Exercise 3 Logical Operators, Branching, Loops. Informatik I für Mathematiker und Physiker (HS 2015) Yeara Kozlov
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1 Exercise 3 Logical Operators, Branching, Loops Informatik I für Mathematiker und Physiker (HS 2015) Yeara Kozlov B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
2 Agenda HW #1 feedback Expressions if statements for loop const assert HW#3 hints B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
3 Agenda HW #1 feedback Expressions if statements for loop const assert HW#3 hints B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
4 HW #1 Feedback Five students with no submissions / users Submit each exercise to its specific link in the exercise sheet Errors: Compiler errors Output errors Programs that did not perform the required functionality B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
5 Agenda HW #1 feedback Expressions if statements for loop const assert HW#3 hints B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
6 Expressions - operators Used to compare two values. The whole term is called an expression (german Ausdruck). The result of the comparison is either TRUE (1) or FALSE (0). Relational operators are evaluated after other arithmetic operations. int a=3, b=5; bool res; res = a < b; //less res = a <= b; //less or equal res = a > b; //greater res = a >= b; //greater or equal res = a == b; //equal res = a!= b; //not equal B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
7 Expressions - = and == = is the assignment operator. It changes the value of the variable on the left to the value on the right. The result (meaning the value of the expression) is equal to the assignment value (which is TRUE for all values not zero)! == is the equality operator. It evaluates whether the 2 values on the left and the right are equal. The result can be either TRUE or FALSE. int a=3, b=5; bool res; res = (a == b); // res is FALSE, because 3!=5 res = (a = b); // res is TRUE, even though 3!=5. //Also, a is set to 5! B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
8 Logical Operators Works on Boolean values (bool type) bool a = true; bool b = false; logical AND a && b == false a && a == true logical OR a b == true b b == false logical NOT!a == false!b == true 8 B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
9 Truth Tables AND OR NOT x AND y is TRUE if and only if both x and y are TRUE. x OR y is FALSE if and only if both x and y are FALSE. (x OR y is TRUE if either x, y or both are TRUE.) NOT x is TRUE if x is FALSE, and vice versa. 9 B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
10 Expressions - Short Circuit Short circuit evalua?on guarantees evalua?on of the operators && and from the lef to the right. The compiler first evaluates the lef expression first! Easier to evaluate expression should be on the lef. B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
11 Expressions - Short Circuit 2 > 3 && 17u - 55 <= ++x % y B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
12 Expressions - Short Circuit 2 > 3 && 17u - 55 <= ++x % y (2 > 3) && (17u - 55 <= ++x % y) B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
13 Expressions - Short Circuit 2 > 3 && 17u - 55 <= ++x % y (2 > 3) && (17u - 55 <= ++x % y) false && (17u - 55 <= ++x % y) B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
14 Expressions - Short Circuit 2 > 3 && 17u - 55 <= ++x % y (2 > 3) && (17u - 55 <= ++x % y) false && (17u - 55 <= ++x % y) false B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
15 Exercise Evaluate the following expressions by hand and write down all intermediate steps. You can assume that x is a variable of type int with value 1. Werten Sie die folgenden Ausdrücke von Hand aus und geben Sie dabei alle Zwischenschritte an. Sie können annehmen, dass x eine Variable vom Typ int mit dem Wert 1 ist. x == 1 1 / (x - 1) < 1!(1 && x) + 1 B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
16 Exercise x == 1 1 / (x - 1) < 1 1 == 1 1 / (x - 1) < 1 true 1 / (x - 1) < 1 true B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
17 Exercise!(1 && x) + 1!(true && x) + 1!(true && 1) + 1!(true && true) + 1!true + 1 false B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
18 Agenda HW #1 feedback Expressions if Statements for loop const assert HW#3 hints B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
19 if statement if (condition) { statement; } if (a==5) { cout << "a is equal to 5!\n ; } If condition is TRUE, the instruction(s) inside the code block { } are executed. In contrary, if condition is FALSE, the block is skipped. In case of a single instruction, the { } can be omitted. if (condition) statement; B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
