Wireless, Mobile, Sensor Technologies and the Future Internet Aug 2, 2005

Transcription

1 Wireless, Mobile, Sensor Technologies and the Future Internet Aug 2, 2005 Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey D. Raychaudhuri 1

2 Introduction 2

3 Introduction: Wireless as the key driver for the future Internet Historic shift from PC s to mobile computing and embedded devices >2B cell phones vs. 500M Internet-connected PC s in 2005 >400M cell phones with Internet capability, rising rapidly New types of data devices (blackberry, PDA, ipod) distinctions becoming blurry Sensor deployment just starting, but some estimates ~5-10B units by 2015 ~500M server/pc s, ~100M laptops/pda s ~750M servers/pc s, >1B laptops, PDA s, cell phones, sensors INTERNET INTERNET Wireless Wireless Edge Network Edge Network INTERNET INTERNET Wireless Wireless Edge Network Edge Network

4 Introduction: Wireless/Mobile/Sensor and the Future Internet What does this mean for the future Internet? New end-user service requirements for mobile/wireless/sensor (P2P, P2M, M2M, ) Addressing architecture of the network needs to be revisited Network state changes more rapidly than in today s wired Internet Wireless/mobile devices as infrastructure nodes (ad-hoc routers, etc.) Significant increase in network scale Data/content driven networking rather than point-to-point communication Pervasive network functionality vs. broadband streaming New security considerations for wireless/mobile Power efficiency considerations and computing constraints 4

5 Introduction: Future Wireless Network Scenario MSC Custom Mobile Infrastructure (e.g. GSM, 3G) BTS Public Switched Network (PSTN) BSC GGSN, etc. WLAN Access Point Internet Generic mobile/sensor infrastructure BTS Infostation cache Seamless Internet extension or just a local network?? High-speed data & VOIP WLAN Hot-Spot CDMA, GSM or 3G radio access network High-speed data & VOIP Voice (legacy) Ad-hoc network extension Relay node Broadband Media cluster (e.g. UWB or MIMO) VOIP (multi-mode) Today Future Low-tier clusters (e.g. low power sensor) 5

6 Introduction: Wireless Roadmap System Applications 3G Cellular WLAN office/home home media networks 3G/WLAN Hybrid public WLAN Mobile Internet open systems 4G Systems Ad-Hoc & P2P Pervasive Systems Sensor Nets Protocols & Software GSM, GPRS services 3G services Mobile WLAN services Cellular VOIP gateway 3G/WLAN interworking WLAN security, enterprise Mobile Internet Services & Content Delivery IP-based Mobile Network Next-Gen WLAN (including ad-hoc mesh) Hardware Platforms Cellular handset, BTS WLAN card/ap Bluetooth module* 3G Base Station Router Commodity BTS Mesh Router* Embedded Radio (wireless sensors) Self-Organizing Ad-Hoc Radio Router Multi-standard Cognitive Radio* Basic Wireless Technologies Broadband Cellular (3G) WLAN (802.11a,b,g) ~2 Mbps WCDMA ~11 Mbps QPSK/QAM ~ 1 Mbps Bluetooth IP-based Cellular Network (B3G) ad-hoc/mesh Sensor radios (Zigbee, Mote) ~10 Mbps OFDM ~50 Mbps OFDM WLAN+ (802.11e,n) ~100 Mbps UWB dynamic spectrum sharing Unified Wireless Access + IP-based core network ~100 Mbps OFDM/CDMA ~200 Mbps MIMO/OFDM ~500 Mbps UWB

7 Wireless Service Requirements 7

8 Wireless Requirements: Mobile Data Fast growth of (conventional) mobile data terminals with wireless access link implies a need for new services on the Internet: Terminal mobility (authentication, roaming and dynamic handoff) mobile IPv6 Multicasting IP multicast Security e.g. protection against AP spoofing Efficient transport layer protocols (..non TCP) Major topic in research & standards during 90 s, but limited use.. INTERNET INTERNET Roaming, handoff High packet Error rate Access Point (AP) Mobile data terminal mobility Radio multicasting 8

9 Wireless Requirements: Mobile P2P P2P, 7DS, Infostations, etc. represent another emerging category of mobile applications on the Internet Router mobility Network may be disconnected at times delayed delivery? Caching and opportunistic data delivery. In-network storage Content- and location- aware data delivery Mobile Infostation Opportunistic High-Speed Link (MB/s) Ad-Hoc Network Infostation Infostation cell Internet Data Cache Opportunistic High-Speed Link (MB/s) Mobile User Low-speed wide-area access Roadway Sensors 9

