Announcements for this Lecture

Transcription

1 Lecture 6 Objects

2 Announcements for this Lecture Last Call Quiz: About the Course Take it by tomorrow Also remember survey Assignment 1 Assignment 1 is live Posted on web page Due Thur, Sep. 18 th Due in place of Lab 4 Lab 3 will help a lot Testing is a major part Try to finish it first But start this Saturday! 9/2/12 Objects 2

3 One-on-One Sessions Still ongoing: 1/2-hour one-on-one sessions To help prepare you for the assignment Primarily for students with little experience There are still some spots available Sign up for a slot in CMS Will keep running after September 18 Will open additional slots after the due date Will help students revise Assignment 1 9/2/12 Objects 3

4 Type: Set of values and the operations on them Type int: Values: integers Ops: +,, *, /, %, ** Type float: Values: real numbers Ops: +,, *, /, ** Type bool: Values: True and False Ops: not, and, or Type str: Values: string literals Double quotes: "abc" Single quotes: 'abc' Ops: + (concatenation) Are the the only types that exist? 9/2/12 Objects 4

5 Type: Set of values and the operations on them Want a point in 3D space We need three variables x, y, z coordinates What if have a lot of points? Vars x0, y0, z0 for first point Vars x1, y1, z1 for next point This can get really messy How about a single variable that represents a point? x 2.0 y 3.0 z 5.0 9/2/12 Objects 5

6 Type: Set of values and the operations on them Want a point in 3D space We need three variables x, y, z coordinates What if have a lot of points? Vars x0, y0, z0 for first point Vars x1, y1, z1 for next point This can get really messy How about a single variable that represents a point? Can we stick them together in a folder? Motivation for objects x 2.0 y 3.0 z 5.0 9/2/12 Objects 6

7 Objects: Organizing Data in Folders An object is like a manila folder It contains other variables Variables are called attributes These values can change It has an ID that identifies it Unique number assigned by Python (just like a NetID for a Cornellian) Cannot ever change Has no meaning; only identifies Unique tab identifier id1 x 2.0 y 3.0 z 5.0 9/2/12 Objects 7

8 Classes: Types for Objects Values must have a type An object is a value Object type is a class Modules provide classes Will show how later Example: tuple3d Part of CornellExtensions Just need to import it Classes:, Vector id1 x 2.0 y 3.0 z 5.0 class name 9/2/12 Objects 8

9 Constructor: Function to make Objects How do we create objects? Other types have literals Example: 1, "abc", true p id2 Variable stores ID not object No such thing for objects Constructor Function: Same name as the class id2 instantiated object Example: (0,0,0) Makes an object (manila folder) Returns folder ID as value Example: p = (0, 0, 0) Creates a object Stores object s ID in p x 0.0 y 0.0 z 0.0 9/2/12 Objects 9

10 Constructors and Modules >>> import tuple3d >>> p = tuple3d.(0,0,0) >>> id(p) Need to import module that has class. Constructor is function. Prefix w/ module name. Shows the ID of p. p id2 id2 x 0.0 y 0.0 z 0.0 Actually a big number 9/2/12 Objects 10

11 Object Variables Variable stores object name Reference to the object Reason for folder analogy p id2 q id2 Assignment uses object name Example: q = p Takes name from p Puts the name in q Does not make new folder! This is the cause of many mistakes in this course id2 x 0.0 y 0.0 z 0.0 9/2/12 Objects 11

12 Objects and Attributes Attributes are variables that live inside of objects Can use in expressions Can assign values to them Access: <variable>.<attr> Example: p.x Look like module variables Putting it all together p = tuple3d.(1,2,3) p.x = p.y + p.z p id3 id3 x 1.0 y 2.0 z /2/12 Objects 12

13 Exercise: Attribute Assignment Recall, q gets name in p >>> p = tuple3d.(0,0,0) >>> q = p p id4 q id4 Execute the assignments: id4 >>> p.x = 5.6 >>> q.x = 7.4 What is value of p.x? x 0.0 A: 5.6 B: 7.4 C: id4 D: I don t know y 0.0 z 0.0 9/2/12 Objects 13

