File I/O BJ Furman 23OCT2010
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1 File I/O BJ Furman 23OCT2010
2 Learning Objectives Explain what is meant by a data stream Explain the concept of a file Open and close files for reading and writing
3 Data Streams Data stream an ordered series of bytes (Darnell and Margolis, 1996) Like a 1D array of characters that can flow from your program to a device or file or vice-versa IO involves reading data from or writing data to a stream Prior to UNIX UNIX Programmers had to handle all the intricacies and complexities of interfacing to input and output devices, such as card readers, printers, terminals, etc. Abstracted away the details of IO to the concept of the data stream Established standard data streams: stdin data coming into your program (usually from the keyboard) stdout data going out of your program (usually to the display) stderr for error information going out of your program
4 File IO Need to first associate a stream with a file or device Three streams are automatically opened and associated with your program: stdin, stdout, stderror Ex. printf() defaults to printing to the display To read from or write to another file stream, you need to declare a pointer to a data structure called FILE This pointer is used to read from, write to, or close the stream Use IO functions for file operations (like fprintf())
5 Opening a File - 1 Key steps: Declare a pointer to FILE FILE *fp; Provides the means to associate a file with a data stream Will be used by other functions such as fprintf() Use fopen() function with a path to the file and a file mode as arguments Ex. Open file_name.txt to be able to read from it fp = fopen( file file_name.txt name.txt, r ); fopen() returns a pointer to the file fp stores the pointer to the file, file_name.txt r opens the file for reading from Can also open a file to write to it or append to it See reference:
6 Opening a File - 2 Other modes Good idea to test that the file was opened without error Source: fopen() will return NULL if there is an error opening the file fp = fopen( file_name.txt, r ); if(fp == NULL) { printf("error: can't open file to read\n"); return 1; }
7 Closing a File Function header: int fclose(file *fp); Good idea to test the file was closed without error Test the return value of fclose fclose() will return EOF if there is an error closing the file if(fclose(fp) == EOF) { printf("error closing file\n"); return 1; } It is best practice to close all files that you opened, somewhere in your program
8 Arrays and File I/O Arrays are often used with data consisting of many elements Often too tedious to handle I/O by keyboard and monitor File I/O is used instead File I/O and array example file_i_o.c
9 Review
10 References Darnell, P. A. & Margolis, P. E. (1996) C, a software engineering approach, 3 rd ed., Springer, New York, p Visited 23OCT Visited 23OCT2010.
11 C:\Documents and Settings\MAE310G\My Documents\SJSU\ME30\Example Code\file_I_O_source.c 1 /* file_i_o.c demonstrates file I/O 2 * BJ Furman 23OCT2010 */ 3 4 #include <stdio.h> 5 #include <math.h> 6 int main(void) 7 { 8 int i, j, k, num_elem; 9 double x[20], y[20], z[20]; 10 FILE *infile, *outfile; /* Open the file we want to read from */ infile = fopen ("C6_3.IN","r"); /* Check that file exists and is opened properly */ if(infile == NULL) 19 { 20 printf("error: can't open file to read\n"); 21 return 1; 22 } 23 else 24 printf("file C6_3.IN opened successfully to read\n"); /* Open the file we want to write to */ outfile = fopen ("C6_3.OUT","w"); /* Check that file exists and is opened properly */ if(outfile == NULL) 33 { 34 printf("error: can't open file to write\n"); return 1; 37 } 38 else 39 printf("c6_3.out opened successfully to write\n"); /* Get the number of values read in by fscanf() */ 42 k = fscanf(infile,"%lf %lf",&x[0],&y[0]); /* Print the number of values read in by fscanf() */ 45 fprintf (outfile, "k = %d\n",k); /* Print the value of EOF */ 48 fprintf (outfile,"value of EOF = %d\n", EOF); i = 1; /* Get the rest of the values in the input file and print them out*/ 53 while ( fscanf(infile,"%lf %lf",&x[i],&y[i])!= EOF) 54 { -1- Saturday, October 23, :42 PM
12 C:\Documents and Settings\MAE310G\My Documents\SJSU\ME30\Example Code\file_I_O_source.c 55 printf("x[%d] == %lf y[%d] == %lf\n", i,x[i],i,y[i]); 56 i++; 57 } num_elem = i; fprintf(outfile," x[i] y[i] z[i]\n"); for (j=0;j<num_elem;j++) 64 { 65 z[j]=sqrt(x[j]*x[j]+y[j]*y[j]); 66 fprintf(outfile,"%7.1f %7.1f %7.1f\n",x[j],y[j],z[j]); 67 } /* Close the input and output files */ if(fclose(infile) == EOF) 72 { 73 printf("error closing file\n"); 74 return 1; 75 } 76 else 77 printf("c6_3.in closed successfully\n"); if(fclose(outfile) == EOF) 80 { 81 printf("error closing file\n"); 82 return 1; 83 } 84 else 85 printf("c6_3.out closed successfully\n"); return 0; 88 } 89 /* Output from Ch */ 90 /* 91 >ch -u "file_i_o_explore.c" 92 File C6_3.IN opened successfully to read 93 C6_3.OUT opened successfully to write 94 x[1] == y[1] == x[2] == y[2] == C6_3.IN closed successfully 97 C6_3.OUT closed successfully 98 >Exit code: 0 99 */ Saturday, October 23, :42 PM -2-
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