10 Wireless Requirements: Ad-Hoc Nets Ad-hoc nets with multiple radio hops to wired Internet useful for various scenarios including mesh , sensor, etc. Discovery and self-organization capabilities Seamless addressing and routing across wireless-wired gateway Geographic routing options Support for end-to-end cross-layer protocol approaches where needed Privacy and security considerations Wired Internet Best sensor-to-mobile path via wired network (needs unified routing) IP-Ad-hoc Net Protocol Conversion Gateway Access Point Wireless link with varying speed and QoS Ad-Hoc Network Sensor Local Interference and MAC Congestion Relay Node Dynamically changing Network topology 10

11 Wireless Requirements: Cognitive Radio Cognitive radio drives consideration of adaptive wireless networks involving multi-hop collaboration between radio nodes Needs Internet support similar to ad-hoc network discussed earlier Rapid changes in network topology, PHY bit-rate, etc. implications for routing Fundamentally cross-layer approach need to consider wired net boundary High-power cognitive radios may themselves serve as Internet routers INTERNET INTERNET PHY A PHY C C Bootstrapped PHY & control link PHY B B D D E Control (e.g. CSCC) Multi-mode radio PHY Ad-Hoc Discovery & Routing Capability AA Adaptive Wireless Network Node ( functionality can be quite challenging!) End-to-end routed path From A to F F 11

12 Wireless Requirements: Sensor Nets and Pervasive Systems Compute & Storage Servers Pervasive Application Agents User interfaces for information & control Mobile Internet (IP-based) Overlay Sensor Network Infrastructure Sensor net/ip gateway 3G/4G BTS GW Ad-Hoc Sensor Net A Sensor/ Actuator Relay Node Ad-Hoc Sensor Net B Virtualized Physical World Object or Event Sensor net scenarios involve: Limited CPU speed and transmit power Intermittent connectivity, low-speeds, ad-hoc modes Data centric M2M, P2M applications May involve complex real-time interactions 12

13 Wireless Requirements: Real-Time Sensor Net Scenarios Sensors in roadway interact with sensor/actuator in cars Opportunistic, attribute-based binding of sensors and cars Ad-hoc network with dynamically changing topology Closed-loop operation with tight real-time and reliability constraints 13

14 Wireless Requirements: Overlay Sensor Net Backbone Overlay networks can be used for content distribution or dynamic binding between sensor devices and servers, agents, end-users Use of XML or similar content descriptor to specify sensor data and application profile Layer 7 overlay network (implemented over IP tunnels) provides content mcast or binding service between producers (sensors) and consumers (servers, users) Interest Profile Application Agent XML Descriptor Sensor Content Producer Overlay Router A Overlay Router B Mobile User Content Consumers 14

15 Internet Architecture 15

16 Introduction: TCP/IP Evolution or Revolution? TCP Media Streaming RTP/UDP New TP s for mobile, sensor Early IP Networks + Scalable Routing & Hierarchies (IPv4) Security Overlay Services: mbone, VOIP/SIP, etc. Broadband & QoS Increased Address Space Mobility Security SSL MPLS Mobile IP IPsec IPv6 IPv6 IP as a pipe, new network services layered on top >B mobile devices >>B sensors Ad-hoc routing Cross-layer Data driven More security!!? graceful evolution Of IP features?? Location-aware Disruptive etc. Innovations?? IPv4 + more Service overlays IPv8 New New Network Network Architecture Architecture & Protocols & Protocols 16

17 Internet Architecture: Caveats Previous attempts at upgrading of IP spec have not had the expected result: IPv6 standardized but not widely deployed... Little progress with end-to-end QoS in the Internet Mobile IP for first wave of wireless needs not implemented IP s lowest common denominator (best effort datagram) also its greatest strength! Earlier attempts at utopian new network architectures mostly ended in failure, in spite of technical merits B-ISDN/ATM did not take off (...complexity, lack of organic growth model) Significant standards activity and community endorsement not sufficient to launch new network architectures... Problems with 3G wireless This doesn t mean that new networks aren t needed, but architectures needed to encourage bottom-up transformation without loss of investment in legacy system: Evolutionary strategies preferable New approaches to protocol standards: overlays, modularity, programmability,.. Economic incentives for deployment 17

