An Analytical Study of the Evolution and the Development of Communication Systems

Transcription

1 9 An Analytical Study of the Evolution and the Development of Communication Systems Prof. Dr. Yash Pal Singh, Professor, Sunrise University, Alwar, Rajasthan Rishi Mathur, Research Scholar, Sunrise University, Alwar, Rajasthan ABSTRACT The word communicate refers to pass on and the act of communicating is termed communication. In everyday life, We are interested in communicating some information, which may include some thought, news, feeling and so on to others. Broadly we may define the term communication as transmission of information from one place to the other. For long distance communication, initially humans employed non electrical means like drum beat, smoke signals, running messengers, horses and pigeons. The electrical means of communication started with wire telegraphy in eighteen forties and radio at the twentieth century. Later, the use of satellites and fiber optics made communication even more wide spread with an increase imphasis on wireless, computer and data communications. Evolution has made revolution in the field of communication engineering from 1G to recent proposed Green, Energy efficient and innovative VLC. Present paper is the analytical study of the various phases of the communications. Key Words Green, Energy efficient, VLC (Visible light communication), UMTS,LAN,TCP,IP 1. INTRODUCTION 2. Wireless Technology has made the great revolution in the world. Now a day, Wireless technology has become the backbone of communication and information technology. Today, Research and Development has unturned astonishing mysteries of the entire universe. Tremendous researches in all spheres of science have undoubtedly made man his own boss. The surprising Wireless technology that has transformed our lives in many ways is one of such inventions. Until very recently, we needed a computer wired to a port, to get online. Surprisingly, wired telephones are becoming a thing of past. Our mobile phones have bagged places in our lives for a wide variety of services ranging from banking, to all service sectors like even to check ticket availability at a Cinema Hall, and many more. This magnificent technology of mobile communication and Mobility computing is the network-access paradigm of the future. It is estimated that the network protocols designed in the future will be 5G defined over an entirely packet-switched network with digital network elements, high bandwidth and built-in network security. The bandwidth provided will be 100Mbps for stationary objects and 20 Mbps while in motion. These 5G wireless networks will support global roaming and service portability across multiple wireless and mobile networks, for example from a cellular network to a satellite-based network to a high-bandwidth wireless LAN TCP Performance degrades. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Metamorphosis of 1G To 2G, 3G And 5G Networks Mobile networking refers to technology that can support voice and/or data network connectivity using wireless, via a radio transmission solution. The most familiar application of mobile networking is the mobile phone. In the past, wireless communications predominantly used circuit switching to carry voice over a network; however, more recently both voice and data are being transmitted over both circuit-switched and packet-switched networks. CRAZE OF WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY NCV 1.4 Million Towers 5 Billion Users Radio spectrum is congested but demand of wireless data is doubled every year. Figure-1 (showing the craze of wireless connectivity)

2 First Generation (1G) 1981 NMT launch The first mobile systems were based on analogue transmission. They had a low traffic density of one call per radio channel, poor voice quality, and they used insecure and unencrypted transmission, which led to the spoofing of identities Second Generation (2G) 1991 GSM launch The second generation of mobile systems was based on digital transmission with a number of different standards (GSM, ERMES, CT2, CT3, DCS 1800, DECT). GSM (Global System for Mobile) communications is the most popular standard in use today, using 900MHz and 1800MHz frequency bands. GSM mobile systems developed digital transmission using SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) technology to authenticate a user for identification and billing purposes, and to encrypt the data to prevent eavesdropping. The transmission uses TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and CDMA One (Code Division Multiple Access One) techniques to increase the amount of information transported on the network. Mobility is supported at layer 2, which prohibits seamless roaming across heterogeneous access networks and routing domains. This means each operator must cover the whole area or have agreements in place to permit roaming Second to Third Generation Bridge (2.5G) 2000 GPRS launch The introduction of GPRS is seen as an extra period of mobile networking development, between 2G and 3G. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is a data service which enables mobile devices to send and receive s and picture messages. It allows very popular operating speeds of up to 115kbit/s, which has been increased to a maximum of 384kbit/s by using EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution). Typical GSM data transmission rates reached 9.6kbit/s Third Generation (3G) 2003 First UK 3G launch The third generation of mobile systems unifies different mobile technology standards, and uses higher frequency bands for transmission and Code Division Multiple Access to deliver data rates of up to 2Mbit/s to support multimedia services (MMS: voice, video and data). The European standard is UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems). Mobile systems continue to use digital transmission with SIM authentication for billing systems and for data encryption.

3 11 Data transmission uses a WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access. Mobility is still supported at layer 2, and therefore like 2G it still prohibits seamless roaming across heterogeneous access networks and routing domains. The transmission band frequencies are between 1900 and 2200 MHz All UMTS license holders in the UK hold a 20 year license with the condition that 80% population coverage is achieved by 31 December The current third generation licensed operators in the UK can be seen below (as at August 2004). Table1: Licensed operators in U.K. IIIrd Generations Hutchison Vodafone O2 T-Mobile Orange UK frequency 1,885 2,025MHz, 2,110 2,200MHz UK coverage 60% pop 60% pop N/A 60% pop 66% pop UK launch May 2003 Feb 2004 Forthcoming July 2004 July G services Phone-based voice, Video Data card Data card Data card Data card Fourth Generation (5G) 2007+? 5G is still at the research stage. It is based on an ad hoc networking model where there is no need for a fixed infrastructure operation. Ad hoc networking requires global mobility features (e.g. Mobile IP) and connectivity to a global IPv6 network to support an IP address for every mobile device. Seamless roaming in heterogeneous IP networks (e.g WLAN, GPRS and UMTS) will be possible with higher data rates, from 2Mbit/s to Mbit/s. Figure 2 (gradual development from 1G to 5G)

