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1 International Journal of Computer Science & Mechatronics A peer reviewed International Journal Article Available online smsamspublications.com Vol.1.Issue Boosting Performance of Data Access by using Cooperative Caching in Disruption Tolerant Networks Research Article ISSN: I. INTRODUCTION A common technique used to improve data access performance is caching, to cache data at appropriate Network locations. Opportunistic network connectivity complicates the estimation of data transmission delay and difficult to determine the appropriate caching locations and also coordinating multiple caching nodes, it is difficult to be realized in DTNs due to the lack of persistent network connectivity. It is hard to optimize the trade-off between data accessibility and caching overhead. DTNs works using different kind of approach than TCP/IP for packet delivery that is more resilient to disruption than TCP/IP. DTN is based on a new experimental protocol called the Bundle Protocol (RFC 5050). The Bundle Protocol (BP) sits at the application layer of some number of 37 P a g e Valeti Sudheerbabu 1, Mr.P.V.N.N Durga Prasad 2 1 M.Tech (CSE), 2 Associate Professor, Department of CSE, MVR College of Engineering & Technology, A.P., India. Abstract: Our basic idea is to intentionally cache data at a set of network central locations (NCLs), each of which corresponds to a group of mobile nodes being easily accessed by other nodes in the network deploying the nodes in network model. Random way point mobility technique is used in NCL selection. Each NCL s represented by a central node, which has high popularity in the network and is prioritized for caching data. Most of current research efforts in DTNs focus on data forwarding, but only limited work has been done on providing efficient data access to mobile users. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to support cooperative caching in DTNs, which enables the sharing and coordination of cached data among multiple nodes and reduces data access delay. Our basic idea is to intentionally cache data at a set of network central locations (NCLs), which can be easily accessed by other nodes in the network. In this paper introduce a novel scheme to support cooperative caching in DTNs network. Because the DTN s network focus on data forwarding, but limited work has been done on providing efficient data access to mobile users. Keywords: Network central locations, Cooperative caching, disruption tolerant networks, data access, cache replacement constituent internets, forming a store-and-forward overlay network. BP operates as an overlay protocol that links together multiple subnets (such as Ethernet-based LANs) into a single network. Disruption tolerant networks (DTNs) [14] consist of mobile devices that contact each other opportunistically. Due to the low node density and unpredictable node mobility, only intermittent network connectivity exists in DTNs, and the subsequent difficulty of maintaining end-toend communication links makes it necessary to use carryand- forward methods for data transmission. Examples of such networks include groups of individuals moving in disaster recovery areas, military battlefields, or urban sensing applications [11]. In such networks, node mobility is exploited to let mobile nodes carry data as relays and forward data opportunistically when contacting others. The

2 key problem is, therefore, how to determine the appropriate relay selection strategy. Although forwarding schemes have been proposed in DTNs [4], [1], [13], there are limited research on providing efficient data access to mobile users, despite the importance of data accessibility in many mobile applications. For example, it is desirable that smartphone users can find interesting digital content from their nearby peers. In vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), the availability of live traffic information will be beneficial for vehicles to avoid traffic delays. In these applications, data are only requested by mobile users whenever needed, and requesters do not know data locations in advance. The destination of data is, hence, unknown when data are generated. This communication paradigm differs from publish/subscribe systems [16], [15] in which data are forwarded by broker nodes to users according to their data subscriptions. Appropriate network design is needed to ensure that data can be promptly accessed by requesters in such cases. A common technique used to improve data access performance is caching, i.e., to cache data at appropriate network locations based on query history, so that queries in the future can be responded with less delay. Although cooperative caching has been studied for both web-based applications [15] and wireless ad hoc networks [5], [3], [16], [8] to allow sharing and coordination among multiple caching nodes, it is difficult to be realized in DTNs due to the lack of persistent network connectivity. First, the opportunistic network connectivity complicates the estimation of data transmission delay, and furthermore makes it difficult to determine appropriate caching locations for reducing data access delay. This difficulty is also raised by the incomplete information at individual nodes about query history. Second, due to the uncertainty of data transmission, multiple data copies need to be cached at different locations to ensure data accessibility. The difficulty in coordinating multiple caching nodes makes it hard to optimize the tradeoff between data accessibility and caching overhead. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme to address the aforementioned challenges and to efficiently support cooperative caching in DTNs. Our basic idea is to intentionally cache data at a set of network central locations (NCLs), each of which corresponds to a group of mobile nodes being easily accessed by other nodes in the network. Each NCL is represented by a central node, which has high popularity in the network and is prioritized for caching data. Due to the limited caching buffer of central nodes, multiple nodes near a central node may be involved for caching, and we ensure that popular data are always cached nearer to the central nodes via dynamic cache replacement based on query history. Our detailed contributions are listed as follows: We develop an efficient approach to NCL selection in DTNs based on a probabilistic selection metric. The selected NCLs achieve high chances for prompt response to user queries with low overhead in network storage and transmission. We propose a data access scheme to probabilistically coordinate multiple caching nodes for responding to user queries. We furthermore optimize the tradeoff between data accessibility and caching overhead, to minimize the average number of cached data copies in the network. We propose a utility-based cache replacement scheme to dynamically adjust cache locations based on query history, and our scheme achieves good tradeoff between the data accessibility and access delay. II. PROBLEM STATEMENT A common technique used to improve data access performance is caching, i.e., to cache data at appropriate network locations based on query history, so that queries in the future can be responded with less delay. Although cooperative caching has been studied for both web-based applications and wireless ad hoc networks to allow sharing and coordination among multiple caching nodes. The average inter-contact time in the network is reduced and enables efficient access on data with shorter lifetime. Ratio of data access is reduced. III. RELATED WORK Research on data forwarding in DTNs originates from Epidemic routing [14], which floods the entire network. Some later studies focus on proposing efficient relay selection metrics to approach the performance of Epidemic routing with lower forwarding cost, based on prediction of node 38 P a g e

