5G: an IP Engineer Perspective
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1 5G: an Engineer Perspective Igor Giangrossi Principal Consulting Engineer /Optical Networks 1 NANOG 75
2 A Brief History of Mobile Networks From analog voice to high speed Internet 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G Analog Voice Digital Voice Mobile Data Mobile Broadband No Data 100s of kbps 10s of Mbps 100s of Mbps? Nokia Cityman Nokia 3210 iphone 3G iphone X NANOG 75
3 What Is 5G? ITU-R IMT-2020 performance goals Area Traffic Capacity (Mbps/m 2 ) 10 1 Peak Data Rate (Gbps) 20 1 User Experienced Data Rate (Mbps) Area Traffic Capacity High Importance Medium Peak Data Rate Enhanced Mobile Broadband User Experienced Data Rate Energy 100x Efficiency 10x 5G 1x 0.1 4G 1x 3x Spectrum Efficiency Energy Efficiency Low Spectrum Efficiency 350 Massive Machine Type Communications Connection Density (devices/km 2 ) Mobility (Km/h) Connection Density Latency Mobility Ultra Reliable And Low Latency Communications Latency (ms) Source: ITU-R M Nokia Internal
4 Recap: 4G/LTE Evolved Packet Core Main nodes and functions Mobility and Session Management Interface to Subscriber Database MME S1-MME S11 S1-U S5 SGi Core enb SGW PGW Internet Mobility Anchor Point Session Management Packet Forwarding Anchor Point Session Management Packet Forwarding Interface to Policy, Charging, etc. MME: Mobility Management Entity SGW: Serving Gateway PGW: PDN Gateway enb: enodeb (Radio) 4 NANOG 75
5 Recap: 4G/LTE Architecture and Traffic Flows Combined control and user plane over S1-AP SCTP Control Plane (S1-MME) GTP-C UDP enb MME X2 Backhaul S11 Core enb User Plane (S1-U) SGW S5 PGW Internet GPS/ SyncE/ 1588v2/ NTP GTP-U UDP GTP-U 5 NANOG 75 UDP MME: Mobility Management Entity SGW: Serving Gateway PGW: PDN Gateway enb: enodeb (Radio)
6 5G Architecture: Native Control and User Plane Separation Main nodes and functions SBA Bus Mobility Management N AMF N SMF Session Management N2 AMF N4 SMF N4 Control Plane User Plane N3 N9 N6 gnb UPF UPF N6 Centralized User Plane Internet Packet Forwarding Internet Distributed User Plane 6 NANOG 75 AMF: Access and Mobility Management Function SMF: Session Management Function UPF: User Plane Function SBA: Service Based Architecture gnb: gnodeb (Radio)
7 5G Architecture and Traffic Flows Same backhaul protocol stack with REST control plane NG-AP SCTP Control Plane (N2) N AMF SBA Bus N SMF REST/JSON HTTP/2 TCP gnb AMF SMF Xn Backhaul N4 Core gnb User Plane (N3) UPF N6 Internet GPS/ 1588v2 GTP-U 7 NANOG 75 UDP PFCP UDP AMF: Access and Mobility Management Function SMF: Session Management Function UPF: User Plane Function SBA: Service Based Architecture gnb: gnodeb (Radio)
8 5G Network Slicing for Network as a Service Requires a service-aware backhaul network SBA Bus N NSSF N AMF NSSF AMF N2 N3 TE-enabled Backhaul gnb NSSF: Network Slice Selection Function 8 NANOG 75
9 RAN Densification: Searching for Better Radio Coordination CRAN architecture introduces CPRI for the Fronthaul network S/PGW CPRI: Common Public Radio Interface User Plane Control & Management Sync Backhaul Fronthaul BBU Pool enbs IQ Data Vendor Specific Ethernet HDLC Time Division Multiplexing L1 In-band Protocol Ultra low delay variation (16ns) P2P constant bitrate stream EPC: Evolved Packet Core RRH: Remote Radio Head BBU: Baseband Unit RRH RRH RRH Centralized RAN Requires Dedicated Fiber (xwdm) 9 NANOG 75
10 5G New Radio Main Technology Innovations Targeting a 10X increase in throughput New Spectrum Options Massive MIMO 1GHz 6GHz 24GHz mmwave Larger Radio Channels Up to 400MHz 10 NANOG 75
11 Current CRAN Architecture Unfit for 5G Deployments CPRI bandwidth explosion with massive MIMO 1000Gbps *Approximate values 100Gbps Gbps 64 1Gbps 1 4 1Tx 4Tx 64Tx 64Tx 20MHz 20MHz 20MHz 100MHz 11 NANOG 75