18 Internet Architecture: Strategies for Change Evolutionary approach Design a new wireless, ad-hoc and sensor low-tier IP network profile to be compatible with IP global network (e.g. IPv6, BGP routing, MPLS, etc.) Identify critical hierarchy and core IP extensions needed and pass requirement to IETF, etc. Evolve IP functionality via new RFC s As wireless service needs proliferate, new low-tier IP may replace current IP intra-network New Interface Spec Border Router for IPw IP Wireless/Sensor Access Network (IPw) GLOBAL INTERNET IPv6 extensions Border Router for IPw Border Router for IPv4 IP Wireless/Sensor Access Network (IPw) IP Access Network (e.g. IPv4) New Protocol Spec 18

19 Internet Architecture: Strategies for Change Overlay approach Design new wireless, ad-hoc or sensor access net to work across global overlay network Specify and build new overlay networks optimized for wireless needs May include concept of an IP knowledge plane accessible by overlay If successful, IP is pushed down to a layer 3- service, while overlay is 3+ Permits significant flexibility in advanced service features, but tight optimization of packet overhead more difficult due to IP encapsulation new knowledge plane? IP Tunnel GLOBAL INTERNET Border Router IP Access Network GLOBAL OVERLAY NETWORK Overlay Net Gateway Overlay Net Gateway New Wireless/Sensor Access Network new wireless-specific services Overlay Net Gateway New Wireless/Sensor Access Network New Design (non-ip) 19

20 Internet Architecture: Strategies for Change Revolutionary approach Specify a new beyond IP network optimized for mobile/wireless/sensor Build a prototype nationwide network and offer it for experimental use Use this network for emerging mobile data and real-time sensor actuator applications with demanding performance and efficiency requirements Most radical, risks being marginalized by Internet evolution and legacy staying power Next-Gen GLOBAL INTERNET New Designs (beyond IP) optimized for emerging needs including wireless-specific services Border Gateway IP Access Network New Access Network optimized for wireless, etc. New Access Network 20

21 Experimental Infrastructure 21

22 Experimental Infrastructure: Current Testbeds and Proposed NSF GENI Several NSF supported experimental systems/testbeds provide a starting point for future research network: Several wired and wireless network testbeds built over the last ~5 yrs LambdaRail, PlanetLab, Whynet, ORBIT, Emulab, Sensornet,.. Each testbed project focused on a specific capability, e.g. high-speed optics, programmable overlays, ad-hoc wireless, large-scale sensor systems, etc. Cost/benefit of a unifying MREFC network how will research benefit in terms of new applications and evaluation of disruptive network technologies? Right balance between simulation, emulation and field network given research goal? Optical Testbeds, e.g. LambdaRail INTERNET (IPv4) Experimental Overlay Networks, e.g. PlanetLab Hybrid Simulation-Based Wireless Testbed (Whynet) Open/Programmable Wired/Wireless Testbeds (Emulab, ORBIT) Large Scale Wireless Network Emulator (ORBIT) Large-Scale Sensor Networks (EmNet, SCADDS) Ad-Hoc Network Testbed (Monarch, APE,..) Field Trial Wireless Network (ORBIT Phase II) Field Trial Sensor Network (UCLA) Cognitive Radio Testbeds (future) 22

23 Experimental Infrastructure: Wireless and Sensor Platforms Experimental platforms needed for wireless networking research /Linux as default wireless client/ad-hoc router during Mote/TinyOS as default sensor Other platforms such as ORBIT dual-radio node, KU programmable radio, future cognitive radios,. Open wide-area radio devices becoming available: WiMax, 3G BSR, Are some of these useful for MREFC/GENI? Are new devices needed? Software?. Radio Forwarding Node embedded node ORBIT dual-radio node GNU Software Radio Lucent/WINLAB Cognitive Radio MICA/Mote AP Intel Stargate KU Agile Radio Base Station Router or WiMax BTS 23

24 Experimental Infrastructure: Open- Access Programming Model Network research infrastructure needs to be flexible by definition, at least until a defacto future protocol emerges. Network virtualization as implemented in PlanetLab as one option ( slices ) Other models such as user programmable devices as in Emulab and ORBIT (single user/protocol per node per experiment) Other options such as per packet labels to invoke alternative protocols Wireless devices such as sensors and radio nodes (with MAC) more difficult to virtualize Unified approach for wired and wireless in proposed GENI? Server with multiple protocols CPU slices Protocol A, B or C invoked via packet label Protocol A B C Partitioned link BW Shared Radio Space Protocol Label Method PlanetLab Model Protocol A (or B or C) MAC Extension A Emulab/ORBIT Model 24