The Future of OCT? Swept Source. Todd J. Purkiss, MD, PhD River City Retina Club July 16, 2015
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1 The Future of OCT? Swept Source Todd J. Purkiss, MD, PhD River City Retina Club July 16, 2015
2 Background on OCT Optical Coherence Tomography
3 Optical When a light wave meets the interface of two differing media, it can be absorbed, refracted, and/or reflected The reflected light can be gathered and measured by a detector Reflected Refracted Incident
4 Coherence Coherence is in the context of interferometry, a measurement technique based on electromagnetic interference Interference is the interaction of waves that are coherent (i.e., correlated) with one another OCT is based on low coherence interferometry
5 Coherence Light waves from the same source are observed to interfere only when the difference in their optical path length is within the coherence length of the source Coherence length = λ 2 /(n λ) OR (central wavelength) 2 /[(refractive index)(wavelength bandwidth)] High coherence source = single wavelength Low coherence source = broad bandwidth of multiple wavelengths
6 Coherence The greater the wavelength bandwidth of the source, the shorter the coherence length The shorter the coherence length, the smaller the range of optical path length differences that will produce interference The smaller this range, the greater the axial resolution that can be obtained
7 Tomography Imaging by sectioning Amplitude or A -scan: One-dimensional time-amplitude measurement Time is related to axial distance traveled Amplitude is related to density of the medium Allows tissue characterization From Practical Ophthalmology, 5 th Ed.
8 Tomography Brightness or B -scan: Two-dimensional image consisting of multiple A-scans obtained transversely across a tissue Brightness of the image is related to density of the medium Provides information about tissue architecture From Practical Ophthalmology, 5 th Ed.
9 Time Domain OCT *Axial scanning Adapted from Fujimoto, J. G. Optical coherence tomography for ultrahigh resolution in vivo imaging. Nature Biotechnology. 2003; 21 (11),
10 Time Domain OCT 820 nm supraluminescent diode with 25 nm bandwidth: ~10 μm axial resolution, 400 A-scans per second e.g., Zeiss Stratus 3 From Ko, T. H. et al. Comparison of ultrahigh- and standard-resolution optical coherence tomography for imaging macular hole pathology and repair. Ophthalmology. 2004; 111 (11),
11 Time Domain OCT 800 nm femtosecond TI: sapphire laser with 125 nm bandwidth: ~3 μm axial resolution, 400 A-scans per second e.g., ultrahigh resolution (UHR) OCT From Ko, T. H. et al. Comparison of ultrahigh- and standard-resolution optical coherence tomography for imaging macular hole pathology and repair. Ophthalmology. 2004; 111 (11),
12 Spectral Domain OCT Fixed reference Spectrometer (amplitude & time information extracted by Fourier transform) Adapted from Fujimoto, J. G. Optical coherence tomography for ultrahigh resolution in vivo imaging. Nature Biotechnology. 2003; 21 (11),
13 Spectral Domain OCT 820 nm supraluminescent diode with 25 nm bandwidth: 5-7 μm axial resolution, 27-40K A-scans per second e.g., Heidelberg Spectralis, Zeiss Cirrus, Topcon 3D OCT-1000, Reichert Copernicus, OptoVue RTVue, Bioptigen SDOIS
14 Spectral Domain OCT Enhanced depth imaging (EDI) can be obtained by moving the peak sensitivity deeper into the tissue, but requires separate scan and loses resolution of more superficial structures
15 Swept Source OCT Swept Source Fixed reference (amplitude & time information extracted by Fourier transform) Adapted from Fujimoto, J. G. Optical coherence tomography for ultrahigh resolution in vivo imaging. Nature Biotechnology. 2003; 21 (11),
16 Swept Source OCT 1050 nm tunable laser: 5 μm axial resolution, 100K A-scans per second e.g., Topcon Deep Range Imaging (DRI) OCT *Not currently available for sale in the US
17 Swept Source OCT
18 Swept Source OCT
19 What will be next? OCT angiography AngioVue by Optovue, *Not currently available for sale in the US
20 What will be next? Adaptive optics *Research tool, not yet commercially available
21 Thank you!
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