14 Exercise: Attribute Assignment Recall, q gets name in p >>> p = tuple3d.(0,0,0) >>> q = p Execute the assignments: >>> p.x = 5.6 >>> q.x = 7.4 What is value of p.x? A: 5.6 B: 7.4 CORRECT C: id4 D: I don t know p id4 q id4 id4 x y 0.0 z 0.0 9/2/12 Objects 14

15 Call Frames and Objects Mutable objects can be altered in a function call Object vars hold names! Folder accessed by both global var & parameter Example: 1 def incr_x(q): q.x = q.x + 1 >>> p = (0,0,0) >>> incr_x(p) Global STUFF p id5 id5 x 0.0 Call Frame incr_x 1 q id5 9/2/12 Objects 15

16 Call Frames and Objects Mutable objects can be altered in a function call Object vars hold names! Folder accessed by both global var & parameter Example: 1 def incr_x(q): q.x = q.x + 1 >>> p = () >>> incr_x(p) Global STUFF p id5 id5 x Call Frame incr_x q id5 9/2/12 Objects 16

17 Call Frames and Objects Mutable objects can be altered in a function call Object vars hold names! Folder accessed by both global var & parameter Example: 1 def incr_x(q): q.x = q.x + 1 >>> p = () >>> incr_x(p) Global STUFF p id5 id5 x Call Frame 9/2/12 Objects 17

18 Methods: Functions Tied to Objects Method: function tied to object Method call looks like a function call preceded by a variable name: variable. method ( arguments ) Example: p.distanceto(q) Example: p.abs() # makes x,y,z 0 Just like we saw for strings s = 'abracadabra' s.index('a') Are strings objects? p id3 x 5.0 y 2.0 z 3.0 id3 9/2/12 Objects 18

19 Surprise: All Values are in Objects! Including basic values int, float, bool, str Example: >>> x = 2.5 >>> id(x) But they are immutable Contents cannot change Distinction between value and identity is immaterial So we can ignore the folder x id5 x id5 float /2/12 Objects 19

20 Surprise: All Values are in Objects! Including basic values int, float, bool, str Example: >>> x = 'foo' >>> id(x) includes strings But they are immutable No string method can alter the contents of a string x.replace('o','y') evaluates to 'fyy' but x is still 'foo' So we can ignore the folder x id6 x id6 str 'foo' 'foo' 9/2/12 Objects 20

21 Use name class object to distinguish from other values Not int, float, bool, str Class objects are mutable You can change them Methods can have effects besides their return value Example: p = (3,-3,0) p.clamp(-1,1) Class Objects Example: Files id6 file name, position, state, f = open('jabber.txt') s = f.read() f.close() f id6 Opens a file on your disk; returns a file object you can read 9/2/12 Objects 21

22 Base Types vs. Classes Base Types Built-into Python Refer to instances as values Instantiate with literals Are all immutable Can ignore the folders Classes Provided by modules Refer to instances as objects Instantiate w/ constructors Can alter attributes Must represent with folders 9/2/12 Objects 22

23 object. name means Aside: Name Resolution Go the folder for object Look for attr/method name If missing, check class folder Class folder is a shared folder Only one for the whole class Shared by all objects of class Stores common features Typically where methods are Do not worry about this yet p id3 x 5.0 y 2.0 z 3.0 id3 q id4 init (x, y, z) distanceto(other) abs() x 7.4 y 0.0 z 0.0 id4 9/2/12 Objects 23

24 Where To From Here? Right now, just try to understand objects All Python programs use objects Most small programs use objects of classes that are part of the Python Library OO Programming is about creating classes Eventually you will make your own classes Classes are the primary tool for organizing more complex Python programs But we need to learn other basics first 9/2/12 Objects 24

25 A1: The Module urllib2 Module urllib2 is used to read web pages Function urlopen creates a url object u = urllib2.urlopen(' id2 u id2 url has a method called read() Returns contents of web page Usage: s = u.read() # s is a string 9/19/13 Conditionals & Control Flow url 25