPEG-2 Video) ISO/IEC IS (MPEG-4 Visual) ITU-T H.261: Video codec for audiovisual services at p x 64 kbit/s ITU-T H.262 = ISO/IEC IS (MPEG-2 Video) ITU-T H.263: Video coding for low bit rate communication ITU-T H.263+ ITU-T H.264 = ISO/IEC IS (MPEG-4 Part 10 / AVC) ITU-T H.265 = ISO/IEC IS (MPEG-H Part 2 / HEVC) 32

33 Overview of Multimedia Standards Audio Coding Standards: ISO/IEC IS MPEG-1 Audio Layer-1, -2, -3 ISO/IEC IS MPEG-2 Audio ISO/IEC IS MPEG-2 AAC ISO/IEC IS MPEG-4 Audio (AAC, HVXC, CELP,...) AC-3 (developed by Dolby) ATSC Document A/52 ATSC = Advanced Television Systems Committee 33

34 Overview of Multimedia Standards Audio Coding Standards: ITU-T G.711: ITU-T G.722: ITU-T G.722.1: ITU-T G.722.2: ITU-T G.723.1: ITU-T G.728: ITU-T G.729 Pulse code modulation (PCM) of voice frequencies 7 khz audio-coding within 64 kbit/s Coding at 24 and 32 kbit/s for hands-free operation in systems with low frame loss Adaptive multi-rate wideband coding at 16kbit/s Dual rate speech coder for multimedia communications transmitting at 5.3 and 6.3 kbit/s Coding of speech at 16 kbit/s using lowdelay code excited linear prediction Coding of speech at 8 kbit/s using conjugatestructure algebraic-code-excited linear prediction (CS-ACELP) 34

35 Overview of Multimedia Standards Audio Coding Standards: ITU-T G.729.1: ITU-R BS.775-1: ITU-R BS.1115: ITU-R.BS : ETSI EN : ETSI EN : ETSI EN : 3GPP TS : An 8-32 kbit/s scalable wideband coder bitstream interoperable with G.729 Multi-channel stereophonic sound system with and without accompanying picture Low bit-rate audio coding Methods for the subjective assessment of small impairments in audio systems including multichannel sound systems GSM 06.02: Half Rate Speech Coding GSM 06.10: Full Rate Speech Coding GSM 06.51: Enhanced Full Rate Coding AMR Speech Codec, General Description (Release 5) 35

36 Next Lectures CW 15 CW 18 Thursday , 13:00 K-HS2 Thursday , 13:00 K-HS2 36