Acknowledgments xi Preface xiii About the Author xv About This Book xvii New in the Macro Language xxi

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1 Contents Part 1 Acknowledgments xi Preface xiii About the Author xv About This Book xvii New in the Macro Language xxi Macro Basics Chapter 1 Introduction Macro Facility Overview Terminology Macro Execution Phases Referencing Environments or Scopes Chapter Summary 9 Chapter 2 Defining and Using Macro Variables Naming Macro Variables Defining Macro Variables Using Macro Variables Displaying Macro Variables Resolving Macro Variables Using the macro variable as a suffix Using the macro variable as a prefix Appending two macro variables to each other Automatic Macro Variables &SYSDATE, &SYSDATE9, &SYSDAY, and &SYSTIME &SYSLAST and &SYSDSN &SYSERR and &SYSCC &SYSPARM &SYSRC &SYSSITE, &SYSSCP, &SYSSCPL AND &SYSUSERID &SYSMACRONAME Defining and Using Macro Variables in a PROC SQL Step Counting observations in a data set Building a list of values Removing Macro Variables Chapter Summary Chapter Exercises 31

2 iv Contents Chapter 3 Defining and Using Macros Defining a Macro Creating a macro Using a macro to comment a block of code Invoking a Macro System Options Used with the Macro Facility General macro options Debugging options Autocall facility options Compiled stored macros Macro search order Memory control options Display Manager Command-Line Macros Statement- and Command-Style Macros Turning on system options Defining statement- and command-style macros Controlling System Initialization Using AUTOEXEC.SAS Controlling AUTOEXEC execution Chapter Summary Chapter Exercises 50 Chapter 4 Macro Parameters Introducing Macro Parameters Positional Parameters Defining positional parameters Passing positional parameters Keyword Parameters Defining keyword parameters Passing keyword parameters Documenting your macro Choosing between Keyword and Positional Parameters Selecting parameter types Using keyword and positional parameters together Chapter Summary Chapter Exercises 61

3 Contents v Part 2 Using Macros Chapter 5 Program Control through Macros Macros That Invoke Macros Passing parameters between macros Controlling macro calls Nesting macro definitions Using Conditional Macro Statements Executing macro statements Building SAS code dynamically Using the IN operator Iterative Execution Using Macro Statements %DO block Iterative %DO loops %DO %UNTIL loops %DO %WHILE loops Macro Program Statements Macro comments %GLOBAL and %LOCAL %GOTO and %label Using %SYSEXEC Creating macro %WINDOWs Abnormal termination of macro execution with the %ABORT statement Normal termination of macro execution with the %RETURN statement Chapter Summary Chapter Exercises 97 Chapter 6 Interfacing with Data Using the SYMPUT Routine First argument of SYMPUT Second argument of SYMPUT SYMPUT example Using SYMPUTX Using a SAS Data Set As a Control File Macro variable values Assigning macro variable names as well as values Macro Variable Forms Used in Dynamic Programs Elements of a dynamic program Indirect macro variable references Sources of control information 118

4 vi Contents 6.4 Moving Text from Macro to DATA Step Variables Assignment and RETAIN statements Using the SYMGET function Using the RESOLVE function Doing More with the SQL Step Placing a single value into a single macro variable Creating more than one macro variable Placing a list of values into a series of macro variables Using the SQL dictionary tables Automatic SQL generated macro variables Execution of Macro Code Using CALL EXECUTE Executing non-macro code Executing macro code Timing issues Chapter Summary Chapter Exercises 142 Chapter 7 Using Macro Functions Quoting Functions Using the %BQUOTE function %STR Considerations when quoting Basic types of quoting functions and why we care A bit about the %QUOTE and %NRQUOTE functions %UNQUOTE %SUPERQ Quoting function summary Marking and quoting mismatched symbols with the %STR and %QUOTE functions Text Functions %INDEX %LENGTH %SCAN and %QSCAN %SUBSTR and %QSUBSTR %UPCASE and %QUPCASE Evaluation Functions Explicit use of %EVAL Implicit use of %EVAL Using %SYSEVALF Using DATA Step Functions and Routines Using %SYSCALL Using %SYSFUNC and %QSYSFUNC 172

