LING 253: SYNTAX I SECTION. (Specifier Rule) (Adjunct Rule) (Complement Rule)

Transcription

1 LIG 253: SYAX I SECIO SABIA MAYIKU OC. 17, Our current rules for English XP (YP) X X (ZP) X or X X (ZP) X X (WP) XP XP Conj XP X X Conj X X X Conj X X X WP UP (Specifier Rule) (Adjunct Rule) (Complement Rule) (Coordination) (Coordination) (Coordination) (itransitives) 1.1. Recent Revisions to Rules. Before ow Example CP Rule CP C CP (XP) C CP C C C C Rule XP P i... t i... Rule () P (XP) P (XP) man

2 1.2. Recent Revisions to oun Phrases. Before Possessives ow P P man s coat man s Proper ames P coat Bill Pronouns Bill P we we 1.3. Movement. ense lives in but tense morphemes lower to in English Subjects are no longer generated in specifier position within All arguments of verb (Ps, CPs) start out as complements or specifiers within Sometimes Ps act clausal; in those cases, we assume that ir subjects are generated in specifier position within P P i P i army t j P t i destroy-ed j P city army s P t i destruction PP of city 2

3 1.4. Subtle istinctions Arguments. on t forget about complement/adjunct distinction for nouns and argument/adjunct distinction for verbs! wo types of intransitive verbs. Unergative verbs: Unaccusative verbs: - can optionally take a direct object - cannot take a direct object Marty ran a race. *he train arrived station. - incompatible with expletive subjects - compatible with expletive subjects *here ran Marty.?here arrived train. - can be made into nouns with -er suffix and - cannot be made into nouns with -er suffix retain meaning and retain meaning runner, swimmer, dancer *arriver, *faller, *sinker - its argument acts like a subject - its argument acts like an object In some languages, two types of intransitive verbs take different auxiliaries in past perfect. Unergative verbs take have auxiliaries in French: (1) J ai I have dansé. dance I have danced. (French) Unaccusative verbs take be auxiliaries: (2) Je suis tombé. I be fall I have fallen. (French) In our grammar, argument of an unergative verb starts out as a specifier and argument of an unaccusative starts out as a complement. 3

4 2. Exercises 2.1. Practice drawing intransitive verbs. raw trees for following: (i) he girl swims. (ii) She will sink Assignment 6: Japanese zibunzisin. Question: First, what is binding ory for English? Remember when working with or languages to ask yourself following questions: What would our grammar predict to be well-formed? How does that compare to empirical facts? (a) Johnwa i John [ CP [ Maryga k Mary zibunzisino k/ i zibunzisin John said that Mary k criticized herself k. *John i said that Mary criticized himself i. hihansita] criticized [ C to]] that itta. said Question 1: On basis of data in (a), is zibunzisin an anaphor or a pronoun? (b) Johnwa i John [ CP [ zibunzisinga i zibunzisin Maryo Mary John thinks that himself killed Mary. korosita] killed [ C to]] that omotteiru. think Question 2: oes hyposis from question 1 need to be revised? Is zibunzisin an anaphor, a pronoun, or something else entirely? How can you tell? Is it binding conditions that vary in this language or is it binding domain? (c) *Johnwa i John [ CP [ zibunzisinga k zibunzisin Maryo k Mary *John thinks that herself k killed Mary k. korosita] killed [ C to]] that omotteiru. think Question 3: Which binding principle is (c) a violation of? Which is binding which or in this sentence to cause ungrammaticality? (d) Johnga i John Billni j Bill [ CP [ zibunzisinga i/ j/ k zibunzisin John i told Bill j that himself i/ j/ k won. katta] won [ C to]] that Question 4: oes this require a revision to your hyposis from Questions 1 and 2? If so, explain why, and try to formulate a binding condition for zibunzisin that captures all facts in Carnie s examples, and one above Assignment 6: ree rawing. he following has (at least) three different possible parses. raw three possible trees which can be generated by our rules. For each, construct a one-replacement example that highlights unique structure. o triangles. (3) a plastic statue of Queen on his dashboard itta. told 4