3 contacts in the future. Some schemes do such prediction based on their mobility patterns, which are characterized by Kalman filter [8] or semi- Markov chains [7]. In some other schemes, node contact pattern is exploited as abstraction of node mobility pattern for better prediction accuracy [4], [14], based on the experimental [7] and theoretical [5] analysis of the node contact characteristics. The social network properties of node contact patterns, such as the centrality and community structures, have also been also exploited for relay selection in recent social-based data forwarding schemes [9], [12], [2]. The aforementioned metrics for relay selection can be applied to various forwarding strategies, which differ in the number of data copies created in the network. While the most conservative strategy [2] always keeps a single data copy and Spray-and-Wait [1] holds a fixed number of data copies, most schemes dynamically determine the number of data copies. In Compare-and-Forward [12], a relay forwards data to another node whose metric value is higher than itself. Delegation forwarding [13] reduces forwarding cost by only forwarding data to nodes with the highest metric. Data access in DTNs, on the other hand, can be provided in various ways [16]. Data can be disseminated to appropriate users based on their interest profiles [18]. Publish/subscribe systems [6], [5] were used for data dissemination, where social community structures are usually exploited to determine broker nodes. In other schemes [14], [2] without brokers, data items are grouped into predefined channels, and are disseminated based on users subscriptions to these channels. Caching is another way to provide data access. Cooperative caching in wireless ad hoc networks was studied in [15], in which each node caches pass-by data based on data popularity, so that queries in the future can be responded with less delay. Caching locations are selected incidentally among all the network nodes. Some research efforts [7], [11] have been made for caching in DTNs, but they only improve data accessibility from infrastructure network such as WiFi access points (APs) [11] or Internet [7]. Peerto-peer data sharing and access among mobile users are generally neglected. Distributed determination of caching policies for minimizing data access delay has been studied in DTNs [9], [13], assuming simplified network conditions. In [9], it is assumed that all the nodes contact each other with the same rate. In [3], users are artificially partitioned into several classes such that users in the same class are identical. In [1], data are intentionally cached at appropriate network locations with generic data and query models, but these caching locations are determined based on global network knowledge. Comparatively, in this paper, we propose to support cooperative caching in a fully distributed manner in DTNs, with heterogeneous node contact patterns and behaviors. A requester queries the network for data access, and the data source or caching nodes reply to the requester with data after having received the query. The key difference between caching strategies in wireless ad hoc networks and DTNs is illustrated in Fig. 1. Note that each node has limited space for caching. Otherwise, data can be cached everywhere, and it is trivial to design different caching strategies. The design of caching strategy in wireless ad hoc networks benefits from the assumption of existing end-toend paths among mobile nodes, and the path from a requester to the data source remains unchanged during data access in most cases. Such assumption enables any intermediate node on the path to cache the pass-by data. For example, in Fig. 1a, C forwards all the three queries to data sources A and B, and also forwards data d1 and d2 to the requesters. In case of limited cache space, C caches the more popular data d1 based on query history, and similarly data d2 are cached at node K. In general, any node could cache the pass-by data incidentally. However, the effectiveness of such an incidental caching strategy is seriously impaired in DTNs, which do not assume any persistent network connectivity. Since data are forwarded via opportunistic contacts, the query and replied data may take different routes, and it is difficult for nodes to collect the information about query history and make caching decision. For example, in Fig. 1b, after having forwarded query q2 to A, node C loses its connection to G, and cannot cache data d1 replied to requester E. 39 P a g e