20 if-else statement if (condition) { statement; } else { otherstatement; } if (a==5) { cout << "a is equal to 5!\n ; } else { cout << "a is not equal to 5! \n ; } The else code block is executed if all other conditions are FALSE. B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
21 if statement if(firstcondition) { DoSomething(); } else if(secondcondition) { DoSomethingElse(); } else { IfEverythingElseFails(); } // the bottom else-if is only checked if the preceding condition(s) are FALSE. Many if - else if else if else if... statements can be chained to form a complex program flow. B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
22 Example - leap year #include <iostream> int main() { unsigned int year; std::cin >> year; if ( year % 4 ) std::cout << "commony year\n"; else if ( year % 100 ) std::cout << leap year\n"; else if ( year % 400 ) std::cout << "commony year\n"; else std::cout << "leap year\n"; } return 0; 22 B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
23 Example - compares two integers #include <iostream> int main() { unsigned int n; std::cin >> n; unsigned int m; std::cin >> m; } return 0; 23 B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
24 Example - compares two integers #include <iostream> int main() { unsigned int n; std::cin >> n; unsigned int m; std::cin >> m; } if (m > n) std::cout << m << " is bigger than " << n << "\n"; else std::cout << n << " is bigger or equal to " << m << "\n"; return 0; 24 B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
25 Agenda HW #1 feedback Expressions if Statements for loop const assert HW#3 hints B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
26 for loops structure for (init- statement condition; expression) { statement } example for init- statement: example for condition: example for expression: example for statement: full example: int i = 0; i < 9 ++i for (int i = 0; i < 9; ++i) { std::cout << i << std::endl; } std::cout << i << std::endl; 26 B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
27 for loops hints for (init- statement condition; expression) { statement } The expression is executed afer the statement empty condi?on is true 27 B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
28 Example for Loop int sum = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= 3; ++i) sum += i; std::cout << sum << "\n"; 28
29 Example for Loop sum: 0 int sum = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= 3; ++i) sum += i; std::cout << sum << "\n"; 29
30 Example for Loop sum: 0 i: 1 int sum = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= 3; ++i) sum += i; std::cout << sum << "\n"; 30
31 Example for Loop sum: 0 i: 1 int sum = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= 3; ++i) sum += i; std::cout << sum << "\n"; 31
32 Example for Loop int sum = 0; 1 <= 3 true sum: 0 i: 1 for (int i = 1; i <= 3; ++i) sum += i; std::cout << sum << "\n"; 32
33 Example for Loop sum: 1 i: 1 int sum = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= 3; ++i) sum += i; std::cout << sum << "\n"; 33
34 Example for Loop sum: 1 i: 2 int sum = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= 3; ++i) sum += i; std::cout << sum << "\n"; 34
35 Example for Loop sum: 1 i: 2 int sum = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= 3; ++i) sum += i; std::cout << sum << "\n"; 35
36 Example for Loop int sum = 0; 2 <= 3 true sum: 1 i: 2 for (int i = 1; i <= 3; ++i) sum += i; std::cout << sum << "\n"; 36
37 Example for Loop sum: 3 i: 2 int sum = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= 3; ++i) sum += i; std::cout << sum << "\n"; 37
38 Example for Loop sum: 3 i: 3 int sum = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= 3; ++i) sum += i; std::cout << sum << "\n"; 38
39 Example for Loop sum: 3 i: 3 int sum = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= 3; ++i) sum += i; std::cout << sum << "\n"; 39
40 Example for Loop int sum = 0; 3 <= 3 true sum: 3 i: 3 for (int i = 1; i <= 3; ++i) sum += i; std::cout << sum << "\n"; 40
41 Example for Loop sum: 6 i: 3 int sum = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= 3; ++i) sum += i; std::cout << sum << "\n"; 41
42 Example for Loop sum: 6 i: 4 int sum = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= 3; ++i) sum += i; std::cout << sum << "\n"; 42
43 Example for Loop sum: 6 i: 4 int sum = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= 3; ++i) sum += i; std::cout << sum << "\n"; 43
44 Example for Loop int sum = 0; 4 <= 3 false sum: 6 i: 4 for (int i = 1; i <= 3; ++i) sum += i; std::cout << sum << "\n"; 44
45 Example for Loop sum: 6 int sum = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= 3; ++i) sum += i; std::cout << sum << "\n"; 45