12 5G Standards Development Initiatives Transport related standards bodies Main 5G standards (release 15): - Overall architecture - Radio - Core Ethernet forwarding standards: CM Time Sensitive Networks - NGFI Next Generation Fronthaul Interface Packet Based Fronthaul Radio over Ethernet Fronthaul protocols: - CPRI v7.0 (2015) - ecpri v1.2 (2018) Fronthaul transport services specification: - MEF MEF Additional initiatives exist to address other areas of 5G standards (O-RAN, Small Cell Forum, etc.) 12 NANOG 75
13 Addressing the Fronthaul Bandwidth Challenges RAN protocol stack split options RRC PDCP Option 1 Option 2 Max. Latency Layer 2 RLC MAC PHY Option 3 Option 4 Option 5 Option 6 Option 7 Layer 1 Option 8 CPRI RF Required Bandwidth 13 NANOG 75
14 Addressing the Fronthaul Bandwidth Challenges RAN protocol stack split options RRC Layer 2 PDCP RLC MAC Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Option 5 High Layer Max. Latency Layer 1 PHY RF Option 6 Option 7 Option 8 Low Layer Required Bandwidth 14 NANOG 75
15 5G NR Introduces a New RAN Architecture Cloud RAN with packet-based transport EPC/5GC Backhaul NG/S1 NG/S1 gnb CU Xn gnb CU Midhaul F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 F1 High Layer Split (Option 2) Fronthaul DU DU DU DU DU DU Low Layer Split (Option 7-2a) CU: Centralized Unit DU: Distributed Unit RU: Radio Unit RU RU RU RU RU RU 15 NANOG 75
16 New Midhaul Interfaces: E1 and F1 Similar to current backhaul protocol stack N3 N2 E1-AP SCTP E1 CU-UP CU-CP User Plane GTP-U UDP F1-U DU F1-C F1-AP SCTP gnb RU 16 NANOG 75
17 ecpri: Fronthaul Transport over Ethernet Designed for packet-based networks ecpri Services User Data Real-Time Control Other ecpri Services Synchronization C&M Connection OAM ecpri Protocol Header PTP SyncE SSH, SNMP, etc UDP (Optional) UDP, TCP, etc. (Optional) ICMP Ethernet (Etype:AEFE) VLAN+PCP MACSec Ethernet OAM 17 NANOG 75
18 ecpri Fronthaul Bandwidth Estimations Savings of 10x compared to CPRI 236 Gbps 236 Gbps Basic Assumptions: 100MHz 8x4 MIMO (w/ 2 streams per uplink layer) 64 Antennas TTI: 1ms Modulation: 256QAM *3Gbps downlink from MAC layer *1.5Gbps uplink to MAC layer ecpri Drives 25GE interfaces 20 Gbps <10 Gbps 20 Gbps <10 Gbps User/ Down Control/ Down User/ Up Control/ Up Down Up Option 7-2 (Downlink) Option 7-2 (Uplink) CPRI 18 NANOG 75
19 IEEE & ecpri Recommended One-Way Latency Direct implication on inter-node distances UPF 5G Core CU DU RU Backhaul Midhaul Fronthaul >10ms 1ms 100!s (50!s for URLLC) >2000km 200km 20km (10km for URLLC) Fiber Latency=5!s/km 19 NANOG 75
20 IEEE 802.1CM Time Sensitive Networks QoS for mixing Fronthaul with other traffic flows Profile A: Strict Priority Ingress traffic Fronthaul: High Priority Other: Low Priority Supported Today Fronthaul 3 2 Egress port: Other 4 1 Profile B: Frame Preemption (<10GE only) Fronthaul: Express Traffic Other: Preemptable Traffic Frame Preemption Requires MAC Change (mated boxes on a link) Egress port: NANOG 75
21 ecpri Fronthaul Depends on External Synchronization Timing architecture driven by RAN features and TE budget Tight TE Budget Relaxed TE Budget GPS RU T-GM CU DU RU DU T-TSC RU TE (relative) Core T-TSC T-TSC RU TE (relative) Fronthaul Backhaul Midhaul Fronthaul T-GM T-TSC T-BC T-BC T-TSC G SyncE G SyncE Router TE classes (G ) Class A ±50 B ±20 C ±10 Max TE (ns) Radio Timing Requirements Category Max TE (ns) RAN features A+ ±20 (relative) MIMO, Tx-diversity A ±70 (relative) Intra-band CA B ±200 (relative) Inter-band CA C ±1100 (absolute)* Basic TDD, LTE CoMP/eICIC *Note: Time error figures are between any two given RUs in the network, except for Category C which is an absolute value from the timing source (T-GM). 21 NANOG 75
22 Summary: No One-Size Fits-All Solution Radio and /Transport planning must be done together Backhaul (>10ms) Midhaul (1ms) Fronthaul (100us) 5G Core CU DU RU DATA CENTER/NFVI 5G Core Backhaul (>10ms) Backhaul (>10ms) CU Midhaul (1ms) Fronthaul (100us) DU+RU 5G Core CU+DU RU Backhaul (>10ms) 5G Core CU+DU+RU 22 NANOG 75
23 Thank You! Igor Giangrossi 23
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