4 Fig. 1. Caching strategies in different network environments. Data d1 generated by node A are requested by nodes D and E, and d2 generated by node B are requested by node F. A solid line in (a) between nodes indicates a wireless link, and a dotted line in (b) indicates that two nodes opportunistically contact each other. Node H which forwards the replied data to E does not cache the pass-by data d1 either because it did not record query q2 or considers d1 less popular. In this case, d1 will be coached at node G, and hence needs longer time to be replied to the requester. Our basic solution to improve caching performance in DTNs is to restrain the scope of nodes being involved for caching. Instead of being incidentally cached anywhere, data are intentionally cached only at specific nodes. These nodes are carefully selected to ensure data accessibility, and constraining the scope of caching locations reduces the complexity of maintaining query history and making caching decision. Our basic idea is to intentionally cache data only at a specific set of NCLs, which can be easily accessed by other nodes in the network. Queries are forwarded to NCLs for data access.2 the big picture of our proposed scheme is illustrated in Fig. 2. Each NCL is represented by a central node, which corresponds to a star in Fig. 2. The push and pull caching strategies conjoin at the NCLs. The data source S actively pushes its generated data toward the NCLs, and the central nodes C1 and C2 of NCLs are prioritized for caching data. If the buffer of a central node C1 is full, data are cached at another node A near C1. Multiple nodes at a NCL may be involved for caching, and a NCL, hence, corresponds to a connected subgraph of the network contact graph G, as the dashed circles illustrated in Fig. 2. Note that NCLs may be overlapping with each other, and a node being involved for caching may belong to multiple NCLs simultaneously. A requester R pulls data by querying NCLs, and data copies from multiple NCLs are returned to ensure prompt data access. Particularly, some NCL such as C2 may be too far from R to receive the query on time, and does not respond with data. In this case, data accessibility is determined by both node contact frequency and data lifetime. Nodes in DT s are well motivated to contribute their local resources for caching data because the cached data provide prompt data access to the caching nodes themselves. As illustrated by Fig. 2, since the central nodes representing NCLs are prioritized for caching data, the closer a requester is to a central node, the sooner its queries are responded by the corresponding NCL. The delay for responding to queries generated from central nodes is, obviously, the shortest. Fig. 2. The big picture of intentional caching CACHING SCHEME Our basic idea is to intentionally cache data at a set of NCLs, which can be promptly accessed by other nodes. Our scheme consists of the following three components: 1. When a data source generates data, it pushes data to central nodes of NCLs, which are prioritized to cache data. One copy of data is cached at each NCL. If the caching buffer of a central node is full, another node near the central 40 P a g e

5 node will cache the data. Such decisions are automatically made based on buffer conditions of nodes involved in the pushing process. 2. A requester multicasts a query to central nodes of NCLs to pull data, and a central node forwards the query to the caching nodes. Multiple data copies are returned to the requester, and we optimize the tradeoff between data accessibility and transmission overhead by controlling the number of returned data copies. 3. Utility-based cache replacement is conducted whenever two caching nodes contact and ensures that popular data are cached nearer to central nodes. We generally cache more copies of popular data to optimize the cumulative data access delay. We also probabilistically cache less popular data to ensure the overall data accessibility. Caching Location Whenever a node S generates new data, S pushes the data to NCLs by sending a data copy to each central node representing a NCL. We use the opportunistic path weight to the central node as relay selection metric for such data forwarding, and a relay forwards data to another node with a higher metric than itself. This Compare-and-Forward strategy has been widely used in the literature [10], [9] for efficient data forwarding. According to Definition 1 on opportunistic path, this strategy probabilistically ensures that each forwarding reduces the remaining delay for data to be delivered to the central node. For newly generated data, the initial caching locations are automatically determined during the forwarding process based on node buffer conditions. The caching locations are then dynamically adjusted by cache replacement described in Section 5.4 according to query history. In general, data are forwarded to and cached at central nodes. This forwarding process only stops when the caching buffer of the next relay is full,4 and data are cached at the current relay in such cases. In other words, during the data forwarding process toward central nodes relays carrying data are considered as temporal caching locations of the data. Such determination of caching location is illustrated in Fig. 7, where the solid lines indicate opportunistic contacts used to forward data, and the dashed lines indicate data forwarding stopped by node buffer constraint. Central node C1 is able to cache data, but data copies to C2 and C3 are Fig. 3. Determining caching location at NCLs. Stopped and cached at relays R 2 4 and R 3 3, respectively, because neither C2 nor R 3 4 has enough buffer to cache data.note that the caching location at a NCL may not be the contacted neighbor of a central node, like the case of nodes R 3 3 in Fig. 3. IV. CONCLUSION Our basic idea is to intentionally cache data at a set of NCLs, which can be easily accessed by other nodes In this paper, we propose a novel scheme to support cooperative caching in DTNs. We ensure appropriate NCL selection based on a probabilistic metric; our approach coordinates caching nodes to optimize the tradeoff between data accessibility and caching overhead. Extensive simulations show that our scheme greatly improves the ratio of queries satisfied and reduces data access delay, when being compared with existing schemes. REFERENCES [1] H. Dubois-Ferriere, M. Grossglauser, and M. Vetterli, Age Matters: Efficient Route Discovery in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using Encounter Ages, Proc. ACM MobiHoc, pp , [2] J. Eriksson, L. Girod, B. Hull, R. Newton, S. Madden, and H. Balakrishnan, The Pothole Patrol: Using a Mobile Sensor Network for Road Surface Monitoring, Proc. ACM Sixth Ann. Int l Conf. Mobile Systems, Applications and Services (MobiSys), P a g e

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