4 Technical and comparative study of 3G V/S 5G Table -2 Showing the comparative study of Generations Characteristics 3G 5G DATA THROUGHPUT Up to 3.1Mbps with an average speed range between 0.5 to 1.5 Mbps 3.0 PROPOSED INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY: (VLC-LI-FI) G Technology 5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5 th generation wireless systems) denotes the next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current 5G / IMT-Advanced standards Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) Li Fi works on the principle of VLC (Visible Light Communication). The communication use in VLC utilize 400 THz to 800 THz (780 nm to 375 nm) as optical carrier to broadcast the data. LED is the finest light source because of its structure LED light is modulated with data signal to achieve the target. LEDs have very high operating speed and it is feasible to switch ON and OFF invisibly so as to transmit data at much higher rate. Practically speaking, 2 to 12 Mbps (Telstra in Australia claims up to 40 Mbps) but potential estimated at a range of 100 to 300 Mbps. PEAK UPLOAD RATE 5 MBPS 500MBPS PEAK DOWNLOAD RATE 100 MBPS 1 GBPS SWITCHING TECHNIQUE PACKET SWITCHING PACKET SWITCHING MESSAGE SWITCHING NETWORK INTEGRATION OF WIRELSS LAN WIDE AREA CELL BASED ARCHITECHTURE AND WIDE AREA SERVICES AND APPLICATIONS CDMA 2000, UMTS, EDGE etc. WIMAX2 AND LTE ADVANCE FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION 3G USES TURBO CODES FOR ERROR CORRECTION CONCATENATED CODES ARE USED FOR ERROR CORRECTIONS IN 5G FREQUENCY BAND GHz 2 8 GHz The transmitter has LED and a controller which encrypts data into LEDs flicker varies as per the data to transmit. The more the LEDs more will be the data rate. Fiber optic cables are the medium to let the data from source to destination according to Harald Hass, which he calls data through illumination taking the fiber out of fiber optic by sending data through a LED bulb that varies in intensity faster than the human eye can follow. Figure 3. Working of Li Fi Image sensors act as receivers which detect the precise direction of incoming data and detect the minute variations in light and translate into electrical terms. Moreover, to achieve very high data rate, architecture of LEDs play a vital role. The regular size of LED can be trimmed down to micro, proficient in handling in millions of alterations in high intensity. The size of LEDs is reduced upto nano(n) and pico (p).

5 13 The data rate 3.5 Gbps has being achieved and it is possible to achieve 10 Gbps data in near future. Micro LED is capable to transmit data 1000 times faster than normal LED. 4.0 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Analytical and extensive study of the Evolution of the communication system and its related generations with more advance stages Followings are the Important and vital Features of 5G wireless technology and VLC (Visible light communication system) Faster and more reliable Offers a speed of about 100 mbps Lower cost than previous generations Multi standard wireless system Bluetooth, wired, wireless Ad hoc networking Ipv6 core OFDM used instead of CDMA Li-Fi Technology Latest innovations using visible light communication. Clean and Green communications system. REFERENCES [1] A. Snow, A Survivability Metric for Telecommunications: Insights and Short comings, 1998 Information Survivability Workshop ñ ISWí98 IEEE Computer Society, Orlando, FL, October 1998, pp [2] C. Srivaree-ratana, A. Konak and A. Smith, estimation of All-Terminal Reliability Using an Artificial Neural Network, Computers and Operations Research, 2002, pp [3] D. Hoffman, using Neural Networks for Estimating Cruise Missile Reliability, AFIT/GOR/ENS/03-10, [4] J. Capka and R. Boutaba, Mobility Prediction in Wireless Networks using Neural Networks, Proceedings of the IFIP/IEEE International Conference on the Management of Multimedia networks and Services(MMNSí04), October [5] B. Vijay Kumar and P. Venkatraman, A Neural Network-Based Connectivity Management for Mobile Computing Environment, International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, April 2003, Vol. 10, pp [6] N. Navyatha, T.M.Prathyusha, V. Roja, M.Mounika, Li-Fi (Light fidelity)-led Based Alternative, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 4, May [7] Vitthal S Saptasagare, Next of Wi-Fi an Future Technology in Wireless Networking Li-Fi Using Led Over Internet of Things International Journal of Emerging Research in Management & Technology, ISSN: (Volume-3, Issue-3) [8] [9] ABOUT THE AUTHORS Prof. Y.P. Singh, currently working as Director, Somany P.G.I.T.M., Rewari has also worked about 30 years as Lecturer, Dean of academics & Principal in many Engineering institutions and organization. He has also served with Training and Technical Deptt. Govt.Of Delhi, almost for 17 years. He has about 243 research paper published in National and 112 papers published in international journals in his credit. He has been selected and awarded by Govt. of Delhi as Best Technical Teacher-2004.He is also an expert and Master Trainer for the Teachers, empanelled by SCERT/NCERT. He is also the guide of research scholar for almost dozen of Universities. Rishi Mathur, Research Scholar, with SunRise University, Alwar and also working as Lecturer in a SPU [PG] college, Falna, Dist. Pali, Rajasthan, having a teaching experience of almost 4 years. His area of research is ICT enabled services and communication engineering. He has also attended and presented in the Research Paper almost about dozens of Seminar and conferences.