46 Exercise Write a program strangesum.cpp that: 1. Reads a number n > 0 from standard input 2. Outputs the sum of all positive numbers up to n that are odd but not divisible by B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
47 Exercise // Program: strangesum.cpp #include <iostream> int main() { // input unsigned int strangesum = 0; unsigned int n; std::cin >> n; // computation // output std::cout << "The strange sum is " << strangesum << ".\n"; return 0; 47 B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
48 Exercise // Program: strangesum.cpp #include <iostream> int main() { // input unsigned int strangesum = 0; unsigned int n; std::cin >> n; // computation for (unsigned int i = 1; i <= n; i++) if (i%2 == 1) if (i%5!= 0) strangesum += i; // output std::cout << "The strange sum is " << strangesum << ".\n"; } return 0; 48 B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
49 for loops tips infinite loops wrong halting condition missing brackets { } 49 B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
50 Agenda HW #1 feedback Expressions if Statements for loop const assert HW#3 hints B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
51 Const-Guideline Before you declare a variable, think about whether its value will be changed later or not! If not, use the keyword const to declare the variable as constant. 51
52 const Necessary? Protects against unintended changes 52
53 const Necessary? Protects against unintended changes Compiler error message 53
54 const Necessary? Protects against unintended changes Compiler error message Communicate to reader Reader knows: value will not change 54
55 Exercise Make this const- correct. 1. Program: #include <iostream> int main () { const int a = 5; std::cin >> a; std::cout << a + 5; } return 0; (From: Script Exercise 5) 55
56 Exercise Problem: input operator >> changes constant variable 1. Program: Solution: #include <iostream> int main () { const int a = 5; std::cin >> a; std::cout << a + 5; #include <iostream> int main () { int a = 5; std::cin >> a; std::cout << a + 5; } return 0; } return 0; (From: Script Exercise 5) 56
57 Exercise Make this const- correct. 2. Program: int main () { const int a = 5; int b = 2*a; int c = 2*b; b = b*b; } return 0; (From: Script Exercise 5) 57
58 Exercise Problem: c should be const. c is initialized without a later use. 2. Program: int main () { const int a = 5; int b = 2*a; int c = 2*b; b = b*b; Solution: int main () { const int a = 5; int b = 2*a; const int c = 2*b; b = b*b; } return 0; } return 0; (From: Script Exercise 5) 58
59 Exercise Make this const- correct. 3. Program: int main () { const int a = 5; a = 5; } return 0; (From: Script Exercise 5) 59
60 Exercise Problem: a = 5; overwrites a with same value. But a is const; const prevails. 3. Program: int main () { const int a = 5; a = 5; } return 0; Solution: Remove const or a = 5; (From: Script Exercise 5) 60
61 Agenda HW #1 feedback Expressions if Statements for loop const assert HW#3 hints B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
62 Errors in Code Problem: We want to avoid certain values for a variable. Question: How? 62
63 General Hints assert(expr); expr is true: expr is false: nothing happens stop program 63
64 Example Problem: Some inputs are dangerous. #include <iostream> int main () { int a; int b; std::cin >> a >> b; // Output: a/b std::cout << a/b << "\n"; Problem for: b == 0 } return 0; 64
65 Example Problem: Some inputs are dangerous. #include <iostream> assert ensures int main () { int a; int b; std::cin >> a >> b; b!= 0 // Output: a/b std::cout << a/b << "\n"; Problem for: b == 0 } return 0; 65
66 Example Problem: Some inputs are dangerous. #include <iostream> #include <cassert> int main () { int a; int b; std::cin >> a >> b; assert(b!= 0); // Output: a/b std::cout << a/b << "\n"; } return 0; 66
67 Example Problem: Some inputs are dangerous. #include <iostream> #include <cassert> int main () { int a; int b; std::cin >> a >> b; assert(b!= 0); // Output: a/b std::cout << a/b << "\n"; } return 0; 67
68 assert Why? Still an easy example So why and where is assert useful? 68
69 assert Why? Still an easy example So why and where is assert useful? Long programs: User- Inputs required: Multiple programmers: for overview for safety for safety 69
70 Agenda HW #1 feedback Expressions if Statements for loop const assert HW#3 hints B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
71 HW #3 Hints Write a program dec2bin.cpp that inputs a natural number n (including 0) and outputs the binary digits of n in reverse order. Binary representation of 12! if reading from the bottom up B. Gaertner, ETH Zürich, 2015
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