5 (i) In preamble: \usepackage{qtree} \usepackage{tree-dvips} (ii) You have to change way you typeset. 3. L A EX: rawing arrows in qtree trees In exshop, select ypeset > ex and I in menu. In exmaker, select vi -> Pdf in ools menu. (Keyboard shortcut: F9) (iii) Write your tree code: -ed man buy a \ree[. [. [. ] [.$ $ [. man ]]] [. -ed ] [. [.$ $ [. buy ] [. [. a ] [.$ $ [. car ]]]]]] (iv) Label nodes you would like to create arrows in between: \ree[. [. [. ] [.$ $ [. man ]]] [. \node{v2}-ed ] [. [.$ $ [. bu\node{v1}y ] [. [. a ] [.$ $ [. car ]]]]]] ote: he node command has to precede text, orwise you get following error: Argument of \end has an extra }. (v) he arrow is a command which takes three arguments: \anodecurve{v2}{v1}{0.4in} he first argument is node at starting position (v2), second argument is node at ending position (v1), and third argument is curve of line (0.4in). Optional arguments preceding first two arguments allow us to specify where line should be oriented with respect to a node. \anodecurve[bl]{v2}[bl]{v1}{0.4in} b bottom t top l left r right car 5

6 Let s see what this looks like. -ed man buy a \ree[. [. [. ] [.$ $ [. man ]]] [. \node{v2}-ed ] [. [.$ $ [. bu\node{v1}y ] [. [. a ] [.$ $ [. car ]]]]]] \anodecurve[bl]{v2}[bl]{v1}{0.4in} What happens if you refer to a node that doesn t exist? he document doesn t compile and you get a horrible error: ### FAILE to generate /tmp/altpdflatex /sec pdf () (vi) You can make dashed lines with {\makedash{3pt} } command. Change value command makes if you want longer or shorter dashes. {\makedash{3pt}\anodecurve[bl]{v2}[bl]{v1}{0.4in}} car -ed man buy a \ree[. [. [. ] [.$ $ [. man ]]] [. \node{v2}-ed ] [. [.$ $ [. bu\node{v1}y ] [. [. a ] [.$ $ [. car ]]]]]] {\makedash{3pt}\anodecurve[bl]{v2}[bl]{v1}{0.4in}} car 6

7 (vii) A tree that is consistent with our most recent rules: P i army t j P t i destroy-ed j P city \ree[. [.\node{d2}p$_i$ [.$ $ \\ [. [.$ $ \\army ]]]] [.$ $ \\\node{v2}{\it t}$_j$ [. P\\\node{d1}{\it t}_i [.$ $ \\destroy-e\node{v1}d$_j$ \qroof{ city}.p ]]]] \anodecurve[b]{v2}[bl]{v1}{0.5in} \anodecurve[b]{d1}[bl]{d2}{1.5in} 7

8 (viii) A more complicated example from documentation. subj i +v n + j +Apl k vp IO l v t i v t n AplP O m Apl t l Apl t k t m \ree [ [ \node{subj1}subj_i ]. [ [ +v_n+\node{}_j+apl_k ]. [ \node{io}{ }IO_l [ \node{subj2}t_i [ \node{v1}t_n [ \node{do}o_m [ \node{io1}t_l [ \node{apl1}t_k [ [ \node{1}t_j ]. \node{do1}t_m ]. ].Apl\1 ].Apl\1 ].AplP ].{\it v}\1 ].{\it v}\1 ].{\it v}p ].\1 ]. \anodecurve[bl]{subj2}[bl]{subj1}{0.4in} \anodecurve[bl]{do1}[bl]{do}{0.4in} {\makedash{4pt}\anodecurve[t]{io1}[r]{io}{.5in}} \anodecurve[bl]{1}[bl]{apl1}{0.6in} \anodecurve[bl]{apl1}[bl]{v1}{1in} \anodecurve[bl]{v1}[bl]{}{0.9in} t j 8