5 Contents vii 7.5 Building Your Own Macro Functions Introduction Building the function Using the function Other Useful Macro Functions One-liners Functions for the DATA step Macro functions with logic Chapter Summary Chapter Exercises 197 Chapter 8 Using Macro References with the SAS Component Language (SCL) The Problem Is Using Macro Variables Defining macro variables Macro variables in SUBMIT blocks Using automatic macro variables Passing macro values between SCL entries Using &&VAR&I macro arrays in SCL programs Calling Macros from within SCL Programs Run-time macros Compile-time macros Chapter Summary 207 Part 3 Advanced Macro Topics, Utilities, and Examples Chapter 9 Writing Dynamic Code Elements of Dynamic Programs Logical branches Iterative step execution Building statements Writing Applications without Hard-coded Data Dependencies Generalized and controlled repeatability Setting up control files Building macro variables from control files Using &&VAR&I Constructs as Macro Arrays Resolving &&VAR&i Stepping through a list of data sets 222

6 viii Contents Checking for observations with duplicate KEY values Coordinating two macro variable lists Building SAS Statements Dynamically Using the DATA _NULL_ and %INCLUDE Using the CALL EXECUTE routine Using macro lists rather than macro arrays Using SASHELP Views Overview of the SASHELP views Using a view Chapter Summary 237 Chapter 10 Controlling Your Environment Operating System Operations Copy members of a catalog Write the first N lines of a series of flat files Storing system clock values in macro variables Checking for write access Appending unknown data sets Making a directory Executing a series of SAS programs Using %SYSGET to access system variables Controlling Your Output Combining titles Renumbering listing pages Coordinating titles (or footnotes) Adapting Your SAS Environment Maintaining system options Building and maintaining formats Working with libraries and directories Coordinating with the Output Delivery System (ODS) Why we might need to automate with macros Controlling ODS locations Using ODS to control the destination Graphics devices Using WEBFRAME with GRSEG catalog entries Building an index with PROC PRINT Creating drill-down graphs and charts Chapter Summary 277

7 Contents ix Chapter 11 Working with SAS Data Sets Creating Flat Files Column-specified flat file Creating comma-delimited files Subsetting a SAS Data Set Selection of top percentage using SQL Selection of top percentage using the POINT option Random selection of observations Building a WHERE clause dynamically Checking the Existence of SAS Data Sets Working with Data Set Variables Create a list of variable names from the PDV Create a list of variable names from an ID variable Creating individual macro variables from an existing list Counting words within a macro variable Placing commas between words Quoting words in a list Check for existence of variables Remove repeated words from a list Working with a list of class variables Counting Observations in a Data Set Using %SYSFUNC and ATTRN Controlling observations in PRINT listings Using a DATA _NULL_ step Using SQL Chapter Summary 326 Chapter 12 Building and Using Macro Libraries Library Overview Using %INCLUDE as a macro library Using compiled stored macros Using the autocall facility Macro Library Essentials The macro library search order Establishing a macro library structure and strategy Interactive macro development Modifying the SASAUTOS system variable SAS Autocall Macros %VERIFY %LEFT %CMPRES %LOWCASE 340

8 x Contents %TRIM %DATATYP %COMPSTOR Chapter Summary 345 Chapter 13 Miscellaneous Macro Topics Other Specialized Tasks &&&VAR Using triple-ampersand macro variables Totals based on a list of macro variables Selecting elements from macro arrays Calculating permutations Checking if a macro variable exists Extending the use of %SYMDEL Doubly Subscripted Macro Arrays Subscript resolution issues Naming row and column indicators Using the &&&VAR&I variable form Using the %SCAN function to identify array elements Programming Smarter Efficiency issues Programming with style Debugging your macros The DATA step versus the macro language Little things with a big bite Working with Macro Parameter Buffers Calling a macro using /PARMBUFF Using the PARMBUFF macro switch Understanding Recursion in the Macro Language Determining Macro Variable Scopes Chapter Summary 397 Appendix 1 Exercise Solutions 399 Appendix 2 Utilities Locator 415 Appendix 3 Example Locator 419 Appendix 4 Macro Locator 425 Appendix 5 Example Data Sets 431 Glossary 439 Bibliography